Государственное
бюджетное профессиональное образовательное учреждение Краснодарского края
«Новороссийский
социально – педагогический колледж»
Методическая
разработка
по
английскому языку
по
теме
« History of computers»
Новороссийск, 2016
Пояснительная
записка
Данная
разработка предназначена для расширенного изучения английского языка в области
информационных технологий. Представленный материал позволяет не только углубить
знания в английском языке, но и овладеть основами компьютерной грамотности.
Разработка содержит тексты из оригинальной литературы, посвященные теме
«Компьютеры и информационные системы», учебные задания, способствующие усвоению
и запоминанию специальных терминов по компьютерным технологиям, задания для
развития навыков чтения, свертывания и развертывания информации при составлении
рефератов на английском языке.
Автор: Чатоева
Ольга Михайловна,
преподаватель английского языка.
History
of computers
Text
1. THE FIRST CALCULATING DEVICES
Let us take a look at
the history of computers that we know today. The very first calculating device used was the ten fingers of a man's hands. This, in fact, is why today we still count in
tens and multiples of tens.
Then the abacus was
invented. People went on using some form of abacus well into the 16th century, and it is still
being used in some parts of the
world because it can be understood without knowing
how to read.
During the 17th
and 18th centuries many people tried to find easy ways of calculating. J.Napier, a
Scotsman, invented a mechanical way of multiplying
and dividing, which is now the modern slide
rule works. Henry Briggs used Napier's ideas to produce logarithm tables
which all mathematicians use today.
Calculus, another
branch of mathematics, was independently invented by both Sir Isaac Newton, an Englishman, and Leibnitz, a German mathematician. The first real
calculating machine appeared in
1820 as the result of several people's experiments.
In 1830 Charles
Babbage, a gifted English mathematician, proposed to build a general-purpose
problem-solving machine that he called "the
analytical engine". This machine, which Babbage
showed at the Paris Exhibition in 1855, was an attempt to cut out the human being altogether, except for
providing the machine with the
necessary facts about the problem to be solved. He never finished this work, but many of his ideas were the basis
for building today's computers.
By the early
part of the twentieth century electromechanical machines had been developed
and were used for business data processing.
Dr. Herman Hollerith, a young statistician from the US Census Bureau successfully tabulated the 1890 census. Hollerith invented a means of coding the data by
punching holes into cards. He built one machine to punch the holes and
others to tabulate the collected data. Later Hollerith left the Census Bureau
and established his own tabulating machine company. Through a series of merges the company eventually became the IBM
Corporation.
Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста 1
Calculating device —
вычислительное устройство
Multiple— кратный
Abacus— счеты
Slide rule— логарифмическая линейка
Logarithm table — логарифмическая таблица
Calculus—
исчисление; математический анализ
General-purpose— общего назначения,
универсальный
To cut
out the human being altogether — полностью исключить человека
To manipulate— обрабатывать, преобразовывать;
управлять
Data processing— обработка данных (информации)
Tabulate the census — занести данные по
переписи (населения) в таблицу
Means of coding — средства кодирования
(шифровки)
To punch the holes— пробивать отверстия
Punched card— перфокарта
To perform— выполнять, производить
(действие); осуществлять;
Unit of data — единица информации
Keyboard terminals — терминал (вывод) с
клавишным управлением
Proliferation— размножение, быстрое увеличение.
QUESTIONS
1. Просмотрите текст еще раз. Ответьте на вопросы, используя
информацию текста.
1. What was the very first calculating device? 2. What is the
abacus? 3. What is the modern slide rule? 4. Who gave the ideas for producing
logarithm tables? 5. How did Newton and Leibnitz contribute to the problem of
calculation? 6. When did the first calculating machine appear? 7. What was the
main idea of Ch.Babbage's machine? 8. How did electromechanical machines
appear and what were they used for? 9. What means of coding the data did
Hollerith devise? 10. How were those electromechanical machines called and
why? 11. What kind of computers appeared later? 12. What new details had the
computers of 1970s?
2. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих
словосочетаний:
Вычислительное устройство; легкий способ вычисления; поэтому (вот
почему); кратное десяти; изобрести механический способ умножения и деления;
логарифмическая линейка; составить таблицы логарифмов; математический анализ;
изобрести независимо (друг от друга); в результате; полностью исключить
человека; кроме (за исключением); обработка деловой информации; средство
кодирования информации; перфокарты; пробивать отверстия; оформить собранные данные
в таблицу; работать с данными на перфокарте; устройство, записывающее информацию
блоками; единица информации; выполнять вычисления; для научных целей;
клавишный терминал.
3. Вспомните значение
следующих глаголов и подберите к ним производные. Например: to calculate — calculating, calculator, calculation.
