PROJECT
of ENGLISH LANGUAGE
Made by: Anastasiia
Gepolova and Daria Bogomazova. 7V class
Modernism — the direction in art of the end of
XIX — the beginnings of the XX century, characterized by a gap with the
previous historical experience of art creativity, aspiration to approve the
new, nonconventional beginnings in art, continuous updating of art forms, and
also convention (a schematization, an abstractness) of style.
In literature the modernism succeeded the
classical novel. Instead of the biography began to offer the reader literary
interpretations of various philosophical, psychological and historical
concepts, characterized deep penetration into an inner world of heroes.
Friedrich Nietzsche, Henri Bergson, William
James, and others were the philosophers who affected writers of modernists. The
modernism did away with old style in the first three decades of the 20th eyelid
and considerably reconsidered possible literary forms.
Joseph Conrad (Józef Theodor Conrad Kozhenyovsky's pseudonym) —
the English writer. The Pole by origin, he gained recognition as the classic of
English literature.
Iosif Korzhenevsky was born in the village of Terekhovo in a
family of the Polish nobleman, poet Apollon Corgenevsqui. In 1861 Apollon
Corgenevsqui was banished to Vologda for participation in the Polish liberation
movement. His wife, Evelina Korzhenevskaya (Bobrovskaya), went with the
four-year-old son after the husband.
After moving the same year Iosif's mother died of a consumption.
The father with the son moved at first to Lviv, then to Krakow where in 1869
Apollon Corgenevsqui died, having left 11-year-old Iosif the orphan. The boy
was accepted in Faddei Bobrovsky's family, uncles from a mother's side.
At the beginning of the 1880th years Conrad got over to England.
In different courts he was the sailor, the second assistant, in 1884 passed
examination for a rank of the first assistant, and in 1886 received the
certificate of the captain. The same year I obtained the British citizenship,
having officially changed a name on Joseph Conrad, and I wrote the first story
"Black Navigator".
In January, 1894 Conrad returned to London,
having decided to finish sea service. The literary debut of Conrad took place
in 1895 when the novel "Olmeyer's Whim" was published. It was
followed by novels "Exile" (1896), "The Black from
"Narcissus"" (1897), "Lord Jim" (1900), the story
"Heart of Darkness" (1902), the novel "Nostromo" (1904) and
other works. Under the influence of Dostoyevsky "The secret agent",
"The secret accomplice" (1907) and "West Eyes" wrote some
political novels, among them (1911).
Conrad's popularity grew. In 1914 by the
invitation of the Polish writer Józef Retinger he arrived to Poland, from where
it was necessary to get out hardly after the beginning of World War I. Being
going to write the novel about Napoleone "Expectation", in 1921
Conrad visited Corsica, and in 1923 visited the USA. In 1924 Conrad refused the
knightly rank offered him.
Conrad was married to Jesse George, they gave
birth to sons Boris and John. All life Conrad continued the friendship with
Galsworthy which began onboard "Torrance". Besides, he entered into
the friendly relations with the critic Edward Garnet, writers Ford Medoks Ford,
Henry James, Herbert Wells, the philosopher Bertrán Russell.
Joseph Conrad died on August 3, 1924 of heart
attack in the house in Bishopsborna. The novel "Expectation" remained
incomplete.
Thomas Stearns Eliot — the American-English poet,
playwrights the literary critic, the representative of a modernism in poetry.
I was born in a rich family. His grandfather was
the priest who constructed church and founded university college. The father
was the president of the industrial company, mother was fond of literary
activity. Since early years I showed uncommon abilities, in 14 years under the
influence of Omar Khayyam's poetry I started writing verses. In 1906 after the
termination of private school I entered the Harvard university which ended in
three years instead of four. A year more worked as the assistant at university.
I started publishing the verses in the Harvard Lawyer magazine in which began
to work as the editor.
