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  ENGLISH AND RUSSIAN PROVERBS AND SAYINGS.
  Английские и русские пословицы и поговорки.
  

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  Пословица не даром молвится.
  Без угла дом не строится,
  без пословицы речь не молвится.
  
  
  As the people, so the proverb.
  Time passes away, but sayings remain.
  

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  Words of wisdom can guide you in your journey through life.
  
  
  Wise sayings come in many
  forms, from quotes to verses
  to biblical passages, as well as
  through inspiring poems. But
  some of the best known sources
  of wisdom come from ancient
  proverbs taken from many
  different countries and cultures.
  

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  A proverb, (from the Latin proverbium),
  is a simple and concrete saying popularly known and repeated, which expresses a truth, based on common sense or the practical experience of humanity , which are passed down from generation to generation.. They are often metaphorical. If a proverb has particularly good phrasing, it may be known as an aphorism.
  . Sayings are figurative expressions without instructive subtext .It is a short, clever expression that usually contains advice or expresses some obvious truth.
  
  
  Definition
  

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  They are studied by many scientists from different corners of our globe, but they are still not completely solved.
  The study of proverbs is called: paremiology (from Greek παροιμία - paroimía, "proverb") and can be dated back as far as Aristotle. Paremiography, on the other hand, is the collection of proverbs.
  
  Proverbs and sayings originated in ancient times and since then accompany the people in all, throughout history. Proverbs are the most interesting genre of folklore.
  
  
  

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  Proverbs are often borrowed from similar languages and cultures, and sometimes come down to the present through more than one language. Both the Bible and medieval Latin have played an important role in distributing proverbs across Europe, although almost every culture has examples of its own.
  (From Wikipedia)
  . For example, a proverb:
  “No flies enter a mouth that is shut”
  is currently found in Spain, Ethiopia,
  and many countries in between.
  
  Proverbs are found in many parts of the world, but some areas seem to have richer stores of proverbs than others (such as West Africa), while others have hardly any (North and South America).
  
  

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  Arabic: The strength of a person is in his intelligence and his tongue.
  Joseph Addison: Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body.
  - Mark Amido: Language is the means of getting an idea from my brain into yours without surgery.
  Greek: The nation lives through its language.
  Indonesian: Language/Tongue has no bones but it breaks bones.
  Malay: A word becomes a seed = what you say is what you get.
  Polish: Language is the soul of a race.
  German: A nation without a language is a nation without a heart.
  - Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: Those who know no foreign language know nothing of their mother tongue.
  Bulgarian: The more languages you know, the more you are a person.
  
  Proverbs, quotations and sayings about language
  

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  Wellerisms
  Another subcategory is wellerisms, named after Sam Weller from Charles Dickens's The Pickwick Papers (1837). They are constructed in a triadic manner which consists of a statement (often a proverb), an identification of a speaker (person or animal) and a phrase that places the statement into an unexpected situation.
  Ex.: “Every evil is followed by some good,” as the man said when his wife died the day after he became bankrupt.
  

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  Anti-proverbs
  Yet another category of proverb is the anti-proverb), also called Perverb. In such cases, people take well known proverb and change the meaning. Sometimes the result is merely humorous, but the most spectacular examples result in the opposite meaning of the standard proverb. Examples include, "Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and likely to talk about it," and "Absence makes the heart grow wander". Anti-proverbs are common on T-shirts, such as "If at first you don't succeed, skydiving is not for you."
  

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  Using Of Proverbs:
  It has long been noted that the wisdom and spirit of the people manifest in his proverbs and sayings, and knowledge of proverbs and sayings of a people not only promotes better knowledge of the language, but also a better understanding of the thinking and character of the people.
  

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  Proverbs are used by speakers for a variety of purposes. Sometimes they are used as a way of saying something gently. Other times, they are used to carry more weight in a discussion and to support the position. Proverbs can also be used to simply make a conversation/discussion more lively. In many parts of the world, the use of proverbs is a mark of being a good orator. Because of that proverbs are often used into the strategies of social workers, teachers, advertisers, and even politicians.
  
  ( From Wikipedia)
  

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  Typical stylistic features of proverbs
  
  alliteration (Forgive and forget)
  parallelism (Nothing ventured, nothing gained)
  rhyme (When the cat is away, the mice will play)
  ellipsis (Once bitten, twice shy)
  
  

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  Internal features
  hyperbole (All is fair in love and war)
  paradox (For there to be peace there must first be war)
  personification (Hunger is the best cook)
  
  

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  English is a West Germanic language originating in England, and the first language for most people in Australia, Canada, the Commonwealth Caribbean, Ireland, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States of America (also commonly known as the Anglosphere). It is used as a second language and as an official language throughout the world, especially in Commonwealth
  countries and in many
  international organizations.
  

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  Practically all Russian proverbs and sayings have their English analogue. However, this is not a literal translation of proverbs from Russian into English. In most cases, in literal translation of proverbs and sayings in English, we get either some nonsense, or set of words, in which we can’t guess what kind of a Russian proverb or saying it is.
  
  It’s no use to cry over spilt milk. - Слезами горю не поможешь.
  
  It’s a bold mouse that nestles in the cat’s ear. - Не клади волку пальца в рот.
  
  Four eyes see more than two. - Ум хорошо, а два лучше.
  
  A cat in gloves catches no mice. - Без труда не вытянешь и рыбки из пруда.
  
  
  

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  Translations
  It should be noted, that many English and Russian proverbs ambiguous, which makes them difficult to interpret and compare. It is important to remember that, folding in the different historical backgrounds, English and Russian proverbs and sayings to express the same or similar thoughts often use different images, which, in turn, reflect the different social structure and life of two nations and are often not equivalent.
  

