Доклад на тему: "Shymkent".

Shymkent (Kazakh: Шымкент / Şımkent), formerly known as Chimkent (Russian: Чимкент) until 1993, is the capital city ofSouth Kazakhstan Province, the most populated region in Kazakhstan. It is the third most populous city in Kazakhstan behindAlmaty and Astana with a population of 629,600 (2011).^[1] A major railroad junction on the Turkestan-Siberia Railway, the city is also a notable cultural centre, with an international airport. Shymkent is situated 690 km west of Almaty and 120 km to the north of Tashkent, Uzbekistan. 603,499 (2009 Census results);^[2] 423,902 (1999 Census results).^[2]

Shymkent was founded in the 12th century^[3] as a caravanserai to protect the Silk Road town of Sayram, 10 km to the east. Shymkent grew as a market center for trade between Turkic nomads and the settled Sogdians. It was destroyed several times: by Genghis Khan, soldiers from the southern Khanates, and by nomad attacks. In the early 19th century it became part of the khanate of Kokand. It was captured by the Russians in 1864.^[4] It was renamed Chernyaev in 1914 and renamed Shymkent in 1924. Following the Russian conquest, Shymkent was a city of trade between nomadic Turks and sedentary Turks, and was famous for its kumis.^[5]

There was a gulag located near Shymkent, and many Russian-speaking people came to the area via imprisonment.^[6]

The name Shymkent comes from two words: shym meaning "turf, and kent meaning "city". Shymkent and Chimkent have identical translations.

After Kazakhstan gained independence, the city was renamed Shymkent in 1993 as part of the government’s campaign to applyKazakh names to cities. The formal spelling of Шымкент (Shymkent) as codified in Kazakhstan's Constitution goes against the Russian spelling rules of never having the letter "ы" follow the letter "ш". As a result, the new name Шымкент (Shymkent) is used only in Kazakhstan, while Russia and some other countries using Russian language continue to use the original spelling Чимкент (Chimkent).

Shymkent был основан в 12-м столетии[3] как караван-сарай, чтобы защитить Шелковый Дорожный город Sayram, 10 км. к востоку. Shymkent рос как рыночный центр для торговли между Тюркскими кочевниками и поселяется Sogdians. Это было уничтожено несколько раз: Ханом Genghis, солдатами от южных Ханств, и кочевником нападает. В 19-м начале столетия это стало частью ханства Коканда. Это захватили русские в 1864.[4] Это было переименованный Chernyaev в 1914 и переименовывало Shymkent в 1924. Следуя за Русским завоеванием, Shymkent был городом торговли между кочевыми Турками и сидячими Турками, и был знаменит его kumis.[5]

Был гулаг, размещенный возле Shymkent, и много русско-говорящих людей прибыло в область через заключение.[6]

Имя Shymkent приходит от двух слов: shym, подразумевающий "сферу влияния, и узнал значение "города". Shymkent и Чимкент имеют идентичные переводы.

После того, как Казахстан приобрел независимость, город был переименованный Shymkent в 1993 как часть кампании правительства

Climate

Shymkent features a borderline continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dsa). Shymkent features hot, relatively dry summers and cold winters. However, winters here are noticeably warmer than in cities such as Almaty and Astana, with the mean monthly temperature during the city’s coldest month (January) averaging around -1 C. Shymkent averages just under 600 mm of precipitation annually.

Shymkent изображает пограничный континентальный климат (Köppen классификация климата Dsa). Shymkent изображает горячо, относительно сухие лета и холодные зимы. Однако, зимы здесь заметно теплее, чем в городах как например Almaty и Астана, со скупой ежемесячной температурой в течение coldest месяца города (Январь), составляющего в

[hide]Climate data for Shymkent (1981–2010)

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Record high °C (°F)

22.2
(72)

24.5
(76.1)

30.7
(87.3)

33.0
(91.4)

37.8
(100)

43.0
(109.4)

44.3
(111.7)

42.2
(108)

39.2
(102.6)

34.4
(93.9)

30.5
(86.9)

25.4
(77.7)

44.3
(111.7)

Average high °C (°F)