Being the poet avant-gardist, I treated the
modern world rebellious. Crisis of spirit became the central theme of his
creativity. Ideas popular at that time about loss by the person of data had
noticeable impact to it on Eliot's formation by God of cultural wealth and a
self-devastation as a fight consequence for a survival and pursuits of material
values.
Eliot was also prominent critic. Its articles were
published in various periodicals. In 1920 there was a collection of its
esthetic works "The sacred wood". Eliot reminded contemporaries of
half-forgotten John Donne and about other "metaphysical poets" among
whom he especially highly appreciated Andrew Marvell of Webster's idzhon. Eliot
generally rejected poetry of classicism and romanticism as embodying
"dissociation of sensibility", that is a divergence of mind and
feeling. Eliot sharply opposed reason and feelings, considering that the poetry
shouldn't address to them directly.
I died in London at the age of 76 years and it is
buried in Westminster abbey.
Virginia Vulf — the British writer, the literary critic. Leading
figure of modernist literature of the first half of the XX century.
Virginia Vulf was born in London in a family of the famous
literary critic sir Lesley Stephen and Julia Dakuort. Virginia was Lesley and
Julia's third child. When Virginia was 13 years old, her mother died, and it
became the reason of the first nervous breakdown of the writer.
Vulf got an education of the house, her parents became her
teachers. After death of mother elder sister Stella, but soon was engaged in
affairs in the house and she dies. Virginia after her death has one more
nervous breakdown. But at this time she nevertheless finds forces to study,
studying Greek, Latin, German and history in college for girls in London. At
this time elder sister, Vanessa does household chores. At the father during
this period character is corrupted and he becomes the house despot. In 1904 the
father of Virginia died, and it provoked still a bigger attack. After death of
the father the family got over in Blumsberi where their house is visited by
many famous young people. Since 1909 Virginia starts publishing the critiques
in magazines, continuing business of the father. There is a work on the first
novel.
In 1912 she marries Leonard Vulf, the writer, the
journalist. Marriage became the union of the people respecting each other. In
1917 spouses found Hogarth Press publishing house (English), all works of the
writer from where were published. Virginia itself gathered, edited texts. The
publishing house which first wasn't making profit became a reliable source of
the income of a family Vulf. Leonard created ideal conditions for work to both
of them, it in every possible way supported Virginia.
Headaches, voices, visions didn't leave Virginia,
it tried to kill herself several times. The writer was very exacting to herself
and to the works, copied novels of ten times. She stopped keeping the diary
only during diseases, diaries appeared the separate edition in 4 volumes, also
there were 5 volumes of letters of Virginia which she wrote friends, the
sister, Leonard and Vitya Sekvill-Uest, her girlfriend with whom they got acquainted
in 1922. Love from Virginia together with the offense caused by Vita's treason
became a basis of the novel "Orlando" in which the main character
turns into the woman.
On March 28, 1941 I put
on a coat, I filled pockets with stones and it was drowned in the river Ouz,
near their house in Sussex. The body was found by children in two weeks after
the tragedy, on April 18, 1941. The husband of the writer buried her the cremated
remains under an elm in a house garden in Sussex.
Romana Virginia were
published not only in England, but also in America, are translated into 50
languages, including the translations of such writers, as Jorge Luís Borges and
Margarit Yursenar. She is considered one of the best novelists of the XX
century and the advanced modernist writer. Vulf consider the main innovator of
English. In the works she experimented a stream of consciousness and allocated
not only a psychological, but also emotional component in behavior of the main
characters. Its popularity decreased after World War II, but interest in its
works returned after feminist movements in the 1970th. Its novels carry a big
share of experimentalism: the narration often doesn't take an accurate plot and
place of events.
Sir Clive Steyplz — the
English and Irish writer, the scientist and the theologian. It is known for the
works on medieval literature and Christian apologetics, and also works of art
in zhanrefentez. One of prominent representatives of the Oxford literary group
"Inklingov".
