Конференция научно-исследовательских и творческих работ
«Первые шаги в науке»
Направление: лингвистическое (иностранные
языки)
Тема: «Morphological peculiarities of
Shakespeare `s language»
Автор:
Архипова Александра Владиславовна, 10 «Б»
Руководитель:
Соковец Елена Игоревна, учитель английского языка
Место
выполнения работы: МАОУ СОШ № 6
Красноуральск
2016
Contents
Introduction……………………………………………………………………….3
Chapter I. Formation and development of the
national English during New England period……………………………………………………………………5
Chapter II. The morphological
peculiarities of Shakespeare `s language
2.1. The verb and its grammatical features………………………………………6
2.2. The pronoun «YOU» and its grammatical features…………………………8
Chapter III. The syntactic peculiarities of the language of Shakespeare…….10
3.1 «Ellipse»
.…………………………………………………………………..10
Chapter IV. The results of the
research…………………………………………11
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………..13
Resources…………………………………………………………………………14
Supplement………………………………………………………………………16
William
Shakespeare is an outstanding playwright in our life. He is a well-known
person. Although he has lived and died during the Elizabеthan era, his works hаve survived. This world
is difficult to understand. The difficulty is explained by features of
Shakespeare’s poetic imagination — unusual richness of figurаtive associations and
morphological features of his language. To feel an originality of Shakespearean
metaphors, it is necessary to read Shakespeare in the original, but firstly we
have to study the features of the XVI century’s language.
To be succeeded in
reading and understanding Shakespeare, it is necessary to study Shakespearean
grammar.
Secondly we must read «Shakespearean
dictionaries». We can point out the most authoritative dictionary, which was
created by Alexander Schmidt. [3.,34]
The language is
characterized by lexicon richness, absence of tough rules and borders mobility
between parts of speech.
The main changes which
happened at this time concern a phonetic system of English. The form of
possessive case was being developed during this period. The pronouns system has
received plenty of changes.
As for the verb, here we
are witnessing an almost complete destruction of the system of verbs. In
addition, there was a new direction in the morphological system of English.
Nevertheless, the era of
Shakespeare, which British historians called Elizabethan, on behalf of Queen
Elizabeth I (the reign 1558 - 1603), was not the period of language instability
and chaos. Although many scientists described this period like this. We must
remember that the Elizabethan period was a transitional stage in the history of
the English language. Early Modern English period has its own characteristics. These
features are reflected in Shakespeare’s works.
The object of our
research is features of English in the Early Modern English period.
The subject is the
morphological features of Shakespeare `s language.
The hypnosis - if we read Shakespeare in the original we will be able to
understand his greatest works better. But for this purpose we must understand
Shakespeare `s language.
So the aim of our
research is the studying and researching the typical traits of the English
language in the Early Modern English period. We have decided to conduct the
present research examining the greatest tragedy of William Shakespeare's «Hamlet».
The tasks of my research are:
to consider the formation and
development of the national English language during the Early Modern English
period,
to analyze a verb and its personal
endings,
to study the using of «thou, thy,
thine, thee, thyself». The
difference between «you»
and «thou»,
to investigate the syntactic features
of Shakespeare `s language.
The problems of
Shakespeare `s language are examined in detail by M. M. Morozov Article about Shakespeare.
M., 1964, Ivanov I. E. History of the English language, Arrakis, V. D. History
of the English, Arrakis, V. D. Essays on the history of English.
The practical significance - this information can be very useful for
people who wish to read Shakespeare
in the original.
Next year I `m going to
study the pronouns «we, they, I she, he». Also the attention will be given the
adjectives.
Chapter I.
Formation and development of the national English
during New England period.
This period is characterized by the formation and
further development of national standards of English.
The basis of the national English language was a
dialect of Middle English in London. [2., 38]. It is connected with the fact
that the economic and socio-political life of the country in this period is
concentrated in London.
East Midland dialect
plays an important role. In 1439 the official language was English instead of
French in the educational system. So the English language was available for a
huge amount of people. [1.,40]
In addition, a huge contribution to the establishment
of a national English language was printing. It was introduced in England
in 1477 by William Caxton native of Kent (1422 - 1491) [3.,134].
So all these factors contributed to the development of
language during this period.
