Проект учащегося по теме «Деревянная жемчужина в каменной ракушке» (Каменноостровский театр)

Адмиралтейский район Санкт-Петербурга

ГБОУ СОШ №266

VIII районная научно-практическая

Конференция старшеклассников

Адмиралтейского района Санкт-Петербурга

«Лабиринты науки»

Секция «Филология»

«Деревянная жемчужина в каменной ракушке»

(Каменноостровский театр)

Выполнил:

 Фролов С.,

 учащийся 10 класса

Руководитель работы:

Стерлигова И.А.,

 учитель, ГБОУ СОШ№266

Санкт-Петербург

2016

Фролов Семен

10 класс, ГБОУ СОШ №266

Адмиралтейского района Санкт-Петербурга

Руководитель работы: Стерлигова И.А.

«Деревянная жемчужина в каменной ракушке» (Каменноостровский театр)

The Wooden Pearl in Stone Shell

The Kamennoostrovsky Theatre is a monument of Russian wooden architecture of the period of classicism, the only surviving wooden theater in Russia. In 2005, the unique building was given BDT, after which it was closed for several years on large-scale reconstruction. Restorers have saved most of wooden structures and components of the theatre so that the appearance of the old building has not changed, but completely changed the design stage.

How did we manage to keep this wonderful masterpiece of wooden architecture from the early 19th century (1827) to the present day? What kind of people involved in the creation and preservation of the wooden theatre?

Purpose of my work is to analyze the historical moments of the architectural object in order to understand features and types of saving of the theater, as well as an amazing transformation in our days.

The subject analysis has been implemented by the following steps: selection of material; selection a lot of illustrations, which were the most suitable to represent the meaning and understanding of the issues involved. The history of object (The Kamennoostrovsky theater), as well as the characteristics of the analyzing object was overviewed with care. The main stages of the existence, the restoration works, and various theater owners have been tracked especially.

I worked using a comparative and model-based analysis, induction and deduction, extrapolation, culturological method also. A lot of illustrations, which were the most suitable to represent the theatre and architects were used to show the architecture style, location and extraordinary beauty of the wooden masterpiece.

Conclusions: the opportunity to enjoy the beauty of the architectural masterpiece and the continuation of its use as a theatre appeared at us as the building has survived to the present day. Theatre has always had decent owners and regularly subjected to reconstruction and restoration. They were not all equal but the wooden structure was allowed to exist in our climate. In the Soviet era, the destruction of the theatre was probably more than once. It managed to survive thanks to the fact that next to Central Park of Culture and Leisure, and it was decided to use the building for the theater attractions. In addition, it began action to save a unique monument of architecture. During the Great Patriotic War the theater building remained almost untouched. In 2007, KGIOP St Petersburg Government organized the work on the design, reconstruction and restoration of the theatre. . It has kept intact the historical construction of the theater, and allowed for the possibility of equipping the stage with modern equipment.

Рецензия

Тема: «Деревянная жемчужина в каменной ракушке» (Каменноостровский театр)

Автор: ученик 10 класса ГБОУ СОШ №266 с углубленным изучением французского языка г. Санкт-Петербурга Фролов Семен

Руководитель: учитель английского языка ГБОУ СОШ №266 с углубленным изучением французского языка г. Санкт-Петербурга Стерлигова  Ирина Александровна

The Wooden Pearl in Stone Shell

The work is done with the course of English of the 10^{th form}. The theme of the work was chosen by Frolov Semen while the school topic “Art and Literature”.

The material was selected and systematized by the author according to the recommendation for writing research work and counseling with the supervisor. The structure and the contents of the work is the result of the cooperative activity of the student and his supervisor.

The main part of the work deal with the facts showing stages of existence and reconstruction of the Kamennoostrovsky Theatre. The student not only states this fact but also analyzes the historical moments of the architectural object but also its amazing transformation in our days.

The student found all the necessary material by himself and illustrated it with the presentation. In his work Semen showed good knowledge of the English vocabulary, ability to select important information in the Internet and to compose it in the best way.

The product of this research is the creative work and the presentation.

The teacher of English Novitskaya T.V.