I was born on November
29, 1898 in Belfast, in Northern Ireland, in a family of the solicitor, but I
lived the most part of life in England. Lewis's grandfather arrived to Ireland
in the middle of the XIX century from Wales.
I got an initial
education at home, then in 1908 I was admitted to school in Watford. After
closing of school it was trained in several colleges, at this particular time I
lost belief in God.
After leaving school in
1917 comes to Yuniversiti-college of Oxford, but soon gives up occupations and
it is called up for the British military service by the junior officer. After
wound in World War I in 1918 will get demobilize and comes back to university
where finishes training.
In 1919 under a pseudonym Clive Hamilton publishes the collection
of verses "Oppressed spirit"
From 1933 to 1949 round Lewis the circle of friends which became a
basis of literary and debatable group "Inklingi" which participants
were John Ronald Reuel Tolkien, Warren Lewis, Hugo Dayson, Charles Williams,
doctor Robert Havard, Owen Barfild, Uevill Kogkhill, etc. gathers.
In 1950 — 1956 the cycle "Chronicles of Narnia" which
brought to Lewis an international recognition is published. For the book
"Last Fight" from this series Lewis got Carnegie's award
In 1954 moves to Cambridge where teaches English and literature in
college of Magdalena, and in 1955 becomes the member of the British academy.
In 1963 Clive Lewis stops teaching activity because of heart
troubles and an illness of kidneys.
I died on November 22 the same year, without having lived week up
to the 65 anniversary. To death it remained at the position in Cambridge and
was elected the honorary member of college of Magdalena. Kuerri, Oxford is
buried in the yard of Holy Trinity Church to Hedington.
Joanne
Rowling — the British writer, the most known as the author of a series of
novels about Harry Potter. Books about Potter received some awards and were
sold in number of more than 400 million copies. They became the most sold
series of books in the history and a basis for the series of movies which
became the most cash series of movies in the history [5]. Rowling herself
approved scenarios of movies and completely controlled creative process, being
the producer of the last part.
Rowling
worked as the research associate and the secretary and translator of "The
international amnesty" when during a trip by train from Manchester to
London in 1990 it had an idea of the novel about Harry Potter. In the next
seven years mother Rowling died, she got divorced from the first husband and
lived in poverty, didn't publish the first novel in a series, "Harry
Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone" (1997) yet. Subsequently she wrote 6
sequels — the last was "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows" (2007)
— and also 3 additions to this series. After that Rowling left the agency and
started writing for adult readers, having published the tragicomedy
"Casual Vacancy" (2012) and — under the pseudonym "Robert
Gelbreyt" — criminal novels "Call of the Cuckoo" (2013) and
"Silkworm" (2014).
In
five years Rowling passed a way from life on a social benefit to the status of
the multimillionaire. It the most on sale author in Great Britain, with sales
volume more than 238 million pounds sterling. In 2008 Sunday Times Rich List
estimated Rowling's fortune in 560 million pounds, having put her on the 12th
place in the list of the richest women of Great Britain. Forbes in 2007
estimated Rowling as a celebrity, the 48th on a consequence, and the Time
magazine in 2007 made for it the second room in the nomination "Person of
Year", having noted social, moral and political inspiration which it gave
to the admirers. In October, 2010 Rowling was called editors of the leading
magazines "the most influential woman in Britain".
В это же время он начал писать цикл мифов и легенд Средиземья (англ. Middle-Earth), который позже
станет «Сильмариллионом». В
его семье было четверо детей, для них он впервые сочинил, рассказал, а потом
записал «Хоббита», который был позже опубликован в 1937 году сэром Стэнли Ануином. «Хоббит»
пользовался успехом, и Ануин предложил Толкину написать продолжение; однако
работа над трилогией заняла длительное время и книга была закончена только в 1954 году, когда Толкин уже собирался на
пенсию.
