Презентация по английскому языку на тему "Артикль"

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  Article determination
  
  The Indefinite article A/AN
  The definite article THE
  The Zero Article
  

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  The Indefinite article A/AN
  A is used before a noun beginning with a consonant sound
  Ex.: a uniform, a yoghurt
  
  An is used before a noun beginning with a vowel sound
  Ex.: an umbrella, an owl
  
  

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  The Indefinite article A/AN
  Functions
  Classifying
  Nominating
  First – mention
  Numerical
  Generic
  

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  The Indefinite article A/AN
  The Indefinite article in the Classifying function is used to show that the speaker is characterizing a person, object or event only as a specimen of a certain class of things.
  
  

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  The Indefinite article A/AN
  The classifying indefinite article is mostly found with predicative, appositive nouns and adverbial phrases:
  Ex.: I’m a teacher. – a predicative
  Ex.: He owes his curious name to his father, a well-read man. – an apposition
  Ex.: She looked like a boy. – an adverbial phrase
  

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  The Indefinite article A/AN
  The Indefinite article in the Nominating function is used when the speaker wants to name an object or to state what kind of object is meant.
  Ex.: He struck a match and lit a cigarette. - objects
  

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  The Indefinite article A/AN
  The indefinite article is used to name an object which is usually new to the hearer. This is the first-mention function of the indefinite article. It serves to introduce some new information.
  Ex.: One morning a man was sitting on the bench near the house.
  

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  The Indefinite article A/AN
  The indefinite article in the numerical function is generally found:
  With nouns denoting time, measure and weight
  Ex.: for a minute or two
  b. With the numerals hundred, thousand, million, dozen and score
  Ex.: I’ve told you a hundred times
  
  
  

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  The Indefinite article A/AN
  The indefinite article in the numerical function is generally found:
  c. After the negative not
  Ex.: not a word, not a trace
  d. In some set phrases
  Ex.: at a time, at a gulp, at a draught
  e. Between two noun groups in expressions denoting prices, salaries, speed etc.
  Ex.: 90 pounds a week, 12 hours a day
  
  

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  The Indefinite article A/AN
  The Indefinite article in the Generic function expresses a generalization: what is said about one specimen of a class can be applied to all the specimens of the class. The meaning here is close to every/any.
  Ex.: A tiger is a wild animal.
  

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  The Definite article The
  The graphic form is identical the, which is pronounced differently:
  Before a vowel sound [ðı]
  Ex.: the actor
  Before a consonant sound [ðƏ]
  Ex.: the cat
  

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  The Definite article The
  Functions
  
  Specific
  Unique
  Generic
  

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  The Definite article The
  The definite article in the specific function shows that the speaker is referring to a particular example.
  Ex.: There is someone at the door.
  The house was a bare three minutes from the station.
  
  

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  The Definite article The
  The definite article in the specific function:
  With the adjectives in the superlative degree
  Ex.: She was the most active of us.
  
  

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  The Definite article The
  But
  Most in combination with an adjective can have the same meaning as very, exceedingly and is used with the indefinite article
  Ex.: A most clever man
  
  
  

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  The Definite article The
  The definite article in the specific function:
  With the ordinal numerals
  Ex.: You should say the first romance of your life.
  BUT in the meaning one more or another
  Ex.: Two people would have to hold the chair and a third would help him up on it.
  

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  The Definite article The
  With the cardinal numerals
  Usually no article
  Ex.: There were four of us.
  The definite article is determined by the context
  Ex.: Emily looked at Vera. The two women rose.
  

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  The Definite article The
  Note the difference
  
  the second chapter/ chapter two
  
  

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  The Definite article The
  The definite article in the specific function:
  With the limiting adjectives and the identifying pronoun same
  Ex.: the main reason, the only occasion, the same student, the right way, the very person ant etc.
  
  

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  The Definite article The
  Note An only child is to be regarded as a set phrase
  
  Ex.: I’m an only child in the family.
  

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  The Definite article The
  Prepositional phrases as limiting attributes
  Ex.: I despise you from the bottom of my heart.
  Prepositional phrases without limiting meaning are used with the indefinite article usually denote: material (a ring of gold); content (a cup of tea); quality and measure (a distance of two miles); composition (a group of boys; a man of forty)
  
  

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  The Definite article The
  The definite article in the unique function shows the uniqueness of an object or event. The group of nouns with unique reference is rather limited:
  the sun, the moon, the stars, the sky, the earth, the world, the Universe, the planets, the equator, the north pole, the weather, the devil, the pope and etc.
  
