7-я Районная научно-практическая конференция
учащихся общеобразовательных учреждений по иностранным языкам
«Мир вокруг нас»
Область:
культурология
РЕФЕРАТ
Independence Day in America
Малых Елена
МБОУ Якшур-Бодьинская гимназия, класс _7В__
Научный
руководитель:
Копытова
Екатерина Николаевна, учитель английского языка
Якшур-Бодьинский район
2014
CONTENT
Introduction …………………………………………………….
3
1.
The origin of the holiday …………………………….. ……… 4
2.
The celebration of the holiday………………………... ……… 7
3.Practical
part …………………………………………………… 12
Conclusion
………………………………………………………. 15
List of Literature
…………………………………………………. 16
Introduction
Actuality: In
Russia 2014 is announced “The year of culture”. Culture means different things
to different people. For some it will be about heritage and respecting views
and values of the past (literature, history, museums, painting), for others it
will be the activities that are enjoyed (holidays and festivals).
This year on our English
lessons we’ve studied the American culture. As the United States has so many people
with backgrounds from all over the world, cultural festivals are very varied.
Research has shown that there are at least 72 cultural festivals held in the
United States each year. But one of the most important holiday is Independence
Day. It is considered to be the birthday of America.
We were very interested
in such holiday and decided to write a work about it.
So the aim of
our work – to study this holiday more deeply.
We should:
1) find out the origin of
this holiday;
2) study the ways people
celebrate this holiday;
3) study the traditions
connected with this holiday;
In our work we used such
methods as work with encyclopedias and the Internet resources, interview of
students, analyses of the results of the interview.
This work consists of the
introduction, three chapters, practical work, the conclusion and the
literature.
Chapter 1. The
origin of the holiday
The United States celebrates
many holidays—some that they share with other countries, and others that are
uniquely American.
July 4m, or Independence
Day, is the most important American holiday. It's the birthday of the United
States of America. On this day, in 1776, America signed the Declaration of
Independence and started the fight for freedom from British rule.
Before 1776, the King of
England, George III, ruled the thirteen colonies in America. The colonists were
tired of the taxes that George III imposed on them. "We have no
representation in the British Parliament," they said, "so what right
does he have to tax us?" "No taxation without representation"
became their battle cry.[3]
In 1767, the British
government placed new taxes on tea and paper that the colonists imported from
abroad. The colonists got angry and refused to pay. George III sent soldiers to
keep order.
In 1773, a group of
colonists dressed up as Indians threw 342 chests of tea belonging to the East
India Company into the waters of Boston harbour. King George didn't think it
was funny. His reply to this "Boston tea party" was a set of laws to
punish the colonists. Boston harbour was closed until the tea was paid for.
More soldiers were sent there to keep order. ( See picture 1).
Picture 1. “Boston tea
party”
But the
"Intolerable Acts", as the colonists called King George's laws,
served only to unite the colonies against the British rule. The War of
Independence began.[3]
On July 4, 1776, the
colonists declared their independence from Britain. Led by Thomas Jefferson,
the representatives of all thirteen colonies met in Philadelphia to sign the
Declaration of Independence. A large part of it was written by Jefferson
himself. The document stated that the colonies were now "free and
independent states" and officially named them the United States of
America. It also said that all men had a natural right to "life, liberty
and the pursuit of happiness." (See picture 2).
Picture 2. The
Declaration of Independence
The following day, copies
of the Declaration of Independence were distributed and, on July 6, The
Pennsylvania Evening Post became the first newspaper to print the extraordinary
document. People celebrated the birth of a new nation.
But the War of Independence
dragged on until 1783 when the colonists finally won. The head of the
Revolutionary army was George Washington, who later became the first President
of the United States of America. In 1783, Independence Day was made an official
holiday.[1]
Today, the country's
birthday is widely celebrated with parades, public meetings, patriotic music
and speech-making. There are picnics and barbecues, and in the evening there
are big fireworks shows. Wherever Americans are around the globe, they will get
together for a traditional 4th of July celebration!
