Фонетические и лексические особенности британского и американского английского

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  Research work on the topic:
    «Phonetic and lexical features of
  British and American English» 
   
  
  
  Автор работы : Сергеева Милена Евгеньевна,
  ученица 10 «А» класса
  Руководитель работы: Медведева Светлана Ивановна,
  учитель английского языка высшей категории
  

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  I devoted my project to the problem of differences of British and American English.
  Actuality of research: necessity of learning of English language.
  Object of research: Phonetics and Lexics of English language.
  Subject of research: words of English language.
  Aim of research: to learn and analyze differences of British and American variants of English language in lexics and phonetics.
  
  
  
  
  
  Tasks:
  1. To analyze literature on this very subject.
  2. To identify features of British and American variants of English language in Phonetics.
  3. To identify features of British and American variants of English language in Lexics.
  4. To make a dictionary of lexical units with transcription, functioning in British and American English.
  Hypothesis: This study should help English language learners to understand why there are two variants of the same language and identify the relevance of language learning among students.
  
   
  
  

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  The methods of research are various.
  Informational: the study of literature and sources.
  Logical: systematization and classification of the collected material.
  Analytical: conclusions from the presented material.
  Practical: compiled a dictionary of lexical units.
  The literature I have used in my project was different. I analyzed it and learnt many important and useful things.
  The practical significance of my research lies in the possibility of further applying the identified differences between the two English language variants not only in school lessons, when working on a computer, searching for information from English-language sources, and most importantly, when communicating with native speakers.
  My personal contribution to solving the problem is making a table of words in British and American English with transcription, and accordingly, a pocket dictionary for travel.
  

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  Reasons and the role of English language globalization
  The term "globalization" refers to the spread of a phenomenon over a large area. After reviewing historical references, I realized that the globalization of the English language began in the 17th century, when England became the owner of many conquered colonies around the world. The reason when English language has become a global or international one is the owner of people who have to use this language for communication and life.
  The growing number of connections between residents of different countries requires the presence of an international language. Therefore, the necessary basis for the interaction of international and intercultural communication between people with different languages is the ability to communicate in one language, namely English.
  

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  Differences in Phonetics
  
  1. How to pronounce the word glance correctly — [glance] or as [glænce]?
  Both options are correct.
  Before f, n, s and th, the British read a as [a] or [ɑː], the Americans as [æ].
  
  2. Which is correct: [t] or [d]?
  In British English, the letter t is often read as [t].
  And in the United States, t and especially tt are often pronounced as [d].
  And if an Englishman pronounces the word "butter" as [ˈbʌtə],
  then an American pronounces it as [ˈbədər] (bade).
  
  
  3.How to pronounce: [ɒ] or [ɑ]?
  The short sound [o] (indicated by the phonetic symbol [ɒ], an inverted a) is
  uncommon in American English.
  Where the British say [o], the Americans pronounce [a] — this sound in
  transcription looks like [ɑ]. For example, a Londoner will pronounce the
  word body as [ˈbɒdi] (body), and a Texan as [ˈbɑdi] (badie).
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  

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  5. And finally, [r] or nothing?
  This difference is the most obvious between the British and American pronunciation — the [r] sound.
  The English try not to pronounce the [r] sound at all. Therefore, in words where r is preceded by a vowel letter, the [r] sound is simply skipped.
  But in the USA it is pronounced clearly almost always, especially at the end. Therefore, the word worker in England is pronounced as [ˈwəːkə] (ueke), and in America — [ˈwrkər] (worker).
  Americans pronounce the sound [r] even where it does not exist: the idea of [aidiərəv] (aidiarov).
  
  Differences in Phonetics
  4. Another difference: [ju:] or [u:]?
  In the British version of English, the combination [ju:] is much more common than in American.
  For example, the British pronounce the word new as [njuː] (new), and the Americans pronounce it as [nuː] (nu).
  In American English, the sound [j] after the letters n, l, s, t, d and z is not pronounced.
  

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  Some more important features in Phonetics:
  1. Words, ending on unstressed «-ile» (missile, fertile and others)
  For example:
  fertile — BrE ['fɜːta i l]  AmE [ ˈfɝːt̬l ]
  2. Long words with endings «-ery», «-ary», «-ory»
  For example:
  secretary — BrE ['sekrətr i ]   AmE ['sekrə'ter i ]
  monastery — BrE [ ˈmɒnəstri ]   AmE [ ˈmɑːnəsteri ]
  inventory — BrE [ ˈɪnv ə ntri ]   AmE [ ˈɪnv ə ntɔːri ]
  3. Some words about stress.
  As a rule, the Americans make an additional stress in words with two or more syllables, for example: secretary:
  In BrE stress is on the first syllable ['sekrətri ], otherwise in American English
  additional stress appeeres on the second letter «e»: ['sekrə'teri ].
  4. Besides, in some words in RrE – stress falls on the first syllable, in AmE – on the second one:
  ballet — BrE [ˈbæleɪ]  AmE [bælˈeɪ]
  debris — BrE [ˈdebriː]  AmE [dəˈbriː]
  