  

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  The Definite article The
  The definite article in the generic function shows the reference to a whole class of referents; it is used to denote a genus taken as a whole, or a thing taken as a type.
  Ex.: The cuckoo is a lazy bird.
  The old could not help the young.
  

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  The Zero Article
  With the nouns in plural
  Ex.: Horses are domestic animals.
  Before the uncountable nouns
  Ex.: I like milk.
  Before Proper names
  Ex.: Mary is my friend.
  Washington is the capital of the USA.
  

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  The Zero Article
  With the addressee
  Ex.: Good morning, child!
  Before the nouns denoting: season, day time and meals
  Ex.: Summer is my favourite season.
  Before ranks and titles
  Ex.: Mr. West, Professor Smith
  
  

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  The Zero Article
  With some word-combinations
  Ex.: at first, at home, at peace, at war, at table, by chance, by heart, by name, by mistake, by means of, in time, to be in bed, to go by bus, to go to school, to go to town, to tell lies, day by day
  
  

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  The Use of Articles with Abstract Nouns
  Abstract non-count nouns with generic reference are used without any article.
  Ex.: Knowledge is power.
  It gives me great pleasure.
  Abstract non-count nouns can be used with the indefinite article when they are modified by descriptive attributes
  Ex.: In a wild relief he put his hands to his face.
  

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  The Use of Articles with Abstract Nouns
  Abstract nouns with specific reference are used with the definite article.
  Ex.: I feel giddy. I’ll just sit here quietly till the giddiness wears off.
  Some Abstract nouns are never used with the indefinite article:
  Weather, money, news, work, luck, fun and etc.
  
  

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  The Use of Articles with Abstract Nouns
  The use of articles within some syntactic structures
  Ex.: It’s a shame; It’s a pleasure; What a pity!; What a relief!
  
  

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  Articles with Names of Seasons and Parts of the Day
  Names of seasons and parts of the day take no article when used predicatively:
  Ex.: It was summer.
  No article is used when such nouns are modified by: early, late, broad, high
  Ex.: It was late evening.
  

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  Articles with Names of Seasons and Parts of the Day
  Used with the indefinite article if they are modified by a descriptive attribute
  Ex.: It was a foggy evening.
  In the specific use the definite article is used
  Ex.: I shall not forget the evening I spent with them.
  
  

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  Articles with Names of Seasons and Parts of the Day
  Optional points (specific/generic)
  Ex.: (The) winter came early that year.
  In number of some set phrases:
  In the morning, in the evening, at night, at dawn, after sunset, from morning to night, through the autumn, late at night, night after night, all through the day and etc.
  
  

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  Articles with Names of Meals
  Names of meals usually take no articles
  Ex.: Dinner is ready.
  With the descriptive attribute the indefinite article is used
  Ex.: He ordered a modest lunch.
  With the limiting attribute the definite article is used
  Ex.: The dinner she prepared was wonderful.
  
  

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  Articles with Names of Meals
  Names of meals may denote party, tea party and etc. the usage of article depends on the situation
  Ex.: Why not give a dinner?
  She began to dress for the dinner to which she had been invited.
  

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  Articles with the nouns: School, Prison, Church, Hospital
  No article is used when they denote the purpose they are used for
  Ex.: I go to school. (to study)
  The definite article is used when they denote the building
  Ex.: They went to the church to repair the roof.
  

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  Names of Parts of the Body
  The definite article is used in prepositional phrases associated with the object, in passive constructions, with the subject
  Ex.: The woman took the boy by the hand.
  The dog bit her on the leg.
  The definite article is used when a touch, blow or pain is referred to
  Ex.: She had a pain in the side.
  
  

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  The Names with the Specific Periods
  The definite article is used with the names of decades, centuries, historic periods
  Ex.: the bronze age, the nineteenth century
  The definite article is used with past, present, future
  Ex.: I think about the present and remember about the past.
  
  

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  The Names with the Specific Periods
  No article is used with present and future after at and in
  Ex.: Try to remember it in future.
  
