Презентация по теме "Articles", 10класс

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  Articles
  Presentation for the lesson of English in the 10th form.
  Navrotskaya Olga
  December 2010
  

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  English Grammar
  “There is no article
  without a noun,
  but there are some
  nouns without
  articles.”
  One who knows grammar.
  

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  Countable and uncountable nouns.
  A noun can be:
  countable
  uncountable
  You can use a/an with singular
  countable nouns:
  a sofa a pupil a stick
  You cannot use a/an with uncountable
  nouns: sand salt pepper
  But you can use a … of:
  a drop of water a game of golf
  
  You can use plural countable nouns
  alone: I like plums.
  Letters will be received.
  
  You can use uncountable nouns
  alone (without the/my/some etc.):
  People need salt.
  They still don’t have electricity.
  You can use some and any with plural
  countable nouns: I got some keys.
  Did you see any birds outside?
  You can use some and any with
  uncountable nouns:
  They gave some blood. We don’t have
  any space left.
  We use many and few with plural
  countable nouns:
  We didn’t have many pictures.
  I have a few papers to sign.
  We use much and little with
  uncountable nouns:
  We have much work to do.
  They had a little petrol left.
  I eat an apple every day. (singular)
  I like apples. (plural)
  I eat bread every day.
  I like bread.
  
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  Countable and uncountable nouns.
  Nouns that can be:
  countable
  uncountable
  A potato or potato?
  I’m peeling the potatoes.
  Sue baked a cake for David.
  Nancy was eating an apple.
  Someone threw a stone at the police.
  There is a hair on your shirt.
  Would you like some potato?
  Have some cake!
  Is there apple in this salad?
  The house is built of stone.
  I must brush my hair.
  A sport or sport?
  Rugby is a sport. (=a particular sport)
  That’s a nice painting over there!
  We heard a sudden noise outside.
  John Lennon had an interesting life.
  Do you like sport? (=sport in general)
  Jim is good at painting.
  Constant noise can make you ill.
  Life is complicated sometimes.
  Some nouns can be countable or uncountable.
  Often the countable noun is specific, and the uncountable is more general.
  

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  Countable and uncountable nouns.
  Nouns that can be:
  countable
  uncountable
  A paper or paper?
  I bought a paper. (=a newspaper)
  I’ll have a glass of orange juice.
  Have you got an iron? (for clothes)
  I switched all the lights on.
  I’ve been to France many times.
  The journey was a great experience.
  I run a small business. (a company)
  We found a space in the car park.
  I need some paper to write on.
  I bought a piece of glass for the window.
  The bridge is made of iron.
  There’s more light by the window.
  I can’t stop. I haven’t got time.
  He has enough experience for the job.
  I enjoy doing business. (buying and selling)
  There is no space for the piano in here.
  A coffee or coffee?
  Two coffees, please.
  Chianti is an Italian wine. (kind of wine)
  The use of plastics has greatly increased.
  (= the use of different kinds of plastic)
  Coffee is more expensive than tea.
  Wine is not served in McDonalds.
  Some nouns can be countable or uncountable with different meanings.
  Words for drinks are usually uncountable. But when we are ordering or offering drinks, we can say a cup of… or a … .
  Some nouns can be countable when we are talking about a particular kind or about different kinds.
  ?
  

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  A/an and the
  A\an goes only with singular noun.
  He left a case.
  (singular)
  He left some cases.
  (plural)
  He left some luggage.
  (uncountable)
  
  The goes both with
  singular and plural
  and uncountable nouns.
  He needed the case.
  (singular)
  He needed the cases.
  (plural)
  He needed the luggage.
  (uncountable)
  When the story first mentions smth the noun has a or an.
  But when the same thing is mentioned again, the noun has the.
  

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  A/an and the
  We use a/an + someone/something when we aren’t saying which one.
  A man booked into a hotel.
  He left a case behind.
  We use the + noun or he/she/it when we know which one.
  He didn’t return to the hotel.
  The case contained clothes.
  

