Презентация по английскому языку "Intonation"

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  INTONATION
  4AOD Malinnikova Ekaterina
  
  

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  Intonation is a complex unity of non-segmental, or prosodic features of speech:
  1.melody, pitch of the voice; 2. sentence stress;
  
  3.temporal characteristics (duration, tempo, pausation);
  
  4. rhythm; 5. tamber (voice quality).
  

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  The two main functions of intonation are:
  Communicative Еxpressive.
  

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  Intonation is a complex of three systemic variables:
  Tonality, Tonicity and tone
  Tonality marks the Tonicity marks the focal point of each
  beginning and the end tone-group.
  of a tone-group.
  
  
  Halliday's theory is based on the syntactical function of
  intonation.
  

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  MELODY
  Successive contours of intonation singled out of the speech flow may be defined
  differently:
  
  
  1.sense-groups (semantic approach), breath-2.groups (extra-linguistic approach),
  3.Tone groups (phonological definition)
  4.Intonation groups,
  5.Tone (tonetic) units,
  6.Pitch and stress patterns.
  
  
  
  Speech melody or pitch of the voice is closely connected with sentence stress.
  

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  54rHigh, medium and low pitch of the voice is shown on the staves. The change of pitch within the last stressed syllable of the tone-group is called a nuclear tone. It may occur not only in the nucleus but extend to the tail — terminal tone.
  
  Palmer has four basic tones:
  falling,
  high rising,
  falling-rising,
  low rising.
  
  

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  O'Connor and Arnold give low and high falls and rises, rise-fall, fall-rise, and a compound fall + rise (the latter is considered a combination of two simple tunes)
  Vasilyev gives ten tone units. He states that tones can be moving and level. Moving tones can be: simple, complex and compound. They are: Low Fall; High Wide Fall; High Narrow Fall; Low Rise; High Narrow Rise; High Wide Rise; Rise-Fall; Fall-Rise; Rise-Fall-Rise.
  The most common compound tones are: High Fall + High Fall; High Fall + Low Rise.
  Level Tones can be pitched at High, Mid and Low level.
  

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  The tonetic units that constitute the total intonation pattern (contour) are the following:
  1. Unstressed and half stressed syllables preceding the first stressed syllable constitute the prehead of the intonation group;
  2. Stressed and unstressed syllables up to the last stressed syllable constitute the head, body or scale of the intonation group;
  3. The last stressed syllable, within which fall or rise in the intonation group is accomplished, is called the nucleus; the syllable marked with the nuclear tone may take a level stress;
  4. The syllables (or one syllable), that follow the nucleus, constitute the tail, e.g.
  

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  According to the direction of pitch movement within and between syllables, descending
  and ascending scales can be: stepping, sliding and scandent:
  descending stepping descending sliding
  
  descending scandent ascending stepping
  
  ascending sliding ascending scandent
  
  

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  SENTENCE STRESS
  Sentence stress is a greater prominence of words, which are made more or less prominent in an intonation group.
  The difference between stress and accent is based on the fact that in the case of stress the dominant perceptual component is loudness, in the case of accent it is pitch.
  
  
  
  
  
  
  

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  In tone-groups stress may undergo alternations under the influence of rhythm, but there
  are some rules concerning words that are usually stressed or unstressed in an utterance.
  Words that are usually stressed:
  Nouns. Adjectives.
  Numerals. Interjections.
  Demonstrative pronouns. Emphatic pronouns.
  Possessive pronouns (absolute form).
  Interrogative pronouns. Indefinitepronouns(used as subject).
  The meaning of the verbs may, should, must changes depending on whether they are stressed or unstressed.
  

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  STYLISTIC USE OF INTONATION
  According to M.A. Sokolova's data, stylistically distinctive function of intonation is
  determined by the intonational styles, which are the following:
  Informational Academic (Scientific)
  
  Publicistic (Oratorial) Declamatory (Artistic)
  
  
  Conversational (Familiar)
  

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  Intonational styles register and speech typology correlate along the lines of: