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« Гимназия «САХАБ»
English
art of the 18 century
Лекция
по страноведению
Автор: Хаджаева Ф.А.
Учитель
английского языка
высшей категории
Гимназия «Сахаб»
Махачкала
2015
Unlike the 17 century the
18 century put forward painters of the European scale in English art. England
appreciated psychology, character , and story in the art. But in general
English graphic didn’t follow the way of narration. The painting improved its
own faculties in genre of portrait. Portrait was cultivated in England earlier
and took its origin from Holbein and Van Dyck. The interest to psychology fixed
by literature supported this tradition. The Pleiad of portraitists of the
second part of the 18 century is the pride of English Art. It’s enough to
mention such famous painters as Gainsborough and Reynolds.
The two great painters were the two great antipodes.
Sir Joshua Reynolds was a pattern of English gentleman. He played an important
role in politics and belonged to London jet set. He was erudite and
theoretician of art. Reynolds used his great artistic talent as an experienced
master his instrument, directed it deliberately. He calculated the artistic
effect beforehand and reached it after careful consideration.
Thomas Gainsborough as a portraitist was very
popular too and sometimes they both had the same customers. But Gainsborough
disliked ladies and gentlemen from the high society. Life in London was painful
for Gainsborough. Nature and silence attracted him.
Reynolds strictly followed his own theories in
practice. Gainsborough never tried to do it. He worked by intuition just
studied nature. He never fought against his customers tastes but in their
limits he was quite original and exceptionally attractive artist. He was fond
of music that’s why his works are musical by the expression , by rhythm and
colours musically elusive.
Unlike Gainsborough Reynolds employed many pupils
and assistants and his work also differs from Gainsborough’s in being
frequently badly preserved on account of his bad technical procedures.
Gainsborough became famous by his series of he so
called blue portraits. The portrait of Sarah Siddons belonged to it. At the
time the portrait was painted Sarah Siddons became the most famous actress in
Drury Lane in London. Gainsborough painted the actress in a quiet pose without any
attributes of her profession .And one can see a beautiful, elegant, calm lady. The
chord of blue, white and black tones sounds wonderfully on the deep-red
background of the portrait. By this blue range Gainsborough polemized in some
way with Reynolds , who was convinced that cold tines are impossible as the
dominant in picture.
Thomas
Gainsborough (1727-1788)
Gainsborough was born in the small market town of
Sudbury in Suffolk in 1727. His father was a prosperous cloth merchant.
Gainsborough went to Sudbery Grammar School. At the age of 13 he persuaded his
parents to let him go up to London to study art. Hupert Gravelot a French
draughtsman , living in London, took on Gainsborough as a pupil. At the age of
18 when he established his own studio he seems to have left the world o
Gravelot.
Nevertheless Gainsborough visited his native
Suffolk in summer. Innumerable landscapes, sketches bear the witness that
“Nature was his teacher and the woods of Suffolk his academy” . In 1748 his
father died and he decided to return to Sudbery. One of his first pictures
painted in Suffolk is among his masterpieces – the double portrait of Mr. and
Mrs.Andrews( London , National Gallery). Here was an opportunity to
Gainsborough to display his power as a landscape painter.
Sociable and kindhearted Gainsborough was much
liked as a person. Many houses were open to him. But in spite of his popularity
and local prominence, work was not easy to come by- demand was limited in most
provincial centers and he was often in financial difficulties. In 1759 moved to
Bath. Now he had an opportunity to see the outstanding collections of old
masters. Rubens and Van Dyck had the main influence on his style. For the first
Academy exhibition, in summer 1769 , Gainsborough painted one of his
masterpieces , the full-length portrait of a young and newly married Lady
Molineux ( Liverpool Walker Art Gallery) with aristocratic Van Dyck pose and
exquisite softness of modeling.
But Gainsborough was never happy in with “impudent
style” needed because of the competitiveness of public exhibitions. In 1774
Gainsborough left Bath for London. He was already well known to the “Great
world” and had a great success there. In 1777 he received the first of many following
commissions from the Royal Family.
In 1788 Gainsborough died at the age of 61 and was
buried in Kew Churchyard nextto the grave of his old Suffolk friend Jushua
Kirby.
As far as for me I like the portrait of Jonathan
Battol most of all his pictures . “Boy in blue” – “the most real of all fairy
princes and the most fairy of all real boy.”
Joshua
Reynolds (1723-1792)
Joshua Reynolds is the most important person in
British Art from the historic poin of view. He was born in 1723 at Plimpton St.
Maurice in Devonshire. His father was a headmaster of Grammar School. He was
brauhgt up in an educated family at a time when most English painters were
hardly more educated than a salesman. So Reynolds did more to raise the status
of the artist in England through his learning and personal example than by his
actual quality as an artist.
The fundamental basis of his art is the deliberate
use of allusion of the old masters or antique sculpture.in 1749 he went to
Italy where he studied the intellectual system of Italian art. Several years
later he et up in London and started to” make a name” So in 1768 when the Royal
academy was founded it was obvious that Raynolds was the only possible candida
as the president. He was knighted in 1769 and made Doctor of Civil Law at
Oxford and mayor of his native Plimpton. The works of years following 1768 show
him as the most classical and the most determined to use the Academy as an
instrument to force a British school of History to the painters. During these
years Reynolds exhibited at the academy exhibitions and usually showed a
skillful blend of large portraits treated in a historical manner , such as
“Three Ladies Adoring The term Of Hymen”( London, National Gallery).The
painting shows three daughters of the Scottish member of Parliament Sir
William Montgomery about to drape a garland of flowers on a bust of Hymen, the
Greek God of marriage .There is something wonderful about the picture and also
something ridiculous. As he was trying to do the impossible ^ to paint a
picture of classical theme in the grand manner and confirm the convention of
his own time.
In 1784 Reynolds became the court painter of King
George III, but they never supported close relationships because Reynolds
belonged to the Wigs Party and had different political views.
Unfortunately three years before his death he
became blind and had to stop painting.He died in 1792 and was buried in St.
Paul Cathedral with honors as a person of British national fame . His
bronze statue was set in the yard in front of the Royal Academy.
Literature
1.Калмыкова В. Шедевры мировой живописи.
Английская живопись 17 -18 веков. Из-во: Белый Город,2009 ,С128
2.Некрасова Е.А. Томас Гейнсборо. Из-во :
Изобразительное Искусство, 1990, С.224
3. Мутер Р.Мировая живопись: Всеобщая
история изобразительного искусства,2011, С.960
4.Wendorf .R Sir Joshua Reynolds: The Painter in
Society. Edition illustrated .Harvard University Press .1996
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