ДОПОЛНЕННАЯ РЕАЛЬНОСТЬ В ЖИЗНИ СОВРЕМЕННОГО ЧЕЛОВЕКА

AUGMENTED REALITY IN THE LIFE OF A MODERN PERSON Makhat A.Bo., Alzhanov A.K.

L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan

Annotation

The modern development of a city with the population exceeding one million is becoming increasingly impossible in the "classical" way. The key problem of any dynamically growing megalopolis is the backlog of infrastructure development or the inability of the latter to effectively meet the needs of all the elements of the city. At the same time, the city does not have an opportunity to provide new areas of land resources for its development. Different cities and countries find their solutions to this issue, and recently the concept of "smart city" has been gaining popularity.The work substantiates the complexities associated with the implementation of Smart City (SC) projects, defines the role of the smart city manager (SC-manager) in the implementation of these projects and his competence, gives an overview of the main foreign educational programs that train specialists in this direction. The phenomenon of SC and SC-manager are considered in the context of public management.

Keywords: Smart City, smart city - manager, competencies, public administration, communications.

ҚАЗІРГІ АДАМ ӨМІРІНДЕГІ КЕҢЕЙТІЛГЕН ШЫНДЫҚ Махат А.Б., Әлжанов А.К.

Л.Н. Гумилев атындағы Еуразия ұлттық университеті, Нұр-Сұлтан, Қазақстан

Аннотация

Миллионнан асатын халқы бар қаланың заманауи дамуы «классикалық» жолмен барған сайын мүмкін емес болып барады. Кез келген серпінді дамып келе жатқан мегаполистің негізгі проблемасы инфрақұрылымды дамытудың артта қалуы немесе соңғысының қаланың барлық элементтерінің қажеттіліктерін тиімді қанағаттандыра алмауы болып табылады. Сонымен қатар, қаланың оны игеру үшін жер ресурстарының жаңа учаскелерін беруге мүмкіндігі жоқ. Әртүрлі қалалар мен елдер бұл мәселенің шешімін табуда, соңғы уақытта «ақылды қала» тұжырымдамасы танымал болуда. Жұмыс Smart City (SC) жобаларын жүзеге асырумен байланысты күрделіліктерді негіздейді, smart city менеджерінің рөлін анықтайды. (SC-менеджер) осы жобаларды жүзеге асыруда және оның құзыретінде осы бағытта мамандарды дайындайтын негізгі шетелдік білім беру бағдарламаларына шолу жасайды. SC және SC-менеджер феномені мемлекеттік басқару контекстінде қарастырылады.

Түйін сөздер: Smart City, smart city – менеджер, құзыреттер, мемлекеттік басқару, коммуникация

ДОПОЛНЕННАЯ РЕАЛЬНОСТЬ В ЖИЗНИ СОВРЕМЕННОГО ЧЕЛОВЕКА Махат А.Б., Әлжанов А.К.

Евразийский национальный университет имени Л.Н. Гумилева, Нур-Султан, Казахстан

Аннотация

Современное развитие города-миллионника становится все более невозможным «классическим» путем. Ключевой проблемой любого динамично растущего мегаполиса является отставание в развитии инфраструктуры или неспособность последней эффективно обеспечивать потребности всех элементов города. В то же время город не имеет возможности предоставлять новые площади земельных ресурсов для своего развития. Разные города и страны находят свои решения этого вопроса, и в последнее время набирает популярность концепция «умный город». (SC-менеджер) в реализации данных проектов и его компетенции, дается обзор основных зарубежных образовательных программ, готовящих специалистов данного направления. Феномен СК и СК-менеджера рассматривается в контексте государственного управления.

Ключевые слова: Smart City, smart city - менеджер, компетенции, публичное управление, коммуникации

Introduction

The last decades have been marked by numerous Smart City implementation initiatives. This is an obvious evidence that the creation of SC, on the one hand, is in demand, and on the other hand, is a very complex and difficult task. This may be due to several reasons.