Chapter 2. The
celebration of the holiday
Independence Day is a national holiday
marked
by patriotic displays. Similar to other summer-themed events, Independence Day
celebrations often take place outdoors. Independence Day is a federal holiday,
so all non-essential federal institutions (like the postal service and federal courts) are closed on
that day. Many politicians make it a point on this day to appear at a public
event to praise the nation's heritage, laws, history, society, and people.[1]
Families often celebrate
Independence Day by hosting or attending a picnic or barbecue and take
advantage of the day off and, in some years, long weekend to gather with
relatives. Decorations (e.g., streamers, balloons, and clothing) are
generally colored red, white, and blue, the colors of the American flag. Parades are
often in the morning, while fireworks displays occur in the evening at such
places as parks, fairgrounds, or town squares. (See picture 3).
Picture 3. The parade.
The night before the
Fourth was once the focal point of celebrations, marked by raucous gatherings
often incorporating bonfires
as their centerpiece. In New England,
towns competed to build towering pyramids, assembled from hogsheads and barrels
and casks. They were lit at nightfall, to usher in the celebration. The highest
were in Salem, Massachusetts
(on Gallows Hill, the famous site of the execution of 13 women and 6 men for
witchcraft in 1692 during the Salem
witch trials, where the tradition of bonfires in
celebration had persisted), composed of as many as forty tiers of barrels;
these are the tallest bonfires ever recorded. The custom flourished in the 19th
and 20th centuries, and is still practiced in some New England
towns. (See picture 4).
Picture 4. Independence
Day fireworks.
Independence Day fireworks
are often accompanied by patriotic songs such as the national anthem
"The Star-Spangled Banner",
"God Bless America",
"America the Beautiful",
"My Country, 'Tis of Thee",
"This Land Is Your Land",
"Stars and Stripes Forever",
and, regionally, "Yankee Doodle"
in northeastern states and "Dixie"
in southern states. Some of the lyrics recall images of the Revolutionary
War or the War of 1812.
Firework shows are held
in many states, and many fireworks are sold for personal use or as an
alternative to a public show. Safety concerns have led some states to ban
fireworks or limit the sizes and types allowed. Illicit traffic
transfers many fireworks from less restrictive states.
A salute of one gun for
each state in the United States, called a “salute to the union,” is fired on
Independence Day at noon by any capable military base.
In 2009, New York City
had the largest fireworks display in the country, with over 22 tons of
pyrotechnics exploded. Other major displays are in Chicago on Lake
Michigan; in San Diego over Mission Bay; in Boston on the Charles
River; in St. Louis
on the Mississippi River;
in San Francisco over the San Francisco Bay;
and on the National Mall
in Washington, D.C.. During the annual Windsor-Detroit International Freedom
Festival, Detroit, Michigan hosts one of the
world's largest fireworks displays, over the Detroit River,
to celebrate Independence Day in conjunction with Windsor, Ontario's
celebration of Canada Day.[3]
While the official
observance always falls on July 4th, participation levels may vary according to
which day of the week the 4th falls on. If the holiday falls in the middle of
the week, some fireworks displays and celebrations may take place during the
weekend for convenience, again, varying by region.
The first week of July is
typically one of the busiest American travel periods of the year, as many
people utilize the holiday for extended vacation trips.
Unique facts of the celebrations:
- Held since 1785, the
Bristol Fourth of July Parade in Bristol, Rhode Island is the oldest
continuous Independence Day celebration in the United States.
- Since 1868, Seward,
Nebraska has held a celebration on the same town square. In 1979 Seward
was designated “America's Official Fourth of July City-Small Town USA” by
resolution of Congress. Seward has also been proclaimed Nebraska's
Official Fourth of July City” by Governor James Exon in proclamation.