Chapter II. The morphological
peculiarities of Shakespeare `s language
2.1. The verb and its grammatical features.
If we speak about typical
endings of a verb in the second person singular we must note "-st" и "-est":
I know – thou knowest;
I have – thou hast;
I do – thou doest (dost);
I should – thou shouldst;
I would – thou wouldst.
[2., 183]
Here are some examples:
«I prithee, when thou
seest that act afoot…»(III,2) [13]
«So is it, if thou
knew`st our purpose.»(IV, 3) [18]
«Thou still hast been the
father of good news.» (II, 2) [11]
« O Jephthah, judge of Israel, what a treasure hadst thou» (II,2) [11]
«If thou dost
marry…»(III, 1) [12]
«And duller shouldst
thou be than the fat weed that roots itself in ease on Lethe wharf, wouldst
thou not stir in this.»(I, 5) [23]
«Well said, old mole! canst
work I’ the earth so fast?» (I, 5) [9]
We have just investigated
how to form a verb in
the second person singular and we should pay attention to the value of the third person singular.
However, there is an important change
connected with the fact that in the XV-XVI centuries, along with the ending «-(e)th», the third person of the present tense indicative
mood, you receive the ending «-(e)s». [2.,167]
In the works of Shakespeare form «-(e)s» appears along with the form «-(e)th», apparently, without any stylistic differences. Its origin remains controversial. This is evidenced, for example, the following excerpt from the first scene of the first act of «hamlet»:
Marcellus: O! Farewell,
honest soldier.
Who hath
relieved you?
Francisco: Bernardo has
my place. (I, 1) [5]
However, the form with «(e)s» already puts the form in «-(e)th». so, in the first act of «hamlet» form «-(e)s» is found three times more often than the form with «-(e)th» (74 times, and 25, respectively). The ending «-(e)th» is used mainly with the verbs «to have» and «to do» [5., 43]
«With martial stalk hath
he gone by our watch.» (I, 1) [5]
«And now so soil nor
cautel doth besmirch the virtue of his will».
«Bernardo has my
place.» (I, 1) [5]
With semantic verbs
Shakespeare used a form «- (e) s»:
«Haratio says
’tis but our fantasy.» (I, 1) [5]
«At least the whisper goes
so.» (I, 1) [5]
«It shows a will
most incorrect to heaven.» (I, 2) [6]
The verb "to
be" had the following forms:
I am – thou art;
I was – thou wast;
I were – thou wert;
I will – thou wilt;
I shall – thou shalt.
[2., 184]
«If thou art privy
to the country fate…»(I, 1) [5]
«Or, if thou wilt
needs marry, marry a fool.» (III, 1) [12]
«… thou shalt
escape calumny.» (III, 1) [12]
«And thou shalt live
in this fair world behind.» (III, 2) [13]
2.2 The pronoun «YOU» and its grammatical features.
Shakespeare used the following forms
of pronoun “you”.
Thou = you
Thine = yours
Thee = you, to you
Thyself = yourself
Thy = your [1., 166].
When «you» is used as a singular subject
in a sentence, it becomes «tho»u – «Thou art a villain»
When «you» is used as an object in a
sentence, it becomes «thee»– «Come, let me clutch thee. »
When you is used as a plural pronoun
(you all), it becomes «ye» – «Ye shall know me. »
When «your» is used as a possessive
pronoun, it becomes «thy» – «What is thy name?»
“Thou art a
scholar.” (I, 1) [5]
“If thou hast any
sound, or use of voice, speak to me.” (I, 1) [5]
“Thou comest in
such a questionable shape.” (I, 4) [8]
“Give thy
thoughts no tongue…” (I, 3) [7]
“Give every man thine
ear, but few thy voice…” (I, 3) [7]
Here are some examples of using reflexive pronouns.
“Get thee to bed,
Francisco.” (I, 1) [5]
“I pray thee,
stay with us.” (I, 2) [6]
“As thou art to thyself.”
(I, 1) [5]
“… if thou answerest we
not to the purpose, confess thyself.” (V, 1) [23]
Now I would like to regard the
difference between «you» and «thou». In Shakespeare's time people started using
in their speech the pronoun «you» more often than «thou». Ivanov IP and
Chakhoyan LP in their book under the title is “History of the English Language»
stated that «you» was used in relation to the older or socially superior and «thou»,
respectively, in an appeal to younger or socially subordinate.[3.,57]. But it
is not correctly identify the «thou» and «you» with the Russian «ты» and «вы». Ilish BA and E.Ebbot mentioned about the special
significance of the pronoun «thou». So these pronouns can have different
meanings.