First, the content of the SC concept itself is still very vague. In addition, smart cities are more of a process of constant change rather than a static result. The very word "city" here is rather arbitrary, since it does not take into account the range of possible settlements, ranging from villages to vast areas that may be under several jurisdictions.

Secondly, strategies for managing and implementing SC projects vary from city to city and are largely determined by geographic and geopolitical factors. How and in what form these strategies will be formed will depend, respectively, on the political norms and socio-cultural characteristics of a particular country.

Thirdly, this concept is at the intersection of various disciplinary areas, and its implementation requires interdisciplinary solutions. The design and implementation of SC projects requires the involvement of specialists from various fields, including economics, sociology, engineering, information and communication technologies, politics, etc.

Note that research on SC at the first stage was carried out in such areas as architecture and social sciences, later interest in this problem increased sharply among scientists studying engineering sciences and H-technologies. Despite an overall increase in publications describing the many ICT-based solutions to improve the competitiveness, resilience and livability of cities, there is a clear lack of research on organizational and managerial aspects.

If initially the technological interpretations of SC dominated among researchers (ICT was considered the main driver of the development of SC), then in recent years this discourse has changed towards recognizing the importance of municipalities as an organizational and managerial component.

Smart City manager

The interdisciplinary position of the SC manager is also indicated by the answers to open-ended questions given by some respondents in the study, which listed various combinations of required competencies.

Another important point is that the professionals involved in the development/implementation of SC strategies need adequate education; in this sense, an important condition for ensuring the success of SC is to master the necessary set of skills to smoothly implement the dynamic concept of SC. These findings have been adequately embraced by universities/educational institutions that have opened SC-related master's programs in order to develop relevant competencies in this area. In the FindAMasters database, 40 master's programs were found with the keywords smart city. Some are more specialized and complex, such as Smart City Design (Macromedia University), Energy for Smart Cities (offered by four European universities through InnoEnergy in France, Sweden, Belgium and Spain).

The Master's Program in Urban Informatics (Northeastern University in Boston) trains a new generation of experts who can navigate the technical and socioeconomic landscape in which life in the city unfolds. The program combines comprehensive data analysis skills with an understanding of the wide range of issues facing cities in the 21st century. These programs can be seen as more technology oriented; they are characterized by a focus on application areas that rely heavily on modern ICTs.

Other programs are characterized by greater integrity, which is reflected in the broader range of topics associated with the SC concept. They refer to a people-centered approach where technology and infrastructure are still important as enablers, but the main themes are related to well-being, social inclusion, culture and human capital. Here you can name such programs as:

- "Comprehensive urban development" - "Smart City" (implemented by the University of Applied Sciences in Vienna). This program is focused on the development of several competency areas such as design work, scientific work, Smart City fundamentals, Smart City competencies, socio-technical competencies, business, management and law. Graduates of this program are focused on work related to the implementation of infrastructure and service planning or management and urban planning (city administration);

- "Smart City Management" (Master's program offered by the Higher Professional School of Business "Doba" in Slovenia). The content of the program focuses on strategic management and leadership, advanced technologies, innovation creation and management, global and sustainable development, communication and participation.[1]

Development of engineering infrastructure, including the projects for the "smart" networks construction.

Modernization of the existing engineering infrastructure, taking into account environmental requirements based on the concept of the best available technologies (BAT): water disposal and heat supply (development of a project for transition to gas and/or alternative generation). Within the framework of this task, it is necessary to develop and introduce environmental standards (requirements) for the construction and modernization of engineering networks to the municipal management practice (including the municipal order system).Development of public transport infrastructure on electric traction (metro, highspeed tramway).Today, almost all new areas of urban development exclude the existence of such an infrastructure. Separately, it is necessary to introduce statistical monitoring of passenger transportation using this type of transport. When designing new areas, consider the possibility of building an infrastructure for high-speed public transport on electric traction (including the land reservation mechanism).Development of infrastructure that increases the connectedness of the city with the surrounding territories in the framework of the agglomeration development. It is impossible to implement the infrastructure development of the city within the concept of "smart" only within its boundaries. Under conditions of the current legal system (Federal legislation), it is necessary to develop regional and local documents and plans for joint development of the city.[2]

