Презентация на тему "Влияние военных конфликтов на французские заимствования в английском языке"

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  THE INFLUENCE OF MILITARY CONTACTS
  ON FRENCH LOANWORDS
  IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
  DURING THE MIDDLE ENGLISH PERIOD
  
  Выполнил
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  Цуриков Арсений
  

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  Our research work
  
  Considers the problem of French words
  
  as loanwords in the English language,
  
  as a result of various armed conflicts
  
  and military contacts
  
  in the previous millennium.
  The Problem:
  

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  -to investigate the impact of French language on English language
  during the military conflicts between the countries
  in the period of the Middle English;
  
  -prove that the consequences, which was affecting the political
  climate across Europe, had great impact on the development
  of the English society and the English Language.
  The aim of our research work is
  

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  1. To analyze the historical backgrounds and the situation
  in England during that time to understand the changes
  in the English language.
  
  2. To research the effect of the French language
  on Middle English vocabulary, spelling and phonology.
  
  3. To examine the issue of loaning military terms in English.
  
  The purpose of the research stipulated
  the arrangement and consecutive
  solving of the following tasks:
  

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  The subject matter of the study is
  the History of the English language
  
  
  
  The scope of the work is
  the investigation of the influence of French borrowings
  on the English language.
  
  
  
  The following methods were applied in the research:
  
  1. Descriptive analysis;
  
  2. Historical-philological analysis;
  
  3. Comparative analysis.
  

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  1. Historical Background
  -In 1066, after Edward the confessor’s death, there was a war between Harold and William of Normandy over the successor. (Battle of Hastings) -> William of Normandy won.
  
  William of Normandy strengthened the influence of French. Ruling classes, their servants and the bishops were Normans.
  
  - After the Norman Conquest, England became functionally trilingual for two centuries (English, French, Latin).
  
  

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  Decline of French
  1204: King John’s loss of Normandy -> lost connection with France
  
  Henry III employed French nobles->national feelings against French
  
  - Hundred Years War (1337-1453)-> national feelings against the use of French
  
  - Black Death -> working class could become higher class -> language change
  
  

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  The French influence on the English language
  Borrowings and Loanwords
  loanwords are considered to be a way of denoting new phenomenon and expressions, which had no equivalent in the target language until that moment.
  Borrowing is a process, as a result of which certain elements of a language (generally, words or meaning-bearing phonemes) appear in another language.
  Loanwords of another language are the result of interaction between different nations in aspects of economic, military, social and scientific relations.
  

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  Borrowings can be classified according
  
  to different criteriation :
  
  
  a)according to the aspect which is borrowed,
  
  b)according to the degree of assimilation,
  
  c)according to the language from which the word was borrowed.
  

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  Classification of Borrowings according to the borrowed aspect.
  There are the following group : phonetic borrowings,
  translation loans, semantic borrowings, morphemic borrowing.
  
  Classification of borrowings according to the degree of assimilation.
  The degree of assimilation of borrowings depends on the following factors :
  a)from what group of languages the word was borrowed,
  b)in what way the word is borrowed :orally or in the written form,
  c)how often the borrowing is used in the language,
  d)how long the word lives in the language.
  Classification of Borrowings according to the to the language from which they were borrowed.
  Accordingly borrowings are subdivided into :
  completely assimilated ,partly assimilated and non-assimilated(barbarisms).
  

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  French borrowings in the English language
  1.Vocabulary
  
  -Early: 1100-1300 (AngloNorman French). About 900 words e.g. government, administer, castle, attorney, court, jury
  
  -Since 1250. Upper classes returned to the use of English Parisian French: standard dialect in France
  
  -Later: 1300-1500 (Central French). Fashion, art, architecture related words, (a wider variety) e.g. jewel, broach, sculpture, cathedral
  
  

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  French borrowings in the English language
  2. Spelling
  
  -<æ> was first dropped from the English alphabet, e.g. æfter, æsc, græ
  
  -<th> was introduced replacing the letters <þ> and <δ>.
  
  -<qu> replaces <cw>, e.g.OE cwen -> ME queen
  
  -<ċ> for /t∫/ -> <ch> e.g. OE ċild -> ME child
  
  -OE <sċ> for /∫/ -> <sh> or <sch>, e.g. sċield and sċeap -> shield and sheep
  
  -<hw> -> <wh>, e.g. what
  

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  French borrowings in the English language
  3. Pronunciation
  
  -[v] and [z] became separate phonemes.
  
