Муниципальное
общеобразовательное учреждение -
Средняя
общеобразовательная школа №13
Проект
по английскому языку
«Парламент и
парламентские выборы Англии.»
Выполнил:
Ковалёв Сергей
Учитель:
Сальникова
Оксана Викторовна
Клин
2013.
Оглавление
1.Вступление..............................................................................................................1
2.Основная
часть........................................................................................................3
2.1. История происхождения парламента..................................................................................................................4
2.2.Общая
организация парламента.........................................................................5
2.3.Особенности.........................................................................................................8
2.4.
Три лидирующие силы.....................................................................................10
3.Парламентские выборы в
Великобритании.......................................................12
4.Заключение............................................................................................................20
5.Список использованной литературы и
электронных ресурсов........................22
6.Приложение
English Parliament - one
of the few representative bodies , which continued to operate successfully
during the widespread decline of such institutions and is clearly a trend
towards the formation of an absolutist regime in Europe. His role in the state
and political system determined by the fact that this body was a public forum ,
to promote regular dialogue between the authorities and society, the meeting
place for the social and political elites of different levels, which are given
the opportunity to discuss pressing policy issues and find solutions to
pressing problems . Active legislative activity of the parliament allows local
communities , professional corporations and individuals to realize their needs
, transforming this institution into an important mechanism to ensure the
stability of the political regime. History of Great Britain has shown that the
lack of a constitution can be a definite advantage as it may seem paradoxical .
[1] Great Britain is the birthplace of modern parliamentary
democracy. Form of government - a parliamentary monarchy. Organization of local
government of England is very complex , with the distribution of functions
depending on local orders. Legislative basis of the British government
established by the Parliament and the Government of the United Kingdom, as
England does not have its own parliament . Highest level of division of England
are nine regional government or government of the European Union regions . One
region , Greater London , has its own elected assembly and mayor since 2000
after support this issue in a referendum in 1998. It was assumed that other
regions will also receive their regional assemblies but the rejection of that
in the North East of England in a referendum in 2004, stopped this idea. Below
the regional level is either the county council , and then the district
councils or unitary councils , London also has its own system of 32 London
offices. The council members are chosen by the majority system .
Organization of local
government of England is very complex , with the distribution of functions
depending on local orders. Legislative basis of the British government
established by the Parliament and the Government of the United Kingdom, as
England does not have its own parliament . Highest level of division of England
are nine government regions or
Government regions of the
European Union . One region , Greater London , has its own elected assembly and
mayor since 2000 after
support this issue in a
referendum in 1998. Below the regional level is either the county council , and
then the district councils or unitary councils , London also has its own system
of 32 London offices.
[1 ] http://ru.convdocs.org/docs/index-117712.html
Study of the principles
and procedures of the organization and conduct of elections in the UK , as well
as analysis of the compliance of the British electoral law and international
electoral standards -European , are extremely important and fruitful for the
time being . The oldest European parliamentary democracy is extremely codified
norms suffrage. A number of regulations , which seemed from the depths of the
centuries a real breakthrough in the field of democratic parliamentary
representation, now seem not just outdated, but also , at times , blatantly
contrary to basic democratic standards and human rights standards in the field
of electoral law and the electoral process. British themselves justly called a
parliament beating heart of political life of the country . All cabinet
ministers are members of one of the Houses of Parliament and responsible to him
for their actions and for the actions of their subordinates. Any government can
stay in power only as long as it provided support for the House of Commons ,
which owns the exclusive right to review all bills. [2 ]
The aim of my
project is
-Study of the main body
of the supreme legislative authority of Great Britain
- Deepening of the
political culture of the United Kingdom.
- Analysis of the content
and nature of contemporary political processes in the UK, in the middle of them
was a political struggle between the Conservative and Labour parties.
To be objective results ,
I conducted a study of the most important elections. But above all , it is
necessary to study the peculiarities of elections and their organization.