Creation of a logistics hub, which could provide effective connections with other cities in Russia and the world. It is necessary to ensure competitiveness with other cities of Siberia and Russia in the number of domestic and international air routes.In the housing and utilities infrastructure development it is necessary:

• To ensure the use of new durable materials, including through municipal procurement. To reduce the percentage of engineering networks amortization to the normative level.

• Create conditions for the introduction of new resource-saving technologies and integrated automated management systems, including within the framework of the "smart" networks development.

• Improvement of the quality of management based on the growth of the professional competencies of personnel at all levels of decision-making and tasks implementation. The key value to improve the situation in the sphere of housing and utilities services is to increase the professional competence of personnel at all levels of decision-making and tasks implementation. It is necessary to form an effective system of personnel training and retraining: starting a new training programme for personnel -380310: "Housing and Utilities Infrastructure," the expansion of training and the quality of training of engineering personnel in the field of engineering networks operation.

• Increase of borrowed funds and private investments in the total amount of investments to the city's engineering development: 2018-2020 -not less than 30-35%'; 2025 - not less than 40-50%; 2030 - 50-100%.

The development of the energy infrastructure of the city should be aimed at increasing the environmental friendliness of production and the quality of heat supply to the consumers, increasing economic efficiency through the introduction of energy-saving technologies and gradual abandonment of coal generation. The process of the city gasification can assume two consecutive stages.[3]

Although public and private actors in many smart cities have begun to shift their focus towards citizens (the concept of citizen-centeredness), this concept is still unclear. While smart cities put citizens at the center of attention, citizens are still more likely to be passive beneficiaries than direct participants in the interaction. This is because, while many smart cities support the need for citizen-centeredness, there is no common understanding of how to achieve this and how to transform the role of citizens from passive to active. In the context of this problem, S. Lim and A. Malek formulate several research questions: “How does civic participation generate a citizen-oriented smart city?” “How can smart cities be prevented from failing?” “What are the implications of smart cities not being citizen-centric?” “What are the theoretical relationships between civic engagement and citizen-centeredness in smart cities?”.

The definition of citizens as the main actors of smart cities has traditionally been explained by the nature of such cities, where data or information from ordinary people is critical for planning subsequent initiatives. Thus, residents of smart cities play a central role, as they generate data in the course of their daily activities or projects. Projects will fail without citizen participation. In this sense, according to L. Berntzen and M. Johannesen, the “smartness” of cities does not depend on their size, but on the degree to which the authorities promote dialogue, interaction and cooperation with citizens .

Therefore, co-production is the best proposed solution to support smart city initiatives. Collaborative production assumes that all actors have well-defined roles in the performance of common tasks. And while there is some clarity about the roles of government and the private sector, that clarity is lacking for citizens, who have traditionally been perceived as passive beneficiaries and seen more as barriers to the corporate race in smart cities .[4]

In general, citizen-centeredness refers to prioritizing the demands of citizens in the design and various stages of public service delivery. According to V. Kastelnovo, the central role of citizens in the development of "smart cities" can be explained by three reasons: 1) citizens are a possible source of urban complexity; 2) they are beneficiaries of the value that smart cities can provide; 3) they share responsibility for the development of smart cities .

The topic of the readiness of municipalities to implement Smart City technologies is quite significant and relevant. Firstly, an assessment of the readiness of municipalities to implement Smart City technologies will make it possible to identify key problems in the socio-economic development of the territory. Secondly, the distribution of municipalities by criteria groups corresponding to a certain level of implementation readiness

technologies of Smart City, will allow to form uniform standards of management within Smart-projects. Thirdly, the identification of leaders and outsiders of territorial development will indicate the effectiveness (inefficiency) of the use of federal and private investments in the process of implementing innovative technological projects and programs in the municipality.