John Ronald Reuel Tolkien — the English writer, the poet, the
philologist, professor of the Oxford university. It is most known as the author
of classical works of "a high fantasy": "Hobbit, or There and
back", "Lord of the Rings" and "Silmarillion".
John Ronald Reuel Tolkien was born on January 3, 1892 in
Bloemfontein, the Orange Free state (the Free state, the Republic of South
Africa now). His parents, Arthur Reuel Tolkien (1857 — 1895), the managing
director of English bank, and Mabel Tolkien (nee Saffild) (1870 — 1904),
arrived to South Africa shortly before the son's birth in connection with
Artur's advance on service. On February 17, 1894 at Artur and Mabel the second son,
Hilary Arthur Reuel was born.
In Tolkien's childhood the tarantula bit. The doctor by the name
of Thornton Kuimbi cared of the sick boy, and as assume, it served as Gandalf
the Grey's prototype.
In 1914 Tolkien registered in the Case of military preparation to
delay an appeal on military service and to manage to receive a stepenbakalavr.
In 1915 Tolkien with honors graduated from the university and went to serve as
the lieutenant in a regiment of Lancashire shooters; soon John was called on
the front and participated in World War I.
John endured bloody fight on Somme where was lost two his best
friends from ChK ("tea club") then began to hate wars, got sick with
a typhus and after long-term treatment was sent home with disability. The next
years he devoted to scientific career: at first teaches at University of Leeds,
in 1922 I received a position of professor of Anglo-Saxon language and
literature at the Oxford university where became one of the youngest professors
(in 30 years) and I earned reputation of one of the best philologists in the
world soon.
The trilogy was published and made enormous success that surprised
the author and the publisher much. Anuin expected that will lose considerable
money, but the book personally very much was pleasant to him, and he very much
wanted to publish work of the friend. For convenience of the edition the book
was divided into three parts that after the publication and sale of the first
part it became clear, whether it is worth printing the others.
In 1948 Tolkien finished work on the novel "Lord of the
Rings" — nearly a decade later after the first sketch. He offered the book
to Allen & Unwin publishing house. On Tolkien's plan, along with "Lord
of the Rings" it was necessary to publish "Silmarillion", but
the publishing house didn't go to it. Then in 1950 годуТолкин offered the work to Collins publishing house, but the
employee of publishing house Milton Uoldmen (Milton Waldman) declared that the
novel "is in great need in reduction". In 1952 Tolkien again wrote to
Allen & Unwin: "I with pleasure will consider possibility of the
publication of any part of the text". The publishing house agreed to
publish the novel entirely, without reductions.
In the early sixties "Lord of the Rings" was released in
the USA with the permission of Tolkien by Ballantine Books publishing house and
made the stunning commercial success. The novel got on a fertile field: the
youth of the 1960th which is carried away by the movement "hippie"
and ideas of the world and freedom saw an embodiment of many dreams in the
book. In the mid-sixties "Lord of the Rings" endures real
"boom". The author recognized that the success flatters him, but over
time was tired of popularity. It even had to change phone number because
admirers bothered it with calls.
Agatha Mary Clarissa Mallouen better known by
last name the first husband as Agatha Christie — the English writer.
Agatha Miller was born on September 15, 1890 in
the city of Torquay, the Counties of Devon.
Her parents were wealthy immigrants from the
United States. She was the younger daughter in a family Millerov. In a family
Millerov was two more children: Margaret Freri (1879 — 1950) and son Luís
Montan of "Monti" (1880 — 1929). Agate I got a good house education,
in particular, musical, and only the fear of a scene prevented it to become the
musician.
During World War I Agata worked as the nurse in
hospital; it liked this profession and she spoke of it, as of "one of the
most useful professions in which the person can be engaged". It also
worked as the druggist in a drugstore that postponed a print for her creativity
subsequently: 83 crimes in its works were committed by means of poisoning.