Provenance Parliament
One of the oldest
parliaments of the world is the English Parliament , which dates back to the
birth of the 13th century. , When at the request of the rebel lords landless
King John signed the Magna Carta . She put on the monarch to establish a duty
to tax the General Council of the kingdom. In the UK, the concept of Parliament
as a proper name was used to refer to the national representative body . This
form of government there is as much as the State itself , ie since the
beginning of the 9th century , when the first of seven united warring kingdoms
(was , however, the 11-year dictatorship of Cromwell break Republican from 1649
to 1660 . ) . In the
[2 ]
http://www.cmdp-kvorum.org/democratic-process/602
English public- legal doctrine accepted to put on the first place in the
system of state bodies of the monarch, who is head of state and recognized as a
source of sovereign power . British parliamentary system was formed
immediately. Initially, the House of Lords ( peers ) going all the
representatives of the English titled nobility (later when combined England and
Scotland in the UK , many Scots nobles acquired British titles as Scottish
titles were not given the right of hereditary peers to sit in the House ) . In
addition , there was the practice of appointing a king lifelong Lords and Lords
positions (for example, the bishops ) . In the House of Commons were elected in
two knights ( untitled nobles) from each county and two from each city dweller
. Note that the system of parliamentarism in the West emerged as a denial of
absolutism of state power in the face of the monarch, the first person in the
omnipotent state. But the parliamentary system and then in crisis . Often kings
sought to restore absolutism , for example, Charles I did not convene
Parliament for over 10 years , and only in 1640 went for it because of lack of
funds in the treasury . During the XVIII century of 658 MPs small towns and
villages , even the " rotten boroughs " ( abandoned villages ) chose
467 deputies. In fact, this representation of noble landowners controlled using
a special procedure . Voting was open. Deputies called in advance ( did local
landlords ) , and those who do not support them , punished. It is estimated
that about 424 MPs out of parliamentarians were actually allocated to local
landowners . Manchester, Sheffield , Leeds , which became industrial centers in
England , were not represented in Parliament . London with half the population
had an office in four deputies , while in sparsely populated and abandoned
villages , the so-called " rotten " or "pocket boroughs ",
lived 3-4 voters per parliamentary seat . Parliamentary seats often haggling ,
estimating it at about 2 thousand f. Art. However, the growth of new cities ,
the growing influence of industrial policy and trade and financial classes, as
well as reformist activity Whig closer holding the long overdue electoral
reform , which is what happened
in 1832. [3]
The overall organization
of the Parliament
Body supreme legislative
power of Great Britain - Parliament - consists of three parts - the Queen, the
House of Lords and House of Commons election . For the passage of the law
requires the consent of all three parties . Since there is no constitution,
which limits the legislative power of the Parliament , it may adopt or amend
any law . It can also extend its validity beyond the usual (5 years) without
the consent of the people. However, in practice the parliament does not. The
legality of an act adopted by the Parliament can not be discussed in court. The
House of
[3 ]
http://knowledge.allbest.ru/political/3c0a65625a2bd68b5d43a88421316c36_0.html
Commons is responsible
for passing laws to the people , and in the 20th century House of Lords
recognized that the House of Commons has superiority over her . Party system in
the government intended to Parliament to make laws , looking at the people
chose it . The maximum validity of Parliament - 5 years , but in practice the
general election is held to maturity. Validity of Parliament was extended only
twice - in the First and Second World Wars .
Officials :
House of Commons
officials are Speaker and his three deputies . Parliament also constantly
working clerks , police sergeants , library, administration , etc.
Elections:
Britain is divided into
659 constituencies, each of which elects one member of the House of Commons.
Each voter can vote once , usually at the polling station . Participation in
elections is not required. The voting system is one : the candidate is selected
if he won more votes than any other candidate in this constituency.