CONTENTS

Introduction…………………………………………………………………5

1. The historical persons and events associated with the Kamennoostrovsky theatre

1.1 The construction of the theater by the architect SL Shustov (1827)……..6

1.2 Major overhaul by architect AK Kavos (1844)………………………….7

1.3 Major repairs and restoration by architect E. Katonin (1933)……………8

1.4 Major repairs and restoration by architect Benois (1964 – 1968)………..9

1.5 Restoration and adaptation for modern use of the theater (2007-2010)….10

1.6 The owners of the building……………………………………………….11

2. The adaptation of the historic theater building for modern use……………12

Conclusions …………………………………………………………………...13

Resources………………………………………………………………………14

INTRODUCTION

The Kamennoostrovsky Theatre is a monument of Russian wooden architecture of the period of classicism, the only surviving wooden theater in Russia. It is located on Stone Island (Kamenniy Ostrov) in one of the most picturesque parts of St. Petersburg. The theatre building was created in the first middle of the XIX century (when the island was still a fashionable suburb dacha). An elegant building with an eight Corinthian portico received and held up to 800 guests during the summer season; the theatre has been a favourite holiday destination of St. Petersburg nobility. In Soviet times the building was used as a warehouse for the scenery, then the club of sports dance, and in the nineties there was located a television studio theater "Channel Five". In 2005, the unique building was given BDT, after which it was closed for several years on large-scale reconstruction. Restorers have saved most of wooden structures and components of the theater so that the appearance of the old building has not changed, but completely changed the design stage. Now the theatre is open all year round, it takes the audience and shows performances. How did we manage to keep this wonderful masterpiece of wooden architecture from the early 19th century (1827) to the present day? What kind of people involved in the creation and preservation of the wooden theatre?

1.      The historical persons and events associated with the Kamennoostrovsky theatre

1.1  The construction of the theater by the architect SL Shustov (1827)

In 1827, the Directorate of Imperial Theatres was decided to build a theater on site at the 1st Elagin Bridge on Stone Island in exchange closed down at the end of 1826 because of the failure of recovery after a fire in 1818 the main scenic area of ​​St. Petersburg - the Bolshoi Theater on Theater Square.

The theater was designed as a summer entertainment, high society; it was visited by the imperial family, courtiers, and senior officers.

Order of the Directorate on 12 May 1827 to build a new theater was entrusted to the architect Smaragd Shustov. Under his leadership, wooden building, which was attached to features stone structure, was built on a hill in a picturesque part of the park for 40 days. It was elegant and austere; Corinthian portico of eight white columns crowned by a triangular pediment decorated with a giant lyre. Architect perfectly calculated proportions and all seats of the auditorium with 800 seats, which had stalls, three tiers of boxes, balcony and gallery, was equally well seen and heard, and the back wall of the theater had a special sliding mechanism, allowing representation could go to natural background scenery landscape park.

June 25 order of Emperor Nicholas I, a commission composed of architects VP Stasov, AA Mikhailov ,VI Beretti and ET Sokolova Theatre was adopted with the conclusion: "... the quality of the material reliability of the theatre for performances in seven years is enough." The theatre was opened in the morning July 1st 1827 with comedy VA Karatygina "Two of the four."

1.2 Major overhaul by architect AK Kavos (1844)

At the beginning of June 1843 has been royally approved construction of a new theater building, the authorship of which is attributed to the architect Kavos.

To prolong the life of wooden theater were replaced by wooden load-bearing elements in the rubble foundations. Under the internal volume of the theater hall, as suggested by Charlemagne, there were hoisted the pillars of Tosnensky plate. The facades of the theater decorated rustic, imitating stonework. All made stone work has been inspected by the architect Rusca and stone craftsmen  Adamini. The biggest changes were the interior layout, according to the method of the geometry construction of the auditorium, providing optimum visibility and acoustics, developed by Kavos.  In accordance with the fashion side lodges purple were upholstered Trip; bead boxes were decorated with wood carving and painting on a white background. Lemon yellow curtain was replaced by purple-red with geometric patterns.

The grand opening of the theater on Stone Island after reconstruction took place July 11, 1844 The French company introduced the "Dangerous means" J. Auger and vaudeville "Fairies of Paris."

At the end of the 1870s by engineer Nicolas it was built a house for managing the Theatre School and the second cottage for pupils (in 1919-1920 the whole town theater was demolished).

