Презентация по английскомц языку "The History Of thePeriodic Table"

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  Svetlana Ermolova, Surgut,School 12
  
  The history of the periodic table
  

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  The table is a visual representation of the periodic law which states that certain properties of elements repeat periodically when arranged by atomic number. The table arranges elements into vertical columns (groups) and horizontal rows (periods) to display these commonalities.
  

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  Elemental ideas from ancient times
  
  People have known about some chemical elements like gold, silver and copper from antiquity as these ones can all be discovered in nature in native form and are relatively simple to mine with primitive tools
  

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  The notion that there were a limited number of elements from which everything was composed originated with the Greek philosopher Aristotle. About 330 B.C Aristotle proposed that everything is made up of a mixture of one or more of four "roots"
  

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  Hennig Brand was the first person recorded to have discovered a new element. Brand was a bankrupt German merchant who was trying to discover the Philosopher's Stone — a mythical object that was supposed to turn inexpensive base metals into gold. He had bee experimenting with distilling human urine until in 1649 he finally obtained a glowing white substance which he named phosphorus.
  

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  Robert Boyle rediscovered phosphorus and it became public. This and related discoveries raised the question of what it means for a substance to be an "element".
  In 1661 Boyle defined an element as a substance that cannot be broken down into a simpler substance by a chemical reaction.
  

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  Antoine Laurent de Lavoisier
  Antoine Laurent de Lavoisier made a list of elements, or substances that could not be broken down further, which included oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, phosphorus, mercury, zinc, and sulfur. It also forms the basis for the modern list of elements. His list, however, also included light and caloric, which he believed to be material substances.
  

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  DmitrY Ivanovich Mendeleev
  
  
  D.I. Mendeleev was a Russian chemist and inventor. He created the first version of the periodic table of elements. Using the table, he predicted the properties of elements yet to be discovered.
  

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  Dmitri Mendeleev, a Russian chemist, was the first scientist to make a periodic table much like the one we use today. Mendeleev arranged the elements in a table ordered by atomic mass, corresponding to relative molar mass as defined today.
  
  

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  On March 6, 1869, a formal presentation was made to the Russian Chemical Society, entitled The Dependence Between the Properties of the Atomic Weights of the Elements. His table was published in an obscure Russian journal but quickly republished in a German journal, Zeitschrift für Chemie
  

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  There is a story of how D.I. Mendeleev discovered the periodical law of elements. He worked hard to arrange the elements in a table but he couldn’t. It took him days and nights, and one night he saw it during his dream. He woke up and wrote what he had seen down on the paper.
  

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  Scientific benefits of Mendeleev's table
  Mendeleev predicted the discovery of other elements and left space for these new elements, namely eka-silicon (germanium), eka-aluminium (gallium), and eka-boron (scandium). Thus, there was no disturbance in the periodic table.
  He pointed out that some of the atomic weights being used at the time were incorrect.
  He provided for variance from atomic weight order.
  

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  Shortcomings of Mendeleev's table
  His table did not include any of the noble gases, which were discovered later. These were added by Sir William Ramsay as Group 0, without any disturbance to the basic concept of the periodic table.
  A single position could not be assigned to hydrogen in the periodic table. Hydrogen could be placed in the alkali metals group as well as in the halogens group.
  

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  Main discovery periods
  The history of the periodic table is also a history of the discovery of the chemical elements. IUPAC suggests five "main discovery periods", and a sixth one has been added here for very recently synthesized elements (discovered 2000 or later).
  

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  A number of places and objects are associated with the name and achievements of the scientist. In Saint Petersburg his name was given to the National Metrology Institute dealing with establishing and supporting national and worldwide standards for precise measurements. Next to it there is a monument to him pictured above that consists of his sitting statue and a depiction of his periodic table on the wall of the establishment.
  

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  Thank you for your attention!