Candidates :
British citizens and
citizens of other Commonwealth countries, as well as citizens of the Republic
of Ireland can take part in elections 21 years of age , with the caveat that
they are not disqualified for any reason . The candidate is also required to
put in the bank of £ 500 , which he returned , if he gets more than 5 % of the
vote . The maximum amount of money that a candidate can spend on the campaign
trail - 4330 pounds plus 3.7 pence per each member of the electorate in the
urban constituency or 4.9 pence for each member of the electorate in the rural
constituency.
Party :
Party structure - the
basis of all activities of the organization and the House of Commons . The two
major parties to form officially recognized parties in the House of Commons -
government majority and the "official opposition to Her Majesty ."
The party won elections , a majority and therefore forms the government . The
leader of this party becomes the Prime Minister. Supporters of the winning
party to form a government majority in the House . Party , the second the
number of seats becomes the official opposition and its leader - a leader of
the opposition. Position of leader of the opposition in a normative form in
1937 , when he was assigned a salary of two thousand pounds a year ( it
currently receives 48,148 pounds). For the opposition, the character but a
state of readiness to take power from the government majority . Opposition
leader forms of leading members of the faction " shadow cabinet " and
assigns " shadow ministers " to be entrusted to act in the parliament
on certain issues of public policy.
Even the location of the
deputies in the House of Commons reflects its division into majority government
and the official opposition party . Right from the speaker located benches of
the government majority on the left - the opposition. Chamber members -
ministers sit on the front benches and opposition leaders - in front of them .
Accordingly, they are called " front-benchers" and " rear - back-benchers
."
Relationship between the
parties in the House of Commons subordinate ¬ Xia some unwritten code or rules
of "fair play." Government majority leadership must act in accordance
with the principle of responsible government . Opposition must be responsible
and constructive .
Leaders of the ruling
party and the opposition sit on the front benches on opposite sides of the
House of Commons and their supporters ( members of their parties ) sit behind
them. Inside Parliament parliamentary parties run organizers and their
assistants , who are selected within the party. Annual maintenance from the
budget helps the opposition parties to do their work in parliament. It is paid
only to those parties whose members had received at least two seats in parliament
or one place and 150,000 votes. Amount of subsidies - 2250 pounds for each
received place plus 5.1 pounds for every 200 votes.
Drafts of laws take the
form of Bill Parliament. Most of the Bill dealing with the functioning of
society and the legal system as a whole. Private Billy consider personal ,
corporate or local interests . Proposals to change the laws are published in
the government's " White Paper " . Draft law is given in the first
reading in the House of Commons without debate , followed by a detailed
discussion of the main provisions of the law in the second reading , after
which he studied in detail and make any necessary changes before submitting to
the third and final reading in both chambers of parliament . Billy must be
taken in both chambers. After the adoption of the law by both chambers it
enters the approval of the Queen. In practice, this is a formality .
Committees:
Standing committees are
discussing and examining the changes in the bill to committee stage and , in
certain cases , to discuss the second reading . Regular standing committees do
not have names and are usually referred to the Standing Committee A, B, C, etc.
, to discuss each new Bill to be appointed new members of the lower house of
parliament . Each committee consists of 16 to 50 members , and in their
composition as possible observed value of parties in parliament . Elected
committees are appointed , usually for the duration of Parliament to examine
certain issues , obtaining oral and written evidence . After a closed discussion
, they report on its findings and make recommendations . Elected committees
include the Committee on European law, the Committee on Science and Technology
and the Committee on interest.
Formation of Government :
Prime minister appointed
by the Queen , and all the other ministers are appointed by the Queen on the
recommendation of the Prime Minister . Most ministers - members of the House of
Commons , although the House of Lords gets a lot of portfolios. The Lord
Chancellor is always a member of the House of Lords. When forming the
government ministers and the number of the names of some government agencies
may vary.
By tradition, the prime
minister appointed by the Minister of State Treasurer and the State Civil
Service . Prime Minister's Office is in d.10 at Downing Street in central
London.