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  A/an and the
  We use a/an and the when we aren’t saying which one, and we use the when we know which one.
  A tourist arrived in Cheltenham to look around the town.
  When there is only one thing in the context , we use the. We normally say:
  the country, the earth, the environment, the government, the moon, the ozone layer, the Prime Minister, the sea, the sky, the sun, the weather, the cinema, the theatre, the newspaper, the police.
  

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  A/an and the
  We use a/an to describe something:
  It was a lovely day.
  to classify something:
  The play was a comedy.
  to say what someone’s job is:
  Nick is a car salesman.
  But we use the with a superlative.
  It’s the biggest hotel in town.
  This is the best photo.
  ?
  

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  The + plurals and uncountables
  We use plurals and uncountables without the with general meaning:
  We use plurals and uncountables with the with specific meaning:
  Cars are expensive to buy.
  The cars had both broken down.
  We saw the elephants in the zoo.
  Elephants are intelligent animals.
  I don’t understand computers.
  The computers crashed at work.
  You always need money.
  Mary put the money in her purse.
  Oil is used in every machine around.
  Look at the oil on your sweater.
  ?
  

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  The + plurals and uncountables
  We use plurals and uncountables without the with general meaning:
  We use plurals and uncountables with the with specific meaning:
  This man went to prison two years ago.
  The boy went to the prison to see his father.
  The school is a mile from here.
  School is over at half past three.
  Steve is at college.
  (He is a student there.)
  The meeting was at the college.
  David is in hospital.
  (He is a patient.)
  Melanie waited in the hospital for news.
  Sue is going to church (to a service.)
  We wanted to look round the church.
  ?
  

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  The + plurals and uncountables
  We use plurals and uncountables without the with general meaning:
  We use plurals and uncountables with the with specific meaning:
  In bed, go to bed
  (to rest or sleep)
  Sit on the bed,
  make the bed
  In the house, to the house, in the home
  At home, go home, come home, leave home
  At sea (=sailing),
  Go to sea (as a sailor)
  On the sea, by the sea, at the seaside, on the coast
  In town, go into town, leave town
  The town center, the city, the village
  At work, go to work, leave work
  The office,
  the factory
  ?
  

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  Articles with phrases of time
  Phrases of time are usually without a/an or the.
  We are meeting on Friday for lunch.
  But we use a/an or the if there is a phrase or clause after Friday, lunch, etc.
  It was the Friday before she went to Australia.
  We normally use article if there is an adjective.
  We had a good lunch.
  Years, seasons, months.
  I was born in 1986.
  We play cricket in summer.
  Winter always depresses me.
  I will start the course
  in September.
  That was the year
  I was born.
  It was the winter of 1995
  when things started to go
  wrong for the company.
  

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  Articles with phrases of time
  Special times.
  We go away at Christmas.
  Easter is early this year.
  I’ll be home for Thanksgiving.
  We had a wonderful
  Christmas.
  I started work here the
  Easter before last.
  Phrases of time are usually without a/an or the.
  We are meeting on Friday for lunch.
  But we use a/an or the if there is a phrase or clause after Friday, lunch, etc.
  It was the Friday before she went to Australia.
  We normally use article if there is an adjective.
  We had a good lunch.
  

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  Articles with phrases of time
  Days of the week.
  Yes, Thursday will be
  convenient.
  I’ll see you on Tuesday
  evening.
  The storm was on the
  Thursday of that week.
  We went surfing at the
  weekend.
  Phrases of time are usually without a/an or the.
  We are meeting on Friday for lunch.
  But we use a/an or the if there is a phrase or clause after Friday, lunch, etc.
  It was the Friday before she went to Australia.
  We normally use article if there is an adjective.
  We had a good lunch.
  