In the interview of the British TV company in
1955 Agatha Christie told that spent evenings behind knitting in the company of
friends or a family, and at this time in the head of it there was a work on
considering of the new subject line, by the time of when she sat down to write
the novel, the plot was ready from beginning to end. By its own recognition,
the idea of the new novel could come anywhere. Ideas were brought in the
special notebook full of various marks about poisons, newspaper notes about
crimes. The same happened and to characters. One of the characters created by
Agatha had really living prototype — the Major Ernst Belcher (English Major
Ernest Belcher) who was the chief of the first husband of Agatha Christie,
Archibald Christie in due time. It became Pedler's prototype in romane1924
years "The person in a brown suit" about the colonel Reys.
Agatha Christie wasn't afraid to mention a
social perspective in the works. For example, at least in two novels of
Christie ("Five pigs" and "Test innocence") described cases
of the miscarriages of justice connected with the death penalty. In general in
many books of Christie various negative sides of English justice of that time
are described.
The writer never made a subject of the novels
of a crime of sexual character. Unlike today's detectives, in its works
practically there are no violence scenes, pools of blood and roughness.
The best work Agatha Christie considered the
novel "Ten Little Niggers".
Realism — the direction in literature and art setting
as the purpose truthful reproduction of reality in its typical lines.
This terminology borrowed from philosophy brings
sometimes in an assessment of a work of art the moments extra esthetic: realism
absolutely incorrectly reproach with absence of moral idealism.
These are usual lines of the settled school whatever
it was. Nearly each school expresses claims on the new word in the field of
truthful reproduction of life — and everyone on the is right, and everyone is
denied and replaced by the subsequent for the same principle of the truth. It
is especially characteristic is shown in the history of development of the
French literature which reflects a number of gains of true realism. The
aspiration to the art truth was the cornerstone of the same movements which,
having fossilated in tradition and a canon, became later symbols of unreal art.
George
Orwell — the British writer and the publicist. It is most known as the author
of the cult anti-utopian novel "1984" and story "Farmyard".
I entered the term cold war which received further the broad use into political
language.
Eric
Arthur Blair was born on June 25, 1903 in Motikhari (India) in a family of the
employee of Opium department of the British colonial administration of India.
It was trained at St. Kiprian's school, in 1917 I got a nominal grant and till
1921 Eaton Kolledzh visited. From 1922 to 1927 I served in colonial police in
Burma, then long I lived in Great Britain and Europe, living casual earnings,
then I started writing art prose and journalism. Already it arrived to Paris
with firm intention to become the writer. Since 1935 it was published under the
pseudonym "George Orwell".
In 1936
I married, and in six months together with the wife I went to the Aragonsky
front of civil war in Spain. Battling in the ranks of the militia created by
POUM party I faced manifestations of fractional fight in the environment of the
left. I spent nearly half a year in the war, it wasn't wounded in a throat by
the fascist sniper in Uesk yet.
During
civil war in Spain was at war on the party of republicans in the ranks of parts
of POUM. About these events he wrote the documentary story "Memories of
Catalonia" and a sketch "Remembering war in Spain" (1943, it is
completely published in 1953).
(1945)
showed regeneration of the revolutionary principles and programs in the story
"Farmyard": "Farmyard" — a parable, allegory on revolution
of 1917 and the subsequent events in Russia.
The
novel anti-Utopia "1984" (1949) became ideological continuation of
"Farmyard" in which Orwell represented possible future world society
as the totalitarian hierarchical system based on sophisticated physical and
spiritual enslavement, penetrated by general fear, hatred and informing.
During
World War II kept the anti-fascist program on the BBC.
I died
in London of tuberculosis on January 21, 1950.
Aldous Leonard Huxley — the English writer. Author of the known
novel anti-Utopia "Brave New World".