4.1
(39.4)

6.6
(43.9)

12.9
(55.2)

19.2
(66.6)

25.1
(77.2)

30.0
(86)

32.7
(90.9)

32.1
(89.8)

27.2
(81)

18.8
(65.8)

12.0
(53.6)

6.0
(42.8)

18.89
(66.02)

Daily mean °C (°F)

−0.7
(30.7)

1.6
(34.9)

7.6
(45.7)

13.6
(56.5)

19.1
(66.4)

23.7
(74.7)

26.3
(79.3)

25.3
(77.5)

19.9
(67.8)

12.3
(54.1)

6.4
(43.5)

0.9
(33.6)

13
(55.39)

Average low °C (°F)

−4.8
(23.4)

−2.7
(27.1)

3.0
(37.4)

8.3
(46.9)

12.9
(55.2)

16.7
(62.1)

19.1
(66.4)

17.9
(64.2)

12.8
(55)

6.6
(43.9)

1.7
(35.1)

−3.1
(26.4)

7.37
(45.26)

Record low °C (°F)

−31.1
(−24)

−28.9
(−20)

−23.9
(−11)

−5.0
(23)

−2.8
(27)

5.5
(41.9)

7.8
(46)

7.0
(44.6)

−1.1
(30)

−12.0
(10.4)

−30.0
(−22)

−26.1
(−15)

−31.1
(−24)

Precipitation mm (inches)

73
(2.87)

70
(2.76)

83
(3.27)

69
(2.72)

56
(2.2)

16
(0.63)

12
(0.47)

4
(0.16)

10
(0.39)

41
(1.61)

67
(2.64)

75
(2.95)

576
(22.67)

 % humidity

75

73

67

63

56

44

39

34

39

55

69

75

57

Source: ^[7]

среднем вокруг, - 1 C. Shymkent средние величины только под 600 мм низвержения ежегодно.

Demographics

Kazakhs 64.76%

• Russians 14.52%

• Uzbeks 13.70%

• Tatars 1.54%

• Others 5.48% (Ukrainians 0.54%, Koreans 1.00%)^[8]

According to the census of 2011, the city had 637,800 inhabitants.^[9]

Economy

Formerly dominated by lead mining, industrial growth began in the 1930s.

A lead smelter was opened in Shymkent in 1934^[10] or 1938.^[11] It supplied a major part of the USSR's metals needs, copper as well as lead and others, including three-quarters of all bullets fired by the Red Army. Smelting continued until 2008, causing extreme levels of pollution (lead, cadmium et al.) in the surrounding ground, and then controversially restarted in 2010, briefly, under a major UK-listed company, Kazakhmys.^[10]

The city also has industries producing refined zinc, processed karakul pelts, textiles, foodstuffs, and pharmaceuticals. Also, the city has a medium-sized refinery, which is owned and operated by PetroKazakhstan.

Main sights

• Ordabasy circle, site of Friday Mosque and MIG Memorial

• Regional Studies and History Museum

• Victory Park

• Central Park

• Museum of Repression

• Afghan War Memorial

• Arboretum

• Nauryz/Navruz Holiday Celebrations over Spring Solstice

• Al-Farabi Square

• Mega Shopping Center

Sport[edit]

• FC Ordabasy -Superleague side

In popular culture

In Command & Conquer: Generals,Shymkent is the starting point of the GLA counterattack by destroying the Chinese presence and a local hydroelectric dam to flood out the Chinese outposts in the riverside.

Sister cities

City

Country

Year

Stevenage

 United Kingdom

İzmir

 Turkey

Adana

 Turkey

Mogilev

 Belarus

Grosseto

 Italy

Pattaya

 Thailand

Khujand

 Tajikistan

Gallery[edit]

• 

View of the crossroads of Tauke-khan Avenue and Kunaev Bulevard from "Mega Center Shymkent" shopping mall

• 

View on shopping mall in Shymkent, called ЦУМ in the Russian/Soviet style

 

Fountains near the Central Multipurpose Shop (ЦУМ)

 

Al-Farabi st., the view of the local Medical Academy

 

Turkestan st. (улица Туркестанская)