  Note: In American English in the future is more common than in future
  

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  Articles with Proper Nouns
  Personal Names
  Normally no article is used
  Ex.: Tom grinned.
  The definite article is used:
  with a family name in the plural
  Ex.: The Forsytes were resentful.
  With the limiting attribute
  Ex.: This wasn’t the Simon he had known so long.
  
  

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  Articles with Proper Nouns
  Personal Names
  with a descriptive attribute indicating a permanent quality
  Ex.: At that moment they were interrupted by the gentle Mrs Shobbe.
  In the meaning the very one
  Ex.: Do you mean the Shakespeare?
  

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  Articles with Proper Nouns
  Personal Names
  The indefinite article is used
  To indicate one member or a certain person
  Ex.: His mother was a Devereux.
  

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  Articles with Proper Nouns
  Personal Names
  Indicating concrete object or a person having specific characteristics
  Ex.: I bought a Volvo.
  I’m not a Michael Angelo.
  

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  Geographical Names
  No article: Continents, countries, states, cities, towns
  Ex.: (North) America (old) England
  The definite article with some provinces, countries
  Ex.: the Argentine, The Netherlands, The USA, the Crimea, the Ruhr, the Hague
  

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  Geographical Names
  The definite article with the of-phrase
  Ex.: the England of today
  The indefinite article with a descriptive attribute
  Ex.: a very cheerful England
  The definite article is used with the names of rivers, oceans, seas and lakes
  Ex.: The Baikal BUT Lake Baikal
  

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  Geographical Names
  The definite article with the names of deserts
  Ex.: The Sahara
  The definite article with the chains of mountains and groups of islands
  Ex.: The Urals, The West Indies
  No article with one mountain and one island
  Ex.: Everest, Sicily
  

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  Geographical Names
  The definite article with the of-phrase plus the Proper name
  Ex.: The Cape of Good Hope
  The University of London BUT London University
  

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  Calendar Items
  Names of months and days of the week generally take no article
  Ex.: It was Monday.
  Meaning one of many (indefinite article)
  Ex.: We met on a Friday.
  With a descriptive attribute (indefinite article)
  Ex.: A cold May is a usual thing.
  With a limiting attribute (definite article)
  Ex.: He came on the Friday when Tom was born.
  

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  Articles with Miscellaneous Proper Names
  No article with the names of parks, streets
  Ex.: Central Park, Fleet Park
  Exception: The Strand, The High Street, Whitehall, Downing Street
  But: The Gorky Park, the Red Square
  

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  Articles with Miscellaneous Proper Names
  The definite article with the names of museums, theatres, galleries, concert halls, clubs, hotels
  Ex.: the Rotary club, the Opera House, the Savoy, the Bolshoi theatre, the Tate
  No article with the names of airports and railway stations
  Ex.: London airport, Victoria station
  

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  Articles with Miscellaneous Proper Names
  The definite article with the names of ships and boats
  Ex.: the Titanic, the Sedov
  The definite article with the names of newspapers and magazines
  Ex.: the Times, the Guardian, the Language
  But Punch, Newsweek
  

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  Articles with Miscellaneous Proper Names
  The definite article with the names of territories consisting of word combination
  Ex.: the Lake District, the Yorkshire Forest
  The definite article with abbreviations
  Ex.: The BBC, the FBI
  BUT If abbreviations are pronounced as one word no article is used
  Ex.: NATO, UNESCO
  

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  Articles with Miscellaneous Proper Names
  No article with the names of chains of shops, companies
  Ex.: Shell, Sony
  But: The Bell Telephone Company
  The definite article with the names of political and government bodies and institutions
  Ex.: the house of commons
  Exception: Parliament, Congress, County, Council
  

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  Articles with Miscellaneous Proper Names
  No article or the definite article with the names of musical groups
  Ex.: Queen, the Beatles, the Rolling Stones
  The definite article with the names of sporting events
  Ex.: the Olympic Games, the Cup Final
  BUT: Wimbledon, Ascot and Epsom
  

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  Articles with Miscellaneous Proper Names
  No article with the names of religious and other festivals
  Ex.: Easter, Christmas, New Year’s Day, Valentine’s Day
  The indefinite article is used in I wish you a happy Easter! Did you have a good Easter?