Презентация на тему "Фольклор Америки"

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  Folklore of the first white settlers of the USA.
  Plots and main heroes
  ОИЯс-17
  Жгилёва О. С.
  

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  A little history
  The history of modern America dates back to the XVI century with the discovery of the continent by Christopher Columbus. It begins the arrival of immigrants from different countries of the world to the New World. Despite the differences in skin color, culture, and nationality, all immigrants were united by the desire to change their own lives on a continent created from scratch. This was the beginning in the creation of the history of colonization of America.
  

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  Then immigrants from Europe arrived in America. They were the Spaniards, the first visitors to the New World from Europe. After their journey was over, territories appeared on the geographical map of the world:
  Africa;
  Cape of Good Hope
  India.
  

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  Travelers were looking for a shortcut that would lead from Europe to India. Instead of India, they discovered America in October 1492. The expedition was led by the Spanish Admiral Christopher Columbus. After the discovery of America, the Spaniards began to move here. They were followed by the French and the British.
  

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  The first settlers did not have common religious beliefs and cultural traditions, as they presented a motley picture of belonging to different social strata and nationalities: Catholics from England settled in Maryland. South Carolina became the new home of the French Huguenots. The Swedes settled in Delaware. In Virginia-artisans from Italy, Poland, Germany. In 1613, the first settlement was established in Manhattan, founded by Henry Hudson. The Dutch colonies that appeared here, centered in Amsterdam (later conquered by England), were called New Netherlands.
  

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  Folklore of the first white settlers of the USA
  American folklore includes folklore that originated on the North American continent since the continent began to be gradually settled by Europeans in the 16th century.
  Folklore consists of legends, music, oral history, proverbs , anecdotes, folk beliefs, fairy tales , stories, fairy tales and customs that are traditions of a culture, subculture or group.
  

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  Founding myths
  
  The founding of the United States is often surrounded by legends and tall tales. Many stories have developed since the founding long ago to become a part of America's folklore and cultural awareness, and non-native American folklore especially includes any narrative which has contributed to the shaping of American values and belief systems. These narratives may be true and may be false; the veracity of the stories is not a determining factor. Three so-called "founding myths" (or national myths) include: Christopher Columbus, the Pilgrims, and George Washington.
  

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  Stories and Tall Tales
  Many stories and tall tales are based on real-life historical figures such as Daniel Boone and Davy Crockett, while others are pure fiction such as Paul Bunyan and the Lone Ranger. Some narratives are born of exaggeration, others were created to help make sense of aspects of the world not understood at the time, and others to shape the ideals of society.
  

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  Folktales
  Folktales are generally passed down from one generation to another and often take on the characteristics of the time and place in which they are told. They also often speak to universal and timeless themes. Many of these stories have contributed to the shaping of American culture and belief systems.
  

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  Superstitions
  Superstitions are similar to folklore in that they are often passed down from generation to generation and have their basis in tales that date back for centuries. Logically, superstition is irrational, but still, we cross our fingers, avoid walking under ladders, pick up a penny for luck, and avoid making commitments on Friday the 13th. 
  

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  American history is filled with folklore, Native American mythology and real truths that make for wonderful campfire tales. In these stories, much like earlier European, Greek, and Roman tales, the accounts can often be only be guessed at, as to whether they are fact or fiction, but they continue to make the rounds of new generations.
  

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  In many of these old legends, told around the campfire or a roaring hearth, can be heard the approach of galloping horses, the whispers of phantoms in ghost towns, the far-off sounds of pistols blazing, and the sighing moans of the winds drifting through the ancient trees of hunting, mining, and cowboy camps.
  

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  When Europeans arrived in America, they brought their own superstitions and legends with them. They soon found more myths and legends of the Native Americans. While many of these tales were, no doubt, perpetuated from a lack of knowledge, they continue to persist.
  Water serpents may still lurk within lakes and oceans, Bigfoot or Sasquatch may still be hidden within deep forests, unidentified flying objects have spawned new legends, and ghosts and witches are still blamed for a number of unexplainable events.
  

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  The list of folk-songs types in the United States includes three kinds of Anglo-American narrative songs or ballads, the Spanish narrative corridor, dance and game lyrics, Negro blues, spirituals, work songs, Indian chants and prayers, and the various European and British love lyrics. A list of folktales includes trickster tales of the Negro and the Indian, tales of the French and Spanish, local legends concerning ghosts, place names, and geographical features of all sorts, tall tales, primitive Indian myths, and European stories.
  