Satisfactory readiness is manifested in a decrease in the indicators of innovative infrastructure, intellectual development, and financial independence. Not ready to implement technologies

Smart City are recognized municipalities with low rates of innovative infrastructure, internetization, intellectual development and financial independence. It should be noted that the Internetization indicator is one of the main ones in determining the readiness of the municipality to implement Smart City technology.[5]

The municipalities included in the “ready for implementation” group differ from other administrative centers of the subjects in that their socio-economic indicators exceed the national average. Further strengthening of these territories through the introduction of Smart City technologies will create a big gap in socio-economic development between the municipalities of the Russian Federation. To prevent this from happening, we propose to supplement the methodology for assessing the readiness of municipalities to implement Smart City technologies with a matrix of Urban Development Models .[6]

This matrix is ​​based on five models, which include:

Technology city model. This model includes the idea of ​​a digital economy and rational management of a municipality. These are cities with well-established information networks, continuous formation of a database, the use of various subsystems in the formation of rational city management. The concept built into the model gives a clear understanding of city management. At the same time, the main indicators characterizing the model of a technological city in the author's methodology are financial independence and internetization. With the implementation of this concept, it is possible to eliminate the problems associated.

Long-term and comprehensiveness of Smart-projects. The effectiveness of any project is achieved after a certain time period. The crisis phenomena that have been manifested in recent years, the growth of municipal debts do not allow municipalities to accumulate resources for the implementation of large projects. The logic of municipal authorities boils down to the fact that financial resources are needed "here and now", and not after some period of time. This paradigm entails an increase in even more economic problems. The absence of a long-term vision is a deprivation of the possibility of urban development in the future.[7]

Lack of necessary powers from the municipal government. Despite the fact that municipal authorities are independent, the implementation of large-scale projects requires coordination with a number of departments and ministries at the federal level. The situation is built in such a way that even obtaining funds for the modernization of social infrastructure drags on for years. Thus, the built administrative barriers sometimes interfere with the development of the system itself.

Lack of expertise and a system for understanding the need for technological development of territories. This problem also rests on the resource provision of municipalities. The priority of attracting “at least some” investments has reduced the institute of project expertise to convention. Smart projects are distinguished by their scale, capitalization and sophistication. Thus, the examination is one of the key stages

implementation of Smart projects. In addition, the lack of a policy in the field of technological development only leads to a deterioration in the economic condition of the city. In recent years, the concept of service cities has been introduced into the country's economy, that is, territories with the predominant formation of a municipal product at the expense of the trade and service industries. At the same time, the closure of large factories and enterprises only led to the fact that the territories ceased to be productive.

Risk of implementation of Smart-projects. The main risk factor for these projects is the alignment of interests of all project stakeholders. First of all, the problem is the inconsistency between the interests of large investors and territorial authorities, established institutions, business structures and the population. Each of the presented stakeholders is focused on obtaining a specific result. The implementation of Smart projects does not accept the exit from it of at least one of the subjects presented above. Thus, the lack of support from the authorities entails the establishment of administrative barriers; investor - underfunding of the project; of the population - the loss of significance and the need to implement the Smart-project.

The impossibility of processing and analyzing information flows for the implementation of Smart projects. Territorial bodies of the State Statistics Service publish information with a delay of two quarters to two years. The concept of implementing Smart City technologies requires an immediate flow of information. The solution to this problem can only be achieved by revising the entire algorithm for collecting and processing data. A huge amount of information from various sectors of the economy should be available to anyone,

first of all - through statistical data or Big data bases. At the same time, the information published by the state statistics service differs from the real situation in the country's economy. The lack of reliable information is accompanied by the inefficiency of the entire economic system. The implementation of Smart projects in this situation is impossible.[8]

Ensuring compatibility between current and future technologies. The city management technologies developed today are still far from the prototypes of Smart City technologies. At the same time, many of them work in a closed system and cannot interact within a single chain of Smart City technologies. In addition, they are not protected from hacking and cybercrime, which are one of the main dangers of switching to Smart City technologies.