After several decades of popular theatre, where performances were given to the French, fell. At the end of the 1870s at the theatre on Stone Island performances were only in July and in early 1880 the building was turned into a scene-dock.  In 1900, the directorate of the theatre, it was decided to demolish the dilapidated building. Petersburg society began to speak out actively in favor of maintaining the building. The famous architectural historian Kurbatov named Kamennostrovsky theatre best product of S. Shustov and "outstanding work of the era."  The historian and art critic Lukomsky urged to make every effort and to save the theatre from imminent death.  .

1.3 Major repairs and restoration by architect E. Katonin (1933)

In the first decade after the October Revolution, the theater building on Stone Island has continued to deteriorate. Stone Island has lost its original appearance. Most of the mansions and villas were destroyed, and the fate of the theatre could have ended tragically.  By 1928, when many sites were destroyed, the Kamennoostrovsky Theatre managed to survive thanks to the fact that next to Central Park of Culture and Leisure, and it was decided to use the building for the theater attractions. In addition, it began action to save a unique monument of architecture after Professor Ivanov (1932) gave an opinion on the restoration of the theatre. In the same year it was started another reconstruction of the theater under the direction of architect  Katonin. This reconstruction significantly changed the interior of the theater, much has been lost. Now it is used and under the cinema, and for special occasions. During the Great Patriotic War the theater building remained almost untouched.

1.4 Major repairs and restoration by architect Benois (1964 – 1968)

Making the building the status of architectural monument of federal importance (Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Russian Federation № 1327 from 08.30.60) has accelerated the solution, after which the government has allocated funds for its renovation and restoration carried out by the Special Scientific Restoration Workshops of the Leningrad Executive Committee. The author of the restoration project was approved by the architect Benois. The restoration project has involved the preservation of the facades in the form existed, but with carrying out the restoration repairs in order to adapt it for the youth lounge.

As a result of the restoration (completed in 1967) it was lost sloping floor of the stalls, reduce the amount of the former stage, stalls and much Baignoire altered, and so on.

Inviolability of the left 4th floor was designed for utility rooms.

Since 1967, the remodeled building has got the balance of the Leningrad television studio for a long time it housed "Television Theatre of Leningrad television studio", which caused serious damage to the monument of architecture.

1999, 2002 - Beyond repeatedly minor measures were held to eliminate defects and cosmetic repairs facades. Then there was a ballroom dancing club.

1.5 Restoration and adaptation for modern use of the theatre (2007-2010)

In 2005, Vladimir Putin has donated Kamennoostrovsky Theatre to Bolshoi Drama Theater in honor of the 80th anniversary of its artistic director Kirill Lavrov. In 2007, KGIOP St. Petersburg Government organized the work on the design, reconstruction and restoration of the theatre. The idea of the restoration of the theatre without disassembling the re-establishment of historical interiors and the device underground floor surrounding the theatre belonged to the head KGIOP Dementieva and architect Burygin.

Restoration of the project was designed by architect VS Rakhmanov (SRI "Spetsproektrestavratsiya"), who managed at the same time solve the problem of conversion of the summer theatre in use year-round. Each element of a wooden building carefully was restored, impregnating composition, increases the resistance to fire and biological damage. They persisted even historical forged nails that fastened to the outer skin bearing walls. As a result, in the process of restoration of the building in 2007-2010 restoration experts of "paint the town" gradually examined the outer and inner lining, log construction walls and floors of the total volume of up to 3,000 sq/m. With the restoration of structures traditional carpentry techniques were used ("Dutch tooth", "protracted Dutch castle", "dovetail" and so forth.) along with the most modern methods. Facades were aligned and insulated, insulated roof.

Restorers of company "Intarsia" completed the restoration and adaptation of the monument.

1.6 The owners of the building

1. 1827-1917 - Nicholas II and members of the imperial family.

2. 1917 - The building of the theater was nationalized.

3. 20. 03. 1935 - the decision of the Central Executive Committee of the RSFSR the building was placed under state protection.

4. 1941-1945 - theatre building was in charge of the hospital number 107 air defense.

5. 1960 - Giving the status of the building of the monument of architecture of federal significance (RSFSR Council of Ministers Decree № 1327 of 08.30.60.).