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  Czech proverbs:
  You live a new life for every new language you speak.
  If you know only one language, you live only once.
  
  Each of us wants to speak English not only competently, but interesting! Because of that we remember a lot of synonyms, antonyms, phraseological expressions. They help us make our speech more vivid, colorful, avoiding the monotony. Proverbs and sayings in English have the same function. A drop of folklore in the conversation can make it more interesting. The knowledge and use of proverbs and sayings in English will create the image of a person
  professionally speaking
  foreign languages.
  
  

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  Proverbs:
  Ад вымощен добрыми намерениями - Hell is paved with good intentions
  Алмаз режется алмазом - Diamond cut diamond
  Аппетит приходит во время еды - The appetite comes with eating
  Бархатные лапки скрывают острые когти - Velvet paws hide sharp claws
  Богатство без здоровья - ничто - Wealth is nothing without health
  Как сказано, так и сделано - So said, so done
  Каков священник, такова и паства - Like priest, like people
  Каков учитель, таков и ученик. - Like teacher, like pupil
  Каков хозяин, таков и его слуга - Like master, like man
  Какова мать, такова и дочь - Like mother, like daughter
  Легко пришло - легко ушло - Lightly come, lightly go
  

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  Легко пришло, легко ушло - Easy come, easy go
  Одна ложь за собой другую тянет - One lie makes many
  Око за око, зуб за зуб - An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth
  Сегодня смеешься, а завтра заплачешь - Laugh today and cry tomorrow
  Слово - серебро, молчание - золото - Speech is silver, silence is gold
  Хорошее здоровье дороже богатства - Good health is above wealth
  Хорошее лицо - все равно что рекомендация - A good face is a letter of recommendation
  Хорошее начало - половина дела - Well begun is half done
  at every man's gate
  Хочешь иметь друга - сам будь хорошим другом - The way to have a friend is to be one
  

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  Хочешь мира - готовься к войне - If you want peace, prepare for war
  Хочешь получить хороший совет - обратись к старому человеку - If you wish good advice ask an old man
  Хочешь увеличить срок жизни - уменьши количество потребляемой пищи - То lengthen your life, lessen your meals
  

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  There are many English proverbs and sayings, which have the same meanings. So some Russian proverbs and sayings we can translate in different ways.
  

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  On the other hand there are many Russian
  proverbs and sayings which can be translated in English in different ways.
  

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  A bird in the hand is worth ___ in the bush.
  A friend in need is a ___ indeed.
  A man is known by ___ friends.
  A man's home ___ his castle.
  A woman's ___ is never done.
  All roads lead ___ Rome.
  All's well that ends ___.
  An apple a ___ keeps the doctor away.
  Ask no questions and hear ___ lies.
  Curiosity killed ___ cat.
  
  Make a Proverb:
  

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  Answers:
  

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  How Do You Understand The Proverbs?
  1. A bad penny always turns up
  If "a bad penny always turns up", a bad person always
  reappears
  disappears
  turns good
  2. Bad news travels fast
  If friends tells you that "bad news travels fast" they are
  trying to comfort you
  want to make you cry
  want you to go faster
  3. Charity begins at home
  The saying "charity begins at home" suggests that
  you should help people in other countries first
  your country should help people in other countries first
  you should help people close to you first
  

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  4. Dead men tell no tales
  "Dead men tell no tales" might be used by a criminal as a reason to
  talk to someone
  kill someone
  frighten someone
  5. Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.
  "Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise" is a recommendation not to go to bed
  late
  early
  before getting up
  6. Facts are stubborn things
  What does the saying "Facts are stubborn things" imply that we should do with facts? accept them
  ignore them
  rephrase them
  
  

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  7. Give a thief enough rope and he'll hang himself
  If "Give a thief enough rope and he'll hang himself" is true, what will happen to a bad person who is not challenged? In the end, he will get himself
  out of jail
  out of trouble
  into trouble
  8. Handsome is as handsome does
  If you believe that "handsome is as handsome does", which of the following would you consider most "handsome"? A man who acts
  foolishly
  selfishly
  generously
  9. If a job's worth doing it's worth doing well
  "If a job's worth doing it's worth doing well" is true, we should
  only do jobs that are worth a lot
  complete all jobs to the best of our ability
  always ask someone else to do our jobs
  10. Jack of all trades, master of none
  "Jack of all trades, master of none" is normally seen as
  a compliment
  a mild insult
  advice to learn many jobs
  
  

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  Answers:
  

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  Many of us grew up with parents or grandparents who used these sayings - sometimes two to a sentence! But it seems that using such sayings in our modern world has become - a lost art.
  
  .
  It is our hope, that the proverb will once again take its rightful place in dialogue.
  

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  Вначале было Слово. Слово материально. Тысячелетиями народы шлифовали свою национальную мудрость, оттачивая свои пословицы и поговорки. Воспользуйтесь многовековым опытом народов мира.
  

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  Список, использованных ресурсов:
  http://www.native-english.ru/proverbs
  http://malchishki-i-devchonki.ru/Poslovitsi-english.html
  «Английские и русские пословицы и поговорки в иллюстрациях / A book of english and russian proverbs and sayings illustrated».Год выпуска: 1993 г
  Автор: Дубровин М. И., изд-во: "Просвещение"
  http://ruswords.co.uk/content/russian-proverbs-and-sayings
  Презентация подготовлена учителем английского языка ГБОУ СОШ №364 г.Санкт-Петербурга
  Куденцовой Ириной Владимировной
  2014г.
  

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