To compute, to invent, to
know, to multiply, to divide, to depend, to solve, to provide, to process, to
code, to punch, to collect, to design, to store, to contribute, to use, to
manipulate, to assemble, to connect, to consume, to rely, to divide, to inform,
to instruct, to discover, to operate.
4. Переведите словосочетания, содержащие:
А. Причастие I— Participle I
Computers using vacuum tubes;
the machine calculating mathematical problems; the computer keeping
instructions in its memory; binary code storing data and instructions; the vacuum
tube controlling and amplifying electronic signals; computers performing
computations in milliseconds; electronic pulses moving at the speed of light;
students coding the information by using a binary code; devices printing the
information; keyboard terminals replacing vacuum tubes.
Б. Причастие II — Participle II
The given information; the
name given to the machine; the coded data; the device used in World War II; the
invention named ENIAC; the machine called EDVAC; instructions kept in the
memory; the engine designed for storing data; data stored in a binary code;
vacuum tubes invented by J. Neumann; the general-purpose machine proposed by
Ch. Babbage; the machine provided with the necessary facts.
Text 2. THE FIRST COMPUTERS
In 1930 the first analog
computer was built by American named Vannevar Bush. This device was
used in World War II to
Many technical developments of
electronic digital computers took place in the 1940 and 1950s.
Mark I, the name given to first digital computers, was completed in 1944. The
man response for this invention was Professor Howard Aiken. This was the first
machine that could figure out long lists of mathematical problems at a very
fast rate.
In 1946 two engineers at the
University of Pennsylvania, J.Eckert and J.Maushly, built their digital
computer with vacuum tubes. They named their new invention ENIAC (the Electronic
Numerical Integrator and Calculator).
Another important achievement
in developing computers came in 1947, when John von Neumann developed the idea
of keeping instructions for the computer inside the computer's memory. The contribution
of John von Neumann was particularly significant. As contrasted with Babbage's
analytical engine, which was designed to store only data, von Neumann's machine,
called the Electronic Discrete Variable Computer, or ED-VAC, was able to store
both data John von Neumann and instructions. He also contributed to the idea
of storing data and instructions in a binary code that uses only ones
and zeros. This simplified computer design. Thus computers use two conditions,
high voltage, and low voltage, to translate the symbols by which we
communicate into unique combinations of electrical pulses. We refer to these
combinations as codes.
Neumann's stored program computers
as well as other machines of that time were made possible by the invention of
the vacuum tube that could control and amplify electronic signals. Early
computers, using vacuum tubes, could perform computations in thousandths of
seconds, called milliseconds, instead of seconds required by mechanical
devices.
Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста 2.
Analog computer - аналоговый компьютер
digital computer - цифровой компьютер to
aim guns - наводить орудия на цель
to figure out - вычислять
At a fast rate - с высокой
скоростью.
Memory / storage - запоминающее
устройство
To store data and instructions - запоминать
информацию и
команды
stored program computer- компьютер с занесенной
в память
программой
binary code - двоичный
код condition - режим, состояние,
условие
vacuum tube - электронная (вакуумная), трубка
(лампа) to amplify –
усиливать
to perform computations - выполнять
вычисления
QUESTIONS
1. Просмотрите текст еще раз и ответьте на вопросы, используя
информацию текста.
1. When was the first analog computer built? 2. Where and how was
that computer used? 3. When did the first digital computers appear? 4. Who was
the inventor of the first digital computer? 5. What could that device do? 6.
What is ENIAC? Decode the word. 7. What was J.Neumann's contribution into the
development of computers? 8. What were the advantages of EDVAC in comparison
with ENIAC? 9. What does binary code mean? 10. Due to what invention could the
first digital computers be built?
2. Найдите в тексте 2 английские эквиваленты следующих
словосочетаний.
Цифровые компьютеры;
технические усовершенствования; совершенствование компьютеров; ответственный
за изобретение; математические задачи; электронные трубки; важное достижение;
запоминающее устройство; значительный вклад; двоичный код; высокое напряжение;
низкое напряжение; электрические импульсы; тысячная доля секунды.
Происходить; завершать;
вычислять; хранить команды внутри компьютера; запоминать информацию; запоминать
команды; содействовать; использовать единицу и ноль; упрощать дизайн;
усиливать сигналы; выполнять вычисления.
3. Составьте пары близких
по значению слов из перечня, представленного ниже.
Verbs: to name, to complete, to calculate, to develop, to keep, to
interpret, to communicate, to fulfill, to apply, to translate, to improve, to
build, to call, to store, to communicate, to figure out, to perform, to use, to
finish, to construct, to connect.
Nouns: speed, aim, storage, information, machine, significance, computation,
data, device, rate, calculation, purpose, memory, importance.
4. Заполните пропуски необходимыми словами.