Ministry performing work
through an extensive system of committees , which carry the main workload. The
doctrine of collective responsibility means that the cabinet acts consistently
, even when the ministers do not agree on a particular issue .
Privy Council :
The main purpose of the
Privy Council - approve laws issued by decree of Queen and passed without a
hearing in parliament. All ministers must be members of the Privy Council and
bring oath of office.
Courts in general:
Judicial and executive
power independent of each other ; court decision directed or controlled by
ministers. Prime Minister recommends the queen candidates to the highest
judicial ranks .
Lord Chancellor -
Chairman of the Department of Justice and the Supreme Court head everywhere
except Scotland. His responsibilities include working vessels and management.
Voting is done by means
of newsletters. Going to the site , the voter registrar accesses and calls his
name. At the same identity documents is not required. If the name is in the
list, the voter issued a bulletin , a mark which shall appear in the sealed
booth
Features .
UK electoral system was
reformed repeatedly , and as a result has developed several simultaneously
operating its models.
1. Majoritarian system of
relative majority .
Operates on a national
level . Founded on the principle of "first gets the job ." Each of
the 659 constituencies represented in Parliament by one deputy . While winning
candidate who receives the highest number of votes (regardless of whether he
will score more than 50 % of the vote or not). A party that wins the most seats
in the House of Commons forms the government . This system is also used in
local elections in the United Kingdom (except Northern Ireland).
2 . Supplementary vote
system .
This system is used on
the London mayoral election , in which voters are eligible to vote in the two
order of preference. The bulletin contains two columns. First - for the primary
selection , and the second - for the extra. Voters decide to populate the
second column or not. During the counting, the candidate receiving the first
column of more than 50 percent . votes shall be deemed elected . If no
candidate receives more than half of the votes , the two candidates remain ,
with the highest number of votes. Then the votes cast for each of them in the
second column , summed with the voices of the first . The winner is the
candidate who received the most amount of votes.
3 . The voting system
indicating the candidates in order of preference ( the single transferable
vote.
It is used in elections
to the Northern Ireland Assembly and local elections and European Parliament
elections in Northern Ireland .
STV system for each
constituency is represented by not one but several candidates (usually three to
six ) . Voters assess candidates in order of preference , affixing numbers next
to the names of candidates . Thus , the voter is able to choose not only
parties , but individual candidates. For example , a voter who wishes to in
Parliament were better represented women can vote for all women on the ballot ,
regardless of their party affiliation .
4 . The system lists.
This system is used in
the UK for the European Parliament elections . Is a classical form of
proportional electoral system .
5 . The system of
additional membership.
Under such a system
elected Scottish Parliament , Welsh Assembly and London Assembly . Each voter
is given two votes. The first voice he gives a representative of the
constituency . The second voice - for the party . Thus, half or more of the
seats in the elected body occupy candidates elected under the majority system
of relative majority . The remainder of the seats are distributed among parties
on party lists and independent candidates .
Historically, in the UK
there is no single , centralized system of bodies that will be responsible for
the organization and conduct of elections - a task assumed the central and
local authorities . First specialized bodies appeared only in the XX century .
Today it becomes more and more visible role , established in 2000 the Electoral
Commission . It is an independent public authority accountable to Parliament.
In accordance with the
Act on the House of Commons in 1944 , established four parliamentary
commissions of constituency boundaries for England, Wales, Scotland and
Northern Ireland. Order of their activities and powers was clarified in the Act
on Parliamentary constituencies in 1986 The composition of each committee
consists of four people, including a meeting should take part three .
In the area of local
elections leading role belongs to the local authorities .
Division of
constituencies to the polls , the definition of voting places , the appointment
of chairmen of sections provided the councils and other officials of the local
administration. When this additional remuneration for such work they do not get
as election activities included in their duties .
Bureau of Voter
Registration Board shall be established in each constituency . Voter
registration is done by compiling annual lists for each polling station on the
basis of information provided by the owner. Voter registration method varies in
different parts of the country , but the procedure is similar to the census.
