Негосударственная
общеобразовательная школа-интернат № 3
среднего
(полного) общего образования открытого акционерного общества
«Российские
железные дороги»
В помощь
изучающим английский язык
«Russian Traditions»
(подготовила
учитель английского языка Шафина М.П.)
________________________________
Данная разработка направлена
на развитие навыков устной речи на английском языке и предназначается для
учащихся старших классов, изучающих английский язык.
(составлено на базе учебного
пособия по культурологии «Дух России» («The Spirit of Russia», A.P. Vaks), рекомендованное Комитетом по
образованию г. Санкт-Петербурга.)
___________________________________
2014г.
Russian
people have many rites (обряды),
but we will discuss only some of them.
The
main rites are: the House-Warming (Новоселье),
the Wedding (свадьба), and the Birth of a
Child (рождение ребенка).
The
Russian Wedding
Weddings were usually
held in autumn (in October) and in winter before Lent (Великий
пост),
up to Shrovetide (Масленица).
The whole ritual of the Russian Wedding can be divided into three parts: the
period before the wedding, the wedding, and the period after the wedding.
The parents of the bridegroom
visit the parents of the bride (невеста)
and have a talk.
The pre-wedding period
usually ended in devichnic (девичник)
or the bridegroom’s (жених)
party. The participants of the party were: Druzhka («дружка»-свидетель
жениха),
tysyatsky («тысяцкий»-уважаемый
человек)
and other relatives. The bridegroom will not get the bride unless he pays
ransom (выкуп) for her.
The newly-weds (новобрачные)
have to kiss in public when their guests propose a toast and cry “Gorko!”. This
means that they would like the newly-weds to kiss, and they pretend they can’t
drink the wine without sweetening it with the kiss.
According to the Russian
tradition, the bride must cry even if she loves her bridegroom. Russian wedding
laments (причитание) are very poetic.
The bride and the bridegroom ride to church in separate carriages. After the
marriage ceremony in church, the newly-weds go home in one carriage. The
parents of the newly-weds meet them at home with bread and salt and an icon,
and they bless (благословлять)
the newly-weds.
House-Warming
Moving to a new house is
accompanied by special rituals. People used to make a cat be the first to enter
the house, because they believed they would die very soon if someone was the
first to enter a new house. A House-Warming party is celebrated when they move
into the new flat. The guests bring presents to the owners of a flat.
The
Birth of a Child
In old Russia, a
woman from a village gave birth to her child in a banya. The young parents
choose the Godfather (крёстный) and the Godmother (крёстная). The children
would call their God-parents: “kryostny” and “kryostnaya”. Parents giving names
to their children preferred the names of the Saints (Святые) on whose days
their children were born.
Russian
Home
The
first Russian Houses (the peasant’s house was called “izba”; the houses for
rich people were called “terem” or “polaty”) were built of wood. The Russians
used only pine-trees and larch-trees for building their houses. They didn’t use
nails for building the houses. The most important article of each Russian house
was a stove. The stove was used for a lot of things: cooking food, baking
bread, heating the house, sleeping (because there was a special place over the
fire-chamber for sleeping). The “Russian” stove was a large structure, from
floor to ceiling, and was the centre of home life. In every house there was a
“red corner” with icons and with a table near it. The windows facing the street
were always richly decorated with carvings. Every house had a richly decorated
porch. The porch of the house showed the hospitality of the owner and his
wealth. There was a tradition: several generations of a family lived together.
Poor
people lived in small wooden houses, but rich people lived in big wooden
houses, and later in stone houses, sometimes two-storied and large.
Russian
Baths
Russian
people like the steam bath. If you visit Russian Baths, you will understand the
Russian soul and mentality. In old Russia, baths were put on bank of the river
or lake, near the water. Visiting Russian baths is a ritual, a great occasion.
What do you need for it? Good steam, a good venik, a lot of time, and a good
mood.
We
have state public baths and bath-houses in private homes. The bathhouse in a
private house is comprised of two sections: a dressing room and a steam room.
Everything in the Bath is made of wood. The main part of the Russian
bathhouse is a stone stove with a cauldron for the water and a special hollow
where cobblestones are piled. The venik is the main attribute of the Russian
bath. Usually veniks are made of birch or oak twigs. People use veniks for
massage (they thrash one another with it during their washing). They say
Russian Baths are very useful for health. After having a bath, people like to
have a rest and to drink kvas or hot tea. Some people even run out of the bath
and swim in a nearby river or lake, or in winter they rub themselves with snow.
After returning to the steam room, they steam again. There is a special smell
in the bath (because of twigs).
What do people say after the bath? - Light Steam!
Russian
Costumes
Clothes
can tell us about the people who wear them: about their class, their rank,
their job, their country. Now one can see traditional Russian costumes in
museums or during Russian village holidays.
Sewn
over hundred years ago, the costumes have been kept as family heirlooms
(фамильная вещь)
by a number of generations of villagers. Some folklore ensembles use Russian
costumes for their performance. The costume showed the differentiation between
people of different social positions. Their costumes reveal their conception of
the world and their way of life. The Russian costume was richly decorated, and
specific cloth and colours were used. Each region had its own kind of costume.
The
men’s costumes include: a shirt with a slanted cut to the collar (с
косым
разрезом
ворот),
narrow pants (штаны), belts, hats and boots.
The
women’s costumes include: a long-sleeved shirt, a sarafan, a short jacket
(called “dushegreya”), a kokoshnik (head-dress) and short boots.
Wearing the village’s costume, a woman revels her social status and her age.
Young married women wear mainly clothes with bright colours, and their costumes
are adorned with great number of beads, buttons and necklaces. Old women wear
black, white and brown colours.
Married
women wear the kerchief (платок)
in such a way that completely covers the hair. People still believe that a
woman with uncovered hair can bring misfortune to her family. The young,
unmarried woman wore her kerchief in such a way as to reveal the hair and
braid (коса). But every social class
wore specific clothes. Rich people try to show their wealth and prosperity
through their clothes.
Peter
I made reforms of Russian costume. He declared to all his people that they had
to wear European clothes (excepting peasants and clergy). Russian designers of
modern clothes keep Russian traditions and use some traditional elements in
their models.
ANSWER
- What
trees did the Russians use for building of their houses?
- Did
the Russians use nails building their houses?
- What
do you know about clothes of the Russians?
- When
do the people celebrate “Novosyeliye” (House-Warming)?
- What
was the most wide spread type of a peasant house in Russia?
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