1. The first digital computer
could a lot of mathematical problems at a fast______2.
Vannevar Bush built the first _____ computer in 1930. 3. Babbage's analytical
engine was designed to____ data. 4. J.von Neumann invented a machine that was
able to_____ not only data but also_______.
5. Neumann______ the idea of
storing data in a___________.
6. Computers use two
conditions for symbols. 7. The invention of_____ made computers
possible to control and_____ electronic signals. 8. Due to______ computers
could perform_____ much faster.
5. Переведите предложения или словосочетания, содержащие:
А. Инфинитив в функции обстоятельства
1. Computers were designed to perform thousands of computations
per second. 2. To make computers more reliable transistors were used. 3. They
were applied to reduce computation-al time. 4. To integrate large numbers of
circuit elements into a small chip, transistors should be reduced in size. 5.
To use integrated circuit technology new computers were built. 6. Analytical
engine was invented to store data.
Б. Инфинитив в функции определения
The problem to be solved; the work to be finished; the cards to be
punched; calculations to be performed; the machine to be shown at the
exhibition; the device to be provided with the necessary facts; computers to
be used for data processing; efforts to increase reliability; electronics to
connect systems and subsystems; the speed of response to depend on the size of
transistor; computers to perform thousands of calculations per second; vacuum
tubes to control and amplify electric signals; these are circuits to use a
large number of transistors; operations to be performed.
Text 3. SOME FIRST COMPUTER MODELS
1. Babbage's Analytical Engine
In 1832, an English inventor and mathematician Charles Babbage was
commissioned by the British government to develop a system for calculating the
rise and fall of the tides.
Babbage designed a device and
called it an analytical engine. It was the first programmable computer,
complete with punched cards for data input. Babbage gave the engine the
ability to perform different types of mathematical operations. The machine was
not confined to simple addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division. It
had its own "memory", due to which the machine could use different
combinations and sequences of operations to suit the purposes of the operator.
The machine of his dream was never realized in his life. Yet
Babbage's idea didn't die with him. Other scientists made at- tempts to build
mechanical, general-purpose, stored-program computers throughout the next
century. In 1941 a relay computer was built in Germany by Conrad Zuse. It was
a major step toward the realization of Babbage's dream.
2. The Mark I Computer (1937-1944)
In 1944 in the United States,
International Business Machines (IBM) built a machine in cooperation with
scientists working at Harvard University under the direction of Prof. Aiken.
The machine, called Mark I Automatic Sequence-Controlled Calculator was built
to perform calculations for the Manhattan Project, which led to the development
of atomic bomb. It was the largest electromechanical calculator ever built. It
used over 3000 electrically actuated switches to control its operations.
Although its operations were not controlled electronically, Aiken's machine is
often classified as a computer because its instructions, which were entered by
means of a punched paper tape, could be altered. The computer could create
ballistic tables used by naval artillery.
The relay computer had its
problems. Since relays are electromechanical devices, the switching contacts
operate by means of electromagnets and springs. They are slow, very noisy and
consume a lot of power.
3. The ABC (1939-1942)
The work on introducing electronics into the design of computers
was going on. The gadget that was the basis for the first computer revolution
was the vacuum tube, an electronic device invented early in the twentieth
century. The vacuum tube was ideal for use in computers. It had no mechanical
moving parts. It switched flows of electrons off and on at rates far faster
than possible with any mechanical device. It was relatively reliable, and
operated hundreds of hours before failure. The first vacuum tube computer was
built at Iowa University at about the same time as the Mark I. The computer,
capable to perform thousands of related computations, was called ABC, the
Atanasoff-Berry Computer, after Dr. John Atanasoff, a professor of physics and
his assistant, Clifford Berry. It used 45 vacuum tubes for internal logic and
capacitors for storage. From the ABC a number of vacuum-tube digital computers
developed. Soon the British developed a computer with vacuum tubes and used it
to decode German messages.
QUESTIONS.
1. Выполните письменно
перевод текста 3 по вариантам.
2. Поменяйтесь вариантами, прочтите текст и выразите одним-двумя
предложениями основную мысль текстов, предложенных выше.
Text 4. FOUR
GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS
The first vacuum tubes
computers are referred to as first generation computers, and the
approximate period of their use was from 1950 to 1959. UNIVAC 1 (Universal
Automatic Computer) is an example of these computers which could perform
thousands of calculations per second. Those devices were not only bulky, they
were also unreliable. The thousands of vacuum tubes emitted large amounts of
heat and burned out frequently.
The transistor, a smaller and
more reliable successor to the vacuum tube, was invented in 1948. So-called second
generation computers, which used large numbers of transistors, were able
to reduce computational time from milliseconds to microseconds, or millionths
of seconds. Second-generation computers were smaller, faster and more reliable
than first-generation computers.