Person responsible for the registration , sends forms to provide information
about the persons residing or visiting them in person . The information
collected is a single annual register of voters , which is subject to
publication . [4 ]
[4 ] http://bibliofond.ru/view.aspx?id=529320
Three leading forces
Labour (Labour Party) -
the ruling party of the United Kingdom , has been in power since 1997. Leader (
2007 ) - British Prime Minister Gordon Brown (Gordon Brown, 59 years) .
The Labour Party was
founded in the early twentieth century , with the active participation of
representatives of left-wing labor movement ("labour" translated to
English means "labor" , " labor " ) . For years, Labour
took the left side of the political spectrum the UK. Unions have continued to
play a prominent role in the party.
Labour in favor of
preserving the necessary role of the state in the economy , the elimination of
social inequality and social support programs in education , health and the
fight against unemployment, the availability of limited economic needs
immigration, minority rights and an active European integration.
Conservative Party
(Conservative Party), political and conversational colloquially also known as
" Tory " ( the title of old games , from which grew the modern
conservatives ) . Since 1997 - the largest opposition party, the United
Kingdom. Leader ( 2005 ) - The head of the "shadow " cabinet minister
David Cameron.
After retiring from the
high politics of the charismatic leader of the conservatives of the twentieth
century - " Iron Lady " Margaret Thatcher , the Conservatives have
not the best period in its history : the low ratings , frequent change of
leaders in search of a bright personality and attempts to reform the party's
program .
Conservatives in the
formation of lists of candidates for the 2010 elections , followed by the other
parties have relied on equality and diversity, primarily to increase the
proportion of women , ethnic and other minorities.
Liberal - Democratic
Party - the third largest political party and the influence of the UK. The name
is often shortened to the word " libdemy ." Leader ( 2007 ) - Nick
Clegg.
The Liberal Democratic
Party was formed in 1988 through the merger of the Liberal and Social
Democratic parties. In the British political spectrum " libdemy "
occupy the centrist position with a slight slope to the left. Party leader Nick
Clegg has a more centrist position than most of his colleagues in the party
leadership .
Liberal Democrats since
1997 consistently improved their results in the election, and many commentators
assign them a key role in the event that none of the two leading party will win
an absolute majority and a situation arises " hung parliament "
In his campaign slogan
Liberal Democrats combined the basic promises of the Labour and Conservative
parties - " Change that works for you : Building a fairer Britain."
Parliamentary elections in the UK
Parliamentary elections in the UK in 1929 took
place on May 30. Majoritarian electoral system, 615 deputies were elected to
the House of Commons. One of the most important issues discussed during the
campaign , was the problem of high unemployment. In the history of elections in
the UK for the first game , which received more votes in the House of Commons
held a smaller number of its MPs than the party with a lesser number of votes .
Aftermath
Following the elections , none of the parties
failed to achieve a stable majority in the House of Commons ( formed so-called
" hung parliament "), but a minority government led by the Labour
leader and former Prime Minister James Ramsay MacDonald . Complex balance of
power in the House of Commons had a negative effect on the ability of Great
Britain to combat the effects of the global economic crisis. In 1931, early
elections were held , and shortly before them in batches of Liberals and Labour
splits occurred .
Party
|
Leader
|
Votes
|
places
|
|
The
Conservative Party
|
Stanley
Baldwin
|
8 252 527
|
260
|
|
Labor party
|
Ramsay
MacDonald
|
8 048 968
|
287
|
|
Liberal Democrats
|
David
Lloyd George
|
5 104 638
|
59
|
|
Communist
Party of Great Britain
|
|
47 554
|
0
|
Parliamentary elections in the UK in 1931 took
place on October 27. Majoritarian electoral system, 616 deputies were elected
to the House of Commons. The key issues discussed during the election campaign
, there was a problem of the global economic crisis - increasing unemployment
and falling living standards . The Labour government has failed to deal with
the consequences of the crisis , while the Conservatives proposed to introduce
protectionist tariffs , are not typical for traditional open British foreign
trade. Elections were held in conditions of a split in the Liberal and Labour
parties (in particular, of the Labour Party for the idea of an alliance with
the Conservatives was expelled Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald ) , which
resulted in the victory of conservative candidates in most constituencies UK.