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  Articles with phrases of time
  Parts of the day and night.
  I can’t sleep at night.
  I prefer to travel by day.
  I must get to bed before
  midnight.
  We were at the beach at
  sunset.
  I hope to get there
  before dark.
  It’s warmer
  in the day.
  Someone got up in the night.
  We’re meeting in the morning.
  They arrived at the hotel in
  the evening.
  It was a beautiful sunset.
  I couldn’t see in the
  dark.
  Phrases of time are usually without a/an or the.
  We are meeting on Friday for lunch.
  But we use a/an or the if there is a phrase or clause after Friday, lunch, etc.
  It was the Friday before she went to Australia.
  We normally use article if there is an adjective.
  We had a good lunch.
  

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  Articles with phrases of time
  Meals.
  Phrases of time are usually without a/an or the.
  We are meeting on Friday for lunch.
  But we use a/an or the if there is a phrase or clause after Friday, lunch, etc.
  It was the Friday before she went to Australia.
  We normally use article if there is an adjective.
  We had a good lunch.
  I’ll see you at breakfast.
  We have supper at about 8.
  I’m going out after lunch.
  We had a quick breakfast.
  The supper David cooked
  was excellent.
  The meal was very nice.
  ?
  

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  Quite a, such a, what a, etc.
  After quite, such, and what we can use
  a phrase with a/an. There is often an adjective
  as well, e.g. such a good team.
  A/an goes before very, fairly, really etc.
  It’s a very good house.
  It’s a fairly long walk.
  I made a really stupid mistake.
  A/an is used after such in the meaning of so.
  It was such an easy test. (the test was so easy)
  It’s such a long time since I saw you.
  The were such a lot of people.
  In an exclamation we can use what a/an with
  a singular noun.
  What a good idea!
  ?
  

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  Place names with and without the
  We do not use “the” with names of people. The same way, we do not usually use it with names of places:
  Continents
  Africa
  Europe
  South America
  Islands
  Cyprus
  Majorca
  Rhode Island
  Countries
  Russia
  Germany
  Switzerland
  States, regions
  Alaska
  Siberia
  Central Africa
  Cities, towns,
  Suburbs, villages
  Moscow
  Helsinki
  Los Angeles
  Mountains, hills.
  Everest
  Etna
  North Hill
  The Netherlands, the USA, the Canary Islands (plurals)
  Republic (the Irish republic), kingdom (the United Kingdom), federation (the Rus.Fed.)
  The West, the Rivera, the Middle East, the Midlands, the South of France
  Plural islands with “the” : the Bermuda Islands
  The Hague, the Bronx, the West End of London
  Hill ranges and mount ranges have the: the Alps, the Rockies
  

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  Place names with and without the
  We do not use “the” with names of people. The same way, we do not usually use it with names of places:
  Lakes
  Lake Michigan
  Coniston Water
  Stations, airports,
  Important buildings
  Waterloo
  (station)
  Orly (airport)
  Merton college
  Lambeth museum
  Roads, streets,
  Squares, parks
  Morgan Rd,
  Fifth avenue
  Central park
  Bridges
  Tower Bridge
  Brooklyn Bridge
  Theatres, cinemas,
  Hotels, galleries
  possessives
  St.Martin’s theater
  In the US names with center
  Lincoln center
  Shops,
  restaurants
  Bloomingdale’s
  (shopping center)
  Matilda’s
  restaurant
  Exceptions: the High street, The Avenue, The Strand, The Mall
  Main and numbered roads have “the”: the Bath road, the A5, the M6
  Exceptions: the Golden Gate Bridge, the Severn Bridge (=the bridge over river Severn)
  Exceptions with “of” or with a noun or adj.: the University of York, the White House
  But: the Globe (theatre), the Plaza (cinema), the Dorchester (hotel), the Tate (gallery)
  Exceptions: names with a noun the Body Shop, the Studio Cafe
  Seas, oceans, rivers, canals have “the” (the Atlantic Ocean, the Thames, the Suez)
  ?