High degree of depreciation of urban infrastructure. Attracting investments in the development of the urban environment is associated with the availability of modern territorial infrastructure. Most of the cities of the Russian Federation, even after the implementation of the economic modernization policy, did not exceed the “renewal of fixed assets” indicator even by 50% [21]. At the same time, the incommensurability of investments with worn-out infrastructure may push the investor to invest in other assets.

The above study on the readiness of municipalities to implement Smart City technologies allowed us to draw some conclusions.

"Smart cities" based on Smart City technologies are the future that has come today. Smart City is a territory that not only regulates the life processes of the population on the basis of technological connections, actuators, but also analyze threats based on the use of big data (Big data). To date, the assessment of readiness for the implementation of Smart City technologies is carried out in accordance with the rating of sustainable development of cities in the Russian Federation. In our opinion, the criteria for assessing the readiness of Russian cities to implement Smart City technologies in the economy of a municipality should reflect the main tracks of technological development. In accordance with this postulate, we propose to apply the author's methodology for assessing the readiness of Russian cities to introduce Smart City technologies into the economy of a municipality. This methodology is based on seven indicators: manufacturability of production, innovativeness of infrastructure, level of internetization, intellectual development of the urban environment, financial independence of the municipality, energy efficiency of the territory, introduction of creative technologies into a functional urban environment. Then, based on the summation of the obtained values, the readiness of each of the subjects to implement Smart City technologies in the economy of the municipality is determined. The end result of assessing the readiness of Russian cities to implement Smart City technologies is the grouping of cities based on the following ranges: ready to implement Smart City technologies, n is the readiness to implement Smart City technologies; average readiness to implement Smart City technologies the value of the final indicator of the grouping of cities according to the degree of readiness for implementation of Smart City technologies Satisfactory readiness for the implementation of Smart City technologies the value of the final indicator of the grouping of cities according to the degree of readiness for the implementation of Smart City technologies; not ready for the implementation of Smart City technologies the value of the final indicator of the grouping of cities according to the degree of readiness for the implementation of Smart City technologies.[9]

In general, the presented methodology for assessing the readiness of municipalities to implement Smart City technologies will allow: firstly, to quickly determine the level of development of territories ready for the implementation of Smart technologies; secondly, to identify the main problems facing municipalities that are not ready to implement Smart City technologies; thirdly, to select Smart projects that correspond to the level of readiness of the city for the implementation of the Smart City elements.

As a result of an assessment of 81 administrative centers of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, it was revealed that only 7% of cities of this type are ready to implement Smart City technologies. The main problems on the way to the implementation of Smart City technologies are: low energy efficiency and innovation of urban infrastructure, as well as high financial dependence of municipalities. It should be noted that the municipalities included in the “ready for implementation” group differ fromother administrative centers of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation by the fact that the indicators of their socio-economic development exceed the national average. Further strengthening of these territories through the introduction of Smart City technologies will create a large vacuum between technological functioning and the deterioration of the situation of other municipalities. To prevent this from happening, we propose to supplement the methodology for assessing readiness for the implementation of Smart City technologies with a matrix of Urban Development Models.[10]

Conclusion

Smart City technologies is associated with a number of barriers to their implementation, some of which are: long-term and complex projects; the lack of necessary powers from the municipal government, expertise and understanding of the need for technological development of territories; the risk of implementing Smart projects; the impossibility of processing and analyzing the necessary information flows for the implementation of projects; high degree of depreciation of urban infrastructure. The identified barriers to the launch of projects in the field of Smart City technologies are more of an administrative nature.

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