Both on fatherly, and on maternal I belonged to Huxley's lines to
the British cultural elite which gave a number of outstanding scientists,
writers, artists. His father — the writer Leonard Huxley, the grandfather on
the fatherly line — the biologist Thomas Henry Huxley; on the maternal line of
Huxley it is necessary the great-grandson to the historian and the teacher
Thomas Arnold and the grandnephew to the writer Mathew Arnold. The brother
Huxley Julian and the half brother Andrew were the well-known biologists.
Huxley's mother died when Aldous was thirteen years old. Three
years later he got sick with an eye inflammation, and subsequently his sight
considerably worsened. In this regard it was exempted from military service
during World War I. Own experience of correction of sight later it described in
the brochure "Art to see".
The first novel which wasn't published, Huxley wrote at the age of
seventeen years. He studied literature in Balliolsky college in Oxford. In
twenty years Huxley decides to choose literary activity as a profession.
In its novels it is about humanity loss by society in the course
of technological progress (the anti-Utopia "Brave New World", is
still the book "Return to the Wonderful New World" written in twenty
seven years after the first, in it Huxley describes a state opposite to the
first book and develops thought that actually everything will be much worse and
more terrible, than in the first). Also he touched upon pacifistic subjects.
The saved-up knowledge are looked through in its subsequent works:
"Eternal philosophy", it is the most accurate in "In many years,
and also in the work Time must have a stop.
In 1953 he agrees to participation in the experiment made by
Humphrey Osmond. Research of influence of a mescaline on human consciousness
was the purpose of this experiment.
Subsequently in correspondence with Osmond the word
"psychedelia" for the description of influence of a mescaline was
used for the first time.
Essays "Perception Doors" and "Paradise and
Hell" describe supervision and the course of experiment which up to the
death the author repeated about ten times. I became "A perception
door" the cult text for many radical intellectuals of the 1960th years and
I gave the name to the well-known rock group of The Doors.
The effect from effect of psychotropic substances
affects not only his creativity. So, in the last novel "Island" it
described a utopia which was opposite its anti-Utopias "Brave New
World".
Huxley died in 1963 in Los Angeles of throat
cancer. Before death he asked to make to him an intramuscular injection of an
acid — 100 mkg. Despite cautions of doctors, the wife satisfied its request
that allowed it to die quietly, having avoided spasms and asthma. In it she
admitted interview which gave in 1986 to the British TV company of the BBC
within the documentary project. Shortly before his death in the fire in own
house of Huxley almost all his manuscripts burned down.
Sir William Gerald Golding — the English writer,
the Nobel Prize laureate on literature of 1983. For almost forty years'
literary career Golding published 12 novels; the world popularity to it was
provided by the first of them, "Lord of the Flies" who is considered
by one of outstanding works of the world literature of the XX century.
William Gerald Golding was born on September 19,
1911 in the village Saint-Kolamb Maynor (County of Cornwall) in Alec Golding's
family, the school teacher and the author of several textbooks. About the preschool
childhood William kept a few memoirs: acquaintances and it had no friends, the
circle of contacts was limited to family members and the nurse Lily.
In 1930, having paid special attention to Latin,
William Golding came to Breyznouz-college of the Oxford university where,
following will of parents, decided to go in for natural sciences. It needed two
years to understand an inaccuracy of a choice and in 1932, having changed the
program of training, to concentrate on studying of English and literature. Thus
Golding not only kept, but also developed in himself interest in antiquity; in
particular to history of primitive communities. This interest caused an
ideological basis of its first serious works. In June, 1934 he left college
with the diploma of the second degree.
Being the student of Oxford, Golding started
writing verses; first this hobby served as some kind of psychological
counterbalance of need to plunge into the exact sciences. However poems of the
23-year-old poet began to be considered by critics as quite "mature and
original subsequently"; besides, it was noted that they brightly
characterize a range of interests of the author the central place in which take
the subject of society and the critic of rationalism.
Having demobilized in September, 1945, William Golding returned to
teaching at Uordsvort's school to Salisbury; in the same