  

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  Plots and main heroes
  J o h n n y A p p l e s e e d. This native of Springfield, Massachusetts, famed in ballads and songs, sowed apple orchards in remote places over hundreds of frontier miles in Ohio and Indiana. Settlers transplanted Johnny’s seedling -trees to start their own orchards. A resident of the United States, who later became a folk character, a Christian missionary and pioneer, as well as an "agricultural enthusiast".
  

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  D a v y C r o c k e t t. Known as the Con­gressman from Tennessee, this backwood­sman possessed a silver tongue. After his death in the battle of the Alamo in 1836, his popularity grew by leaps and bounds. Many new adventures were added to Davy Crocket’s life. Typical stories told of his hunting feats and his tricks with bears and racoons. An American folk hero, frontiersman, soldier, and politician. He is commonly referred to in popular culture by the epithet "King of the Wild Frontier". He represented Tennessee in the U.S. House of Representatives and served in the Texas Revolution.
  Crockett grew up in East Tennessee, where he gained a reputation for hunting and storytelling.
  

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  P a u l B u n y a n [‘bAnjan] (mythical). He was the giant lumberjack of the North Woods. He combed his curly beard with a pine-tree, loved to eat popcorn and dug the Grand Canyon. He was usually accompanied by Babe, his big blue ox. The first stories about him were not published until 1910, his legend was then used as an advertising gimmick’ by a lumber company, and promo­ted into literature through poems by Frost and Sandburg. His exploits revolve around the tall tales of his superhuman labors. The character originated in the oral tradition of North American loggers, and was later popularized by freelance writer William B. Laughead (1882–1958) in a 1916 promotional pamphlet for the Red River Lumber Company. He has been the subject of various literary compositions, musical pieces, commercial works, and theatrical productions. His likeness is displayed in several oversized statues across North America.
  

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  P e c o s B i l l (mythical). His horse “Wi­dow Maker” killed everyone who rode him but Bill. He invented the art of roping, dug the Rio Grande, subdued a mountain lion, mounted him and used a long rattlesnake as a whip to make him go faster.
  

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  S. P. T. Barnum. He opened Barnum’s American Museum in New York where he exhibited the famous dwarf Tom Thumb. In 1871, Barnum introduced his circus – “The Greatest Show on Earth”. Jumbo, his and America’s first elephant, stands stuffed at Tufts University in Medford, Massachusetts.
  BigFrank (mythical). Big Frank wor­ked from Texas to South Dakota and North Dakota and specialized in harvesting wheat. He once bet big money that he could shock a whole field single-handed before sundown, and he won.
  The Bloomer Girl. Mrs. Amelia Bloomer founded “The Lily”, a feminist magazine, at Seneca Falls, New York, in 1849. She urged less cumbersome clothing for women and advocated the costume of Turkish ladies, with trousers and an overskirt. Bloo­mers” came into use for feminine gym classes and for swimming.
  Nellie Bly (pen-name). Elizabeth Sea­man, a reporter for the New York “World”, set out from New York in November 1889 to break the fictional record of Phileas Fogg in. “Around the World in Eighty Days” by Jules Verne. She made the trip in 72 days, 6 hours and 11 minutes.
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  Buffalo Bill. Celebrated Indian scout and hunter, Buffalo Bill earned his nickname at twenty-six by supplying buffalo meat to the Kansas Pacific railway construction crews. He claimed a kill of 4,861 buffaloes in one season.
  
  
  John Brown. During the night of October 16, 1859, John Brown and 18 men crossed the bridge from Maryland to Harper’s Ferry. Virginia, and seized the government ar­senal. It was intended to be the first step in what he hoped would be a general uprising against slaveholders. Captured, John Brown was convicted of treason and hanged there on December 2, 1859. A song celebrating the martyr of Harper’s Ferry is known as “John Brown’s Body”. A version of the song with different words became known as “The Battie Hymn of the Republic”.
  

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  Sources:
  https://www.americanfolklore.net/
  https://www.britannica.com/
  https://bookonlime.ru/l
  https://www.legendsofamerica.com/
  https://yandex.ru/images