Party
|
Leader
|
Votes
|
places
|
|
The
Conservative Party
|
Stanley
Baldwin
|
11 377 022
|
473
|
|
Labor party
|
Arthur
Henderson
|
6 339 306
|
52
|
|
Liberal Democrats
|
Herbert
Samuel
|
1 346 571
|
33
|
Aftermath
The
Conservatives won a landslide victory in the elections and received a record
majority of seats . Despite this, the Prime Minister was
ex
- a Labour leader created shortly before the election of the National Labour
Organization Ramsay MacDonald . At the same time , his government was a
coalition - it was attended by the national Labour , Conservatives , Liberals ,
national liberal faction "National Government ".
Parliamentary elections
in the UK in 1945 - the democratic elections held on 5 July 1945 the main part
of the UK. These were the first parliamentary elections since 1935 , which was
caused by the conduct of hostilities in Europe during World War II. The Labour
Party , led by Clement Attlee won a decisive victory by a wide margin over its
main competitors - the Conservatives , led by current Prime Minister Winston
Churchill .
Electioneering
Labour built his
campaign around the issues of the post-war economic recovery , creating full
employment and the organization of the national health system. Prime Minister
of the Government of National Unity , Conservative Winston Churchill had hoped
that his personal popularity , which he acquired during the war, the
Conservatives will win , so that virtually led the campaign and soon went to
the Potsdam conference ( after the counting of votes , he had leave the
conference , and was replaced by Clement Attlee ) . Before the election,
Churchill spoke negatively about the program Labour , claiming to meet their
requirements in the UK Labour create the Gestapo. Also influenced the outcome
of the election voters to distrust the political and economic policy of the
Conservatives , they performed before the war.
Election Results
Party
|
Leader
|
Votes
|
%
|
places
|
Labor party
|
Clement
Attlee
|
11 967 746
|
49,7
|
393
|
The
Conservative Party
|
Winston
Churchill
|
8 716 211
|
36,2
|
197
|
Liberal Democrats
|
Archibald
Sinclair
|
2 177 938
|
9,0
|
12
|
Parliamentary elections in the UK in February 1974 - the
democratic elections of February 28, 1974. In the elections the Conservatives
won by number of collected votes (11,872,180 vs. 11,645,616), but their
candidates won only 297 electoral districts against 301 in the Labor Party.
Prime Minister after the elections intended to become Edward Heath, who planned
to conclude an alliance with the Liberals, but the talks failed, and became
Prime Minister Harold Wilson. But the lack of a stable majority in the House of
Commons forced Labour to hold early elections in October.
Voting took place during the economic crisis and stagflation, when
neither the Conservatives nor the Labor Party nor the Liberals could not offer
effective and painless measures to combat the crisis. The answer to this was
the distrust of voters and the emergence of mass protest electorate. The total
percentage of votes cast for the Conservatives and Labour, decreased from 89.5%
in the previous election to 75.1% in the February elections. Distrust of the
leading political forces in the face of the Conservatives and Labour resulted
in an almost threefold increase in the number of votes for the Liberals (from
2,117,035 to 6,059,519), and twice - for the Scottish National Party (from 306
802 to 633 180). Nearly 7-fold increase in the number of votes cast for the
British National Front. A significant number of seats in the House of Commons
received minor parties: the Scottish National Party, the Party of Wales, the
Ulster Unionist Party, Social Democratic and Labour Party,
"Vanguard", as well as independent candidates.