  -words with initial <h> were pronounced with/without /h/ in Middle English. In the development of Vulgar Latin from Latin, the initial <h> was dropped in pronunciation -> loan words taken from French have no <h>, e.g. honor, honest, hour and heir; words of Germanic origin, e.g. hair, house, have an initial <h> -> we can see whether a word was borrowed from French/Latin
  
  -<c> has the pronunciation [s]
  

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  French borrowings in the English language
  4. Grammar
  
  - Nouns followed by adjectives. e.g. attorney general, court martial, fee simple, heir male, letters patent, proof positive
  
  
  5. Affixation
  
  -English words have French affixes and English suffixes were also added to French loan words.
  
  -Prefixes: con-, de-, dis-, ex-, pre-, en-, pro-, trans-
  
  -Suffixes: -ee , -ance, -ant, ation , -ment, -ism, -ity, -able
  
  

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  The French loan military words (terms)
  in the English language
  The borrowing of French military terms includes
  “army”- (from Old French “armee”),
  words denoting
  - the branch of forces: such as “infantry” (from Middle French infanterie”), “cavalry” (from Middle French “cavalerie”), “artillery” (from Old French “artillerie”;
  - military formations ( including “formation” from Old French “formacion”), “squad” (from Middle French “escouade”), “platoon” (from Middle French “plauton”), “company” (from Old French “compaignie”), “squadron” (from Middle French “escadron”), “battalion” (from Middle French “bataillon”), “regiment” (from Middle French “regement);
  -English military ranks, such as “corporal” (from Middle French “caporal”), “sergeant” (from Old French “sergeant”), “lieutenant” (from Middle French “lieutenant”), “captain” (from Middle French “capitaine”), “major” (from Middle French “major”), “lieutenant colonel” (from French “lieutenant colonel”), “colonel” (from Middle French “coronel”), “lieutenant general” (from Middle French “lieutenant-general”) and “general” (from Old French “general”).
  

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  The French loan military words (terms)
  in the English language
  Arm-"weapon," c. 1300, armes (plural) "weapons of a warrior,“
  from Old French armes (plural), "arms, war, warfare," mid-13c.,
  from Latin arma "weapons" (including armor), literally "tools
  , implements (of war),“ from PIE root *ar- "fit, join.
  The notion seems to be "that which is fitted together.
  " Meaning "heraldic insignia" (in coat of arms, etc.) is early 14c.;
  originally they were borne on shields of fully armed knights or barons.
  Artillery -late 14c., "warlike munitions," from Anglo-French artillerie, Old French artillerie (14c.),
  from artillier "to provide with engines of war" (13c.), which probably is from Medieval Latin articulum
  "art, skill," diminutive of Latin ars (genitive artis) "art." But some would connect it with Latin articulum
  "joint," and still others with Old French atillier "to equip," altered by influence of arte.
  Sense of "engines for discharging missiles" (catapults, slings, bows, etc.) is from late 15c.; that of
  "ordnance, large guns" is from 1530s.
  
  

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  The French loan military words (terms)
  in the English language
  Cadet(n)-c. 1610, "younger son or brother," from French cadet "military student officer,
  " noun use of adjective, "younger" (15c.), from Gascon capdet "captain, chief, youth of a
  noble family," from Late Latin capitellum, literally "little chief," hence, "inferior head of a family,
  " diminutive of Latin caput "head”. "The eldest son being regarded as the first head of the famil
  y, the second son the cadet, or little head" [Kitchin]. Apparently younger sons from Gasconnoble
  families were sent to French court to serve as officers, which gave
  the word its military meaning. In English, the meaning "gentleman entering the military as
  a profession" is from 1650s, and that of "student at a military college" is from 1775.
  
  

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  So, we can make a CONCLUSION
  
  that the borrowing of French words
  is a dynamic linguistic phenomenon,
  occupying a leading position in the
  Changing of English military terms
  during the whole last millennium.
  Furthermore, we see that conflicts
  and military actions, for the part,
  provide “propitious” conditions
  for intensive foreign language
  borrowings.
  
  

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