King: … You told us of some suit; what is’t, Laertes? You
cannot speak of reason to the Dane, and lose your voice:
what would’st thou beg, Laertes, that shall not be my offer, not thy
asking? (I, 2) [13]
«Thou» sometimes
expresses feeling.
Queen: Hamlet, thou
hast thy father much offended.
Hamlet: Mother, you have my father much offended.
Queen: Come, come, you
answer with an idle tongue.
Polonium is drawn to Ophelia's
on the «you», but to Laertes in the «thou»; obviously his son is closer than
the daughter.
«Thou» may be a sign of
indignation, anger, hatred:
«Here, thou
incestuous, murderous, damned Dane». (V, 2) [24]
Sometimes the «thou» and
«you» emphasize social inequalities.
Hamlet: I think it be
thine, indeed, for thou liest in't.
First Clo.: You
lie out you , sir… (V, 1) [23]
First Sailor: God bless you,
sir.
Horatio: Let him bless thee,
too. (IV, 6)
So we can see the
difference between these two pronounces. In our modern English we use just
you.
Chapter III. The syntactic peculiarities of the language of
Shakespeare
3.1 «Ellipse»
«Ellipse» as a
characteristic feature of Shakespeare’s style
The Shakespearean style of writing is defined by
«Ellipse». So he missed clearly implied by the context of the words:
«I have entreated him along». (I, 1) = «I have entreated him to come
along».
«Shall we to the court? » (II, 2) = «Shall we go to the court? »
[11]
«I must to England» (III, 4) = «I must go to England.»
«Now to my mother. » (III, 2) = «Now I’ll go to my mother.
» [13]
«And he to England shall along with you. » (III, 3) = «And he to England shall go along with you. » [14]
«Nor do we find him
forward to be sounded, but, with a crafty madness, keeps aloof…» (III, 1) = «… he
keeps aloof»
In clauses that are connected by some
conjunctions, parts are often omitted, but in modern English it is necessary.
«For women’s fear and
love holds quantity, in neither aught, or in extremity. » (III, 2) = «…
in neither is aught, or it is extremity. »
«This must be known; which, being kept close, might move more grief to
hide than hate to utter love.” (II, 1) = «… than hate to utter would
move love. »
This
stylistic device gives dynamism, and sometimes some trustful simplicity. Walter
Roley said: «this is the syntax of impulsive speech» [1. 78]
This method was used by Shakespeare to express the consciousness
and emotions of the hero of his plays.
Chapter IV.
IV. The results of the research.
Having investigated the peculiarities
of the
Shakespearean style of writing I was able to create the following useful steps.
I `m deeply concern these tips will be a great value for people who are keen on
reading Shakespeare in the original.
If we speak about typical endings of a verb in the second
person singular we must note «-st» и «-est»:
I know – thou knowest;
I have – thou hast;
I do – thou doest (dost);
I should – thou shouldst;
I would – thou
wouldst.
Ex.
«Do» changes to «dost»
Other verbs sometimes take the ending
–th - the third person pronouns
Ex. «Has» changes to «hath»
The verb «to be» had the
following forms:
I am – thou art;
I was – thou wast;
I were – thou wert;
I will – thou wilt;
I shall – thou
shalt.
Ex.
The verb «are» changes to «art.»
Thou = you
Thine = yours
Thee = you, to you
Thyself = yourself
Thy = your
When «you» is used as a singular subject
in a sentence, it becomes «thou» – «Thou art a villain. »
When «you» is used as an object in a
sentence, it becomes «thee» – «сme,
let me clutch thee.»
When you is used as a plural pronoun
(you all), it becomes “ye” – “Ye shall know me.”
When “your” is used as a possessive
pronoun, it becomes “thy” – “What is thy name?”
Conclusion.
In the present project the main grammatical
features of the language of William Shakespeare were investigated.
The grammar is divided into morphology and
syntax. The grammatical features of Shakespeare’s language were considered
according to these two main sections.
Typical endings of the second person singular
ending are «-st» and «-est».
In the third person singular the verb has the
ending «-(e)th and-(e)s», borrowed from the Northern dialects.
Shakespeare
used the pronouns «thou, thy, thine, thee», the
reflexive form of «thyself».
Analyzing the pronouns «thou and you» the great
change must be noted.