6. 1967 - remodeled building has been got the balance of the Leningrad television studio. For a long time it housed the Leningrad Television Theater TV studio.

7. 1999-2000 - the club of sports ball dance.

8. 2005 - Putin donated Kamennoostrovsky Theatre Bolshoi Drama Theater in honor of the 80th anniversary of its artistic director Kirill Lavrov

2.      The adaptation of the historic theater building for modern use

The adaptation of the historic theatre building for modern use was made possible by the extensive underground volume, the area which is four times higher than the area occupied by the wooden building. It housed the machinery of theatre, dock, technical rooms and the lobby, a cafe and a wardrobe for the audience. For the device of underground space under the general designer of the theater institute "Georeconstruction" headed by Shashkin, has offered its technology innovation for the delta of the Neva River, where the water table is near the surface, and the weak clay spread to a depth of 20-30 m.  As a result, under the building there was a lengthy underground volume on pile foundations, walls, columns, bottom and slabs of reinforced concrete, reliably protected against the ingress of water.  Translating into reality the project of the underground space has implemented builders' “Geoizol”.

Another innovative solution of "Georeconstruction" mechanization allowed for outdoor scenes, lighting equipment and other metal structures on independent, self-supporting foundations. It has kept intact the historical construction of the theater, and allowed for the possibility of equipping the stage with modern equipment. The unique theatre technology was developed and implemented by "TDM".

After the reconstructions of the XX century none authentic decorations remained in most of the interiors, not preserved double-height volume of the hall on the second floor and the structure Baignoire. It was based on drawings by A. Kavos 1844 incorporated design features architectural details typical of the middle of the XIX century.

At the core colour palette of the hall, as well as the rest of the interiors of the theater, created by the architect Burygin, it was the idea of ​​recreating the original colours of pearl-grey tones, described by contemporaries as "the colour of the white nights." On the other hand, the use of swags lodges curtain scenes, finishing boards tiers of seats and upholstery fabrics sky-blue tones were due to the fact that the blue - the traditional colour of the Bolshoi Drama Theater. The work was carried out over the curtain on the sketches of Kochergin - the chief artist ABDT (Tovstonogov)

Conclusions

As we found out the theater building would be preserved to the present day thanks to the surprising course of events:

-Theatre has always had decent owners and regularly subjected to reconstruction and restoration. They were not all equal but the wooden structure was allowed to exist in our climate.

 - In the Soviet era, the destruction of the theatre was probably more than once. It managed to survive thanks to the fact that next to Central Park of Culture and Leisure, and it was decided to use the building for the theater attractions. In addition, it began action to save a unique monument of architecture.

- During the Great Patriotic War the theater building remained almost untouched.

- In 2007, KGIOP St Petersburg Government organized the work on the design, reconstruction and restoration of the theatre.  It has kept intact the historical construction of the theater, and allowed for the possibility of equipping the stage with modern equipment.

Resources

1.      ↑ Дементьева В. А., Шашкин А. Г., Рахманов В. С., Бурыгин В. Л. Каменноостровский театр. Синтез достижений реставрации и геотехники. СП.: Издательство Института «Геореконструкция». 2014. С. 27—28

2.      ↑ Витязева, В. А. Каменный остров. Историко-архитектурный очерк XVIII— XXI вв. М.: Издательство Центрполиграф, 2010. С. 194—195.

3.      ↑ Крашенинников А. Ф. Выдающийся памятник деревянной архитектуры классицизма// История СССР. 1972. № 4. С. 218.

4.      ↑ Дементьева В. А., Рахманов В. С., Шашкин А. Г. Возрождение Каменноостровского театра: синтез научных достижений реставрации и геотехники. СПб: Стройиздат «Северо-Запад», ПИ «Геореконструкция», 2012

5.      ↑ Traite de la сonstruction des Theatres ouvrage contecnet toutes les observations pratiques sur cette partie de l`architecture par Albert Cavos. Paris. 1847

6.     ↑ Курбатов В. Я. Петербург. Художественно-исторический очерк и обзор художественного богатства столицы. 1913. С. 2013.

7.     ↑ Лукомский Г. К. Старинные театры Петербурга. //Столица и усадьбы. 1914. № 14-15.