Party
|
Leader
|
Votes
|
%
|
places
|
The
Conservative Party
|
Edward
Heath
|
11 872 180
|
37,9
|
297
|
Labor party
|
Harold
Wilson
|
11 645 616
|
37,2
|
301
|
Liberal Democrats
|
Jeremy
Thorpe
|
6 059 519
|
19,3
|
14
|
|
|
|
|
|
Parliamentary elections
in the UK in October 1974 - the democratic elections of October 10, 1974. Were
organized in advance, as in previous elections, no party has failed to form a
government that would have enjoyed a stable majority in the House of Commons.
In the elections the Labour Party led by Harold Wilson received 50.24% of the
seats in the House of Commons and off-led Conservative Edward Heath in 42
places.
October elections, as
well as the February, took place in a difficult economic environment characterized
by activity and protest electorate. One of the most famous games for which the
protest electorate voted - British National Front - received 113,843 votes.
Scottish National Party skillfully took advantage of the rise of nationalism in
Scotland. Properly used mood in society and in the course of the race used the
slogan "It's the Scottish oil." SNP attracted record for a 839 617
votes and was able to spend 11 deputies in the House of Commons.
Election results
Party
|
Leader
|
Votes
|
%
|
places
|
Labor party
|
Harold
Wilson
|
11 457 079
|
39,2
|
319
|
The
Conservative Party
|
Edward
Heath
|
10 462 565
|
35,8
|
277
|
Liberal Democrats
|
Jeremy
Thorpe
|
5 346 704
|
18,3
|
13
|
Parliamentary elections
in the UK in 2005 - elections that took place May 5, 2005. The Labour Party
under the leadership of Tony Blair won the election, but the Conservatives
managed to close the gap to 90 seats (from 247 to 158).
Electioneering
Among the main issues
raised during the campaign, there was a war in Iraq, the legitimacy of its
beginning and its consequences, which is opposed by Labour opponents,
particularly the Liberal Democrats. Question about the war in Iraq was the main
question posed by organized BBC election debate April 28 leaders of the three
major parties. Other important issues to leaders of political parties were the
Liberal Democrats plans to reform taxation program conservatives to tighten
immigration and Labour plans to reform the health care system.
During the election
campaign, on April 12, the leader of the Liberal Democrats Charles Kennedy had
a son that was an additional possibility of his party to attract attention.
Also in April, two current members of the House of Commons and a candidate for
the elections have changed their party affiliation: Gender Morsden announced
his return from the Liberal Democrats in the Labour Party (he left it in 2001
in protest against the war in Afghanistan), and Brian Sedgemoor moved from the
Labour Party to the Liberal Democrats in protest against the war in Iraq and
education reforms.
Election results
|
Party
|
Leader
|
Votes
|
%
|
places
|
|
Labor party
|
Tony
Blair
|
9 562 122
|
35,3
|
356
|
|
The
Conservative Party
|
Michael
Howard
|
8 772 598
|
32,3
|
198
|
|
Liberal Democrats
|
Charles
Kennedy
|
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Parliamentary elections in the UK in 2010 took place
on May 6. Majoritarian electoral system, the election was elected 649 deputies
out of 650, in the district elections were held on May 27 due to the death of
one of the candidates. 306 deputy mandates Conservative Party won 258 - Labour
Party, 57 - Liberal Democrats. 28 seats went to other parties. Following the
elections, none of the parties has a majority in the House of Commons and is
unable to form a single-party government, which requires that the leading
political forces complex negotiations to create a coalition. Green Party of
England and Wales and the Party "Alliance" first entered parliament.
Before the elections
For all pre-election polls until mid-April 2010
elections were considered favorites for the Conservative Party led by David
Cameron. After the publication of the electoral programs of political parties
and election debates, which, according to the polls, the Liberal Democrats won
[1], significantly increased ratings of the Liberal Democrats. However, in the
conditions of existence of the majoritarian electoral system accurate
predictions difficult.