In Shakespeare's time people started
using in their speech the pronoun «you» more often than «thou». The scientists mentioned
the special significance of the pronoun «thou». «Thou» sometimes expresses feeling. «Thou» may be a sign of
indignation, anger, hatred. Sometimes the «thou» and «you» emphasize social
inequalities. «Ellipse» as a characteristic feature of the style of Shakespeare.
The Shakespearean style of writing is defined by
«Ellipse». So he missed clearly implied by the context of the words.
Resources
1. Arrakis, V. D. history of the English language [Electronic resource]:
textbook/ V. D. Arrakis— Electron. text data. M.: FIZMATLIT, 2009.— 304 c.—
Available at: http://www.iprbookshop.ru/33358.— ABS "IPRbooks",
password
2. Arrakis, V. D. essays on the history of English [Electronic resource]/ V. D.
Arrakis— Electron. text data. M.: FIZMATLIT, 2007.— 288 c.— Available at:
http://www.iprbookshop.ru/12984.— ABS "IPRbooks", password
3. Ivanov I. E. history
of the English language tables (English) [Electronic resource]: a tutorial/ I.
E. Ivanova, Yu. N Karepkin.— Electron. text data. Irkutsk: Irkutsk state
linguistic University, 2012.— 137 c.— Available at:
http://www.iprbookshop.ru/21084.— ABS "IPRbooks", password
4. M. M. Morozov Article about Shakespeare. M., 1964
5 http://www.nosweatshakespeare.com/hamlet-play/text-act-1-scene-1/
6. http://www.nosweatshakespeare.com/hamlet-play/text-act-1-scene-2/
7 http://www.nosweatshakespeare.com/hamlet-play/text-act-1-scene-3/
8. http://www.nosweatshakespeare.com/hamlet-play/text-act-1-scene-4/
9 http://www.nosweatshakespeare.com/hamlet-play/text-act-1-scene-5/
10 http://www.nosweatshakespeare.com/hamlet-play/text-act-2-scene-1/
11 http://www.nosweatshakespeare.com/hamlet-play/text-act-2-scene-2/
12. http://www.nosweatshakespeare.com/hamlet-play/text-act-3-scene-1/
13. http://www.nosweatshakespeare.com/hamlet-play/text-act-3-scene-2/
14. http://www.nosweatshakespeare.com/hamlet-play/text-act-3-scene-3/
15. http://www.nosweatshakespeare.com/hamlet-play/text-act-3-scene-4/
16. http://www.nosweatshakespeare.com/hamlet-play/text-act-4-scene-1/
17. http://www.nosweatshakespeare.com/hamlet-play/text-act-4-scene-2/
18. http://www.nosweatshakespeare.com/hamlet-play/text-act-4-scene-3/
19 http://www.nosweatshakespeare.com/hamlet-play/text-act-4-scene-4/
20. http://www.nosweatshakespeare.com/hamlet-play/text-act-4-scene-5/
21. http://www.nosweatshakespeare.com/hamlet-play/text-act-4-scene-6/
22. http://www.nosweatshakespeare.com/hamlet-play/text-act-4-scene-7/
23. http://www.nosweatshakespeare.com/hamlet-play/text-act-5-scene-1/
24. http://www.nosweatshakespeare.com/hamlet-play/text-act-5-scene-2/
Supplement
How to read Shakespearean verbs.
If we speak about typical endings of a verb in the second
person singular we must note «-st» и «-est»:
I know – thou knowest;
I have – thou hast;
I do – thou doest (dost);
I should – thou shouldst;
I would – thou
wouldst.
Ex.
«Do» changes to «dost»
Other verbs sometimes take the
ending –th - the third person pronouns
Ex. «Has» changes to «hath»
The verb "to
be" had the following forms:
I am – thou art;
I was – thou wast;
I were – thou wert;
I will – thou wilt;
I shall – thou
shalt.
Ex. The verb - «are» changes to «art. »
How to read Shakespearean pronouns “YOU”
Thou = you
Thine = yours
Thee = you, to you
Thyself = yourself
Thy = your
When «you» is used as a singular subject
in a sentence, it becomes «thou»– «Thou art a villain.»
When «you» is used as an object in a
sentence, it becomes «thee» – «Come, let me clutch thee.»
When you is used as a plural pronoun
(you all), it becomes «ye» – «Ye shall know me.»
When «your» is used as a possessive
pronoun, it becomes «thy» – «What is thy name? »
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