Seward is a town of 6,000 but swells to 40,000+ during the July 4
celebrations.
- Since 1912, the
Rebild Society, a Danish-American friendship organization, has held a July
4 weekend festival that serves as a homecoming for Danish-Americans in the
Rebild municipality of Denmark.
- Since 1972, Nathan's
Hot Dog Eating Contest in Coney Island, Brooklyn, New York City
- Since 1959, the International
Freedom Festival is jointly held in Detroit, Michigan and Windsor, Ontario
during the last week of June each year as a mutual celebration of
Independence Day and Canada Day (July 1). It culminates in a large
fireworks display over the Detroit River.
- Numerous major and minor
league baseball games are played on Independence Day.
- The famous Macy's fireworks
display usually held over the East River in New York City has been
televised nationwide on NBC since 1976. In 2009, the fireworks display was
returned to the Hudson River for the first time since 2000 to commemorate
the 400th anniversary of Henry Hudson exploration of that river.
- Since 1970, the
annual 10 kilometer Peachtree Road Race is held in Atlanta, Georgia.
- The Boston Pops
Orchestra has hosted a music and fireworks show over the Charles River
Esplanade called the "Boston Pops Fireworks Spectacular"
annually since 1973. The event was broadcast nationally from 1987 until
2002 on A&E, and from 2003 until 2012 on CBS (who aired the final hour
of the event in primetime). In 2013, CBS dropped the Pops broadcast, with
no reason given; however, executive producer David G. Mugar believed that
an encore presentation of the Macy's fireworks on NBC aired at 10:00 PM
ET/PT was successfully counterprogramming the Boston Pops, since the
broadcast lost as much as 20% of its audience in 2012 in comparison to 2011.
As it did prior to the cancellation, the full concert continues to air
locally by Boston's CBS affiliate WBZ-TV.
- On the Capitol lawn
in Washington, D.C., "A Capitol Fourth", a free concert,
precedes the fireworks and attracts over half a million people annually.[3]
Chapter
3. Practical part
In our practical work we
asked our classmates these questions:
1.
When do Americans celebrate Independence Day?
2.
When was the Declaration of independence approved?
3.
Do Americans work on this day?
4.
What is the traditional July 4 meal?
5.
What activities are popular on this day?
We’ve
got such results:
1. When do Americans
celebrate Independence Day?
65 % of pupils know the
answer
35% of pupils don’t know
the answer
2. When was the
Declaration of independence improved?
Nobody knows the answer.
3. Do Americans work on
this day?
65 % of pupils know the answer
35%
of pupils don’t know the answer
4. What is the
traditional the fourth of July meal?
Nobody knows the answer.
5. What activities are
popular on this day?
25 % of pupils know the
answer
75% of pupils don’t know
the answer
Conclusion
So, we have
studied the most important holiday in America “Independence Day.” It has its
own history, customs and traditions.
The United States
gained independence as a result of gradual and painful process.
Each year on July 4,
Americans celebrate that freedom and independence with barbecues, picnics, and
family gatherings. Through the Internet we are learning about and communicating
with people of different nations, with different languages and different races
throughout the world. Bringing the world closer with understanding and
knowledge can only benefit all nations.
But we see that pupils in
Russia don’t have much information about this important holiday of the USA. So,
our work has practical value. It can be used as additional material for reading
on our English lessons.
List
of Literature
1.American Festivals. – Спб:
Питер
Пресс,
2010.
2.Longman Dictionary of
English Language and Culture. – Harlow, Essex: Longman Group UK Limited, 2001.
3.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Day_%28United_States
4.http://holidays.net/independence/story.htm
5.http://www.usacitylink.com/usa/independence-day/
6.http://www.calendarlabs.com/holidays/us/independence-day.php
7.http://www.usa.gov/Topics/Independence-Day.shtml
8.http://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/us/independence-day
9.http://www.history.com/topics/july-4th
10.https://www.google.ru/search?q=Independence+Day
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