Advances in electronics
technology continued, and microelectronics made it possible to reduce the size
of transistors and integrate large numbers of circuit elements into very small
chips of silicon. The computers that were designed to use integrated circuit
technology were called third generation computers, and the approximate
time span of these machines was from 1960 to 1979. They could perform many data
processing operations in nanoseconds, which are billionths of seconds.
Fourth generation computers have
now arrived, and the integrated circuits that are being developed have been
greatly reduced in size. This is due to microminiaturization, which means that
the circuits are much smaller than before; as many as 100 tiny circuits are
placed now on a single chip. A chip is a square or rectangular piece of
silicon, usually from 1/10 to ¼ inch, upon which several layers of an
integrated circuit are etched or imprinted, after which the circuit is
encapsulated in plastic or metal.
TESTS
1. Подберите вместо пропусков подходящее по смыслу слово.
1. British scientists
invented a_____ way of multiplying and dividing.
a) mechanical; b) electrical;
c) optical.
2. A new branch of
mathematics, _____, was invented in England and Germany independently.
a) mechanics; b) arithmetic’s;
c) calculus.
3. A young American clerk
invented a means of coding _____by punched cards.
a) letters; b) data; c)
numbers.
4. Soon punched cards were
replaced by terminals, a) printer; b) scanner; c) keyboard.
5. Mark 1 was the first____
computer that could solve mathematical problems.
a) analog; b) digital; c)
mechanical.
6. J. von Neumann simplified
his computer by storing information in a____ code.
a) analytical; b) numerical;
c) binary.
7. Vacuum tubes could control
and____ electric signals.
a) calculate; b) amplify; c)
generate.
8. The first generation
computers were____ and often burned out.
a) uncomfortable; b)
uncommunicative; c) unreliable.
9. Computers of the second
generation used_____ which reduced computational time greatly.
a) transistors; b) integrated
circuits; c) vacuum tubes.
10. Due to____ the development
of the fourth generation computers became possible.
a) microelectronics; b)
miniaturization; c) microminiaturization.
2. Выберите правильный
перевод предложений, содержащих неличные формы глагола (Infinitive, Gerund, Participle I, Participle II).
1. That was the machine
provided with the necessary facts about the problem to be solved.
а) Машину обеспечили
необходимыми фактами, чтобы она решила проблему.
б) То была машина, снабженная
необходимой информацией о задаче, которую предстояло решить.
в) Эту машину обеспечили
необходимой информацией о решаемой задаче.
2. The computers designed to
use 1С were called
third generation computers.
а) Компьютеры сконструировали
для использования ИС и назвали их третьим поколением.
б) Компьютеры назывались
третьим поколением, потому что в них использовались ИС.
в) Компьютеры,
сконструированные, чтобы использовать ИС, назывались компьютерами третьего поколения.
3. Mark I was the first
machine to figure out mathematical problems.
а) Первая машина для вычисления
математических проблем была Марк I.
б) Марк I явилась первой машиной для
вычисления математических задач.
в) Марк I была первой машиной, которая
вычисляла математические задачи.
4. Early computers using
vacuum tubes could perform computations in milliseconds.
а) Первые компьютеры, использующие электронные лампы, могли
выполнять вычисления в течение миллисекунд.
б) Ранние компьютеры
использовали вакуумные лампы, которые выполняли вычисления за миллисекунды.
в) Рано компьютеры,
использующие электронные трубки, выполняли вычисления за миллисекунды.
5. Vacuum tubes to control and
amplify electric signals were invented by Neumann.
а) Изобретенные Нойманом
вакуумные лампы регулировали и усиливали электрические сигналы.
б) Нойман изобрел электронные
лампы для управления и усиления электрических сигналов.
в) Электронные лампы, которые
регулировали и усиливали электрические сигналы, были изобретены Нойманом.
6. Neumann's machine called
the EDVAC was designed to store both data and instructions.
а) Неймановскую машину,
называемую EDVAC, сконструировали для хранения информации и команд.
б) Машина Ноймана, названная EDVAC, была создана, чтобы
запоминать как информацию, так и команды.
в) Машину Ноймана, которая
хранила данные и инструкции, назвали EDVAC.
7. Computers were developed
to perform calculations for military and scientific purposes.
а) Компьютеры были созданы,
чтобы выполнять вычисления для военных и научных целей.
б) Компьютеры создали для
выполнения военных и научных вычислений.
в) Созданные компьютеры
выполняли вычисления военного и научного назначения.
8. An American clerk invented
a means of coding the data by punching holes into cards.
а) Американский служащий
изобрел посредством кодирования информации перфокарту.
б) Американский клерк изобрел
перфокарту, кодируя информацию.
в) Американский служащий
изобрел средство шифрования информации путем пробивания отверстий в карте.
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