On May 2, 2010 the Conservative Party was in first
place by rating (it was supported by 37% of the population), the 2nd place were
Labour and the Liberal Democratic Party, for the support which made 27% of the
population. Other parties received 7% of the vote.
Party
|
Votes
|
Candidates
|
places
|
|
The
Conservative Party
|
10 706 647 (36,1%)
|
631
|
306
|
|
Labor party
|
8 604 358 (29,0%)
|
631
|
258
|
|
Liberal Democrats
|
6 827 938 (23,0%)
|
631
|
57
|
Consequences
of the elections
According
to the results of elections , no party won an absolute majority (more than half)
of the seats in the House of Commons : the Conservatives won 306 seats ( 97
seats more than in the 2005 election ) , the Labour Party - 258 seats ( minus
91 seats compared to the past elections ) . Thus ,the country was a hung
parliament situation, May 7, 2010 Brown said he did not intend to resign .
Observers noted the special role of the monarch in the resolution of the
political crisis emerged .
May
8, 2010 , after a meeting of parliamentarians of member of the Liberal
Democratic Party , it was stated that the strategy of Mr. Clegg on coalition
negotiations in the first place with the Conservatives , received the "
full support " from the faction. Negotiations between the Conservatives
and the Liberal Democrats continued in the first half of May 10.
Evening,
May 10, 2010 Prime Minister Brown announced his intention to resign in order to
allow his party to form a coalition with the Liberal Democrats.
May
11, 2010 David Cameron was appointed by Queen Elizabeth II 75th Prime Minister
of Great Britain , 12 May 2010, for the first time in the postwar history of
Britain , was formed a coalition government , the Liberal Democrat leader Nick
Clegg became Deputy Prime Minister. May 25, 2010 the grand opening of the newly
formed parliament. [5 ]
[5]http://bibliofond.ru/
Conclusion .
The British
Parliament is a representative example of a bicameral body composed of the House
of Commons and House of Lords. And Parliament is considered an integral part of
the British monarch .
Decisive role
in the formation and conduct of party politics belongs to the Labour faction in
the House of Commons of the British Parliament. Working body of the party - the
National Executive Committee , elected at the annual autumn party conference .
But the real power is in the hands of the party leader , who if he wins the
election becomes the head of government , as happened , for example, in 1997,
2001 and 2005 after 18 years of rule by the Conservatives in 1997, the Labour
Party came to power by winning the majority in parliament. Labour's main rival
- the Conservatives ( the informal name - burn ) . They institutionalized in
1867, although some elements of the party structure and ideology existed since
the end of the XVIII century. This respectable and influential party in the
last century was in power more often and over a longer period than any other :
it is enough to mention the names of popular Tory politicians B. Disraeli ,
Winston Churchill and Margaret Thatcher. Originally Conservative Party
expressed the interests of the big landowners and the clergy , and subsequently
wide circles of colonial banking and big industrial bourgeoisie . She preaches
the traditional right-wing conservative ideals and values , but taking into
account the " specificity of the British ." The Conservatives have a
strong position in parliament, regional authorities and municipalities .
Enormous power in the party has its leader , who in case of victory for the
parliamentary election as Prime Minister . He is not obliged to obey the
decisions of the annual conferences of the party. Great influence on the policy
of the party has a faction of the Conservative Party in the House of Commons -
the largest in Parliament. June 2010 - is the ruling party . [6 ]
Each party is
focusing on certain socio- economic sphere of human activity . Reasons for the
victory of a party depends on the time and socio- economic conditions in which
the country is located , as well as demand in the right reforms. It is noted
that the party or alliance of parties that after the vote received the highest
number of seats in parliament will form the next government.
List of literature and electronic resources
·
http://en.wikipedia.org/
·
http://ru.convdocs.org/
·
http://www.cmdp-kvorum.org/
·
http://knowledge.allbest.ru/political/
·
http://bibliofond.ru/
·
http://uchebniki.ws/
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