  

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  Differences in lexics
  
  In England, an American will receive French fries at a cafe, although, in his opinion, he ordered a plate of chips. That's because in the UK, chips are crisps, and French fries are chips. In the USA, chips are called chips, and French fries will be French fries. For example:
  
  Печенье — Biscuit (BrE)  Cookie (AmE)
  Конфеты — Sweets (BrE)  Candy (AmE)
  Печеный картофель — Jacket potato (BrE)  Baked potato (AmE)
  Баклажан — Aubergine (BrE)  Eggplant (AmE)
  Кукуруза — Maize (BrE)  Corn (AmE)
  
  You know from various films that in London people catch a "cab", and in America they call a "taxi". This option is now more widely used in Britain.
  I practice ballroom dancing and I've been to London 3 times: on International Dance Festival and UK Open Dance Festival and I've seen it in reality.
  And it would be strange if I said "cab" instead of "taxi".
  
  

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  An interesting example with the word flat. The translation that everyone knows is «apartment» - квартира, which means that British English is closer to you than American English. In America, flat is called a punctured tire – пробитое колесо (short for flat tire), while «квартира» on AmE will be apartment.
  
  Another interesting difference is the designations of the first floors of the building. So, the British will call the first floor "ground floor", and the Americans — "first floor". Accordingly, the second and third floors in BrE will be designated as "first" and "second", and in AmE as the usual "second" and "third". Our students get confused in these designations.
  
  British and American English also differ in time designation. If you ask on the streets of an English town what time it is, you will hear a complicated answer: "It's a quarter past five" - 15 минут шестого. Our students can't figure out this complicated construction! Americans will simply say: "Five fifteen" – пять пятнадцать.
  

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  There are many such examples.
  But still, you need to know, at least in general terms, which lexical units should be used.
  
  Many words have been transferred from the American version, such as: flat, taxi, subway. This suggests that recently the phenomena of one variant of the English language have been increasingly penetrating into another.
  How could it be otherwise? It's the same language!
  
  Paul Baker, the famous linguist of Lancaster University, speaks about it with great sorrow: «In our culture, there is more anxiety and we tend to suffer from feelings of guilt, we try to explain everything correctly, but as a result our speech seems longer, and it takes us more words and time to get to the bottom of it. As a Brit, I'm bitter because what's going away is part of my identity as a Brit».
  (В нашей культуре больше тревожности и мы склонны страдать чувством вины, мы пытаемся правильно все объяснить, но в результате наша речь кажется более пространной, и нам требуется больше слов и времени, чтобы добраться до сути. Как британцу, мне горько, ведь то, что уходит, является частью моей идентичности как британца).
  
  

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  I analyzed the differences between British and American English.
  But life does not stand still, and the English spoken by the British is changing rapidly. Bill Brizon, an American author of several books on the history of the English language, says:
  «There is no doubt that it was British English that made English international back in the 19th century, when Britain was an empire, but it is Americans who are behind the transformation of English into a global language of the 20th century, thanks to commercial and cultural influence».
  (Нет сомнения в том, что именно британский английский сделал английский международным еще в 19 веке, когда Британия была империей, но именно американцы стоят за превращением английского в глобальный язык 20 века, благодаря коммерческому и культурному влиянию).
  I have observed that more and more American words are entering the British dialect of English. The changes even apply to such typically British words as "quite" (enough), "rather" (much). The words "guy" and "campus" were almost unknown in Britain. They are now widely used. The British are increasingly saying "movie" instead of "film". Computer-related vocabulary is now pronounced in the American manner: "program" without the British addition of "me" (programme), It is even underlined as a mistake.
  According to David Crystal, an authoritative linguist from Wales and author of the Cambridge Encyclopedia, English is changing "American English will dominate, I have no doubt about it“.
  
  

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  I was interested to know if our students consider American English to be a separate language, and if they know the phonetic features of British English.
  I interviewed 45 students.
  I compiled a table with several questions and came to the conclusion
  that not all students know that British English and American English are the same language, but they differ in phonetics, vocabulary, and even grammar.
  Questioning
  

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  Conclusion
  In my project, I tried to analyze the most popular phonetic and lexical differences in British and American English.
  If you don’t know any differences, just ask an English person for the meaning of a word that you don't understand. This is absolutely normal, because English is not your mother tongue.
  Conclusion: So, American and British English are indeed variants of the same language. But nowadays we can see the penetrating of American English into British one. These words are coming to British and begin to live there because they are suitable for communication and preferably simple.
  Comparing British and American English in pronunciation and vocabulary, we saw that some words are different, ignorance of such words makes it difficult to understand speech. According to many Russian linguists and teachers, the "correct" language is the British version, the "accepted standard". This one is studied in Russian schools. The result of my work is a small pocket dictionary of the most common words, their meaning and pronunciation in British and American English. Perhaps, it helps to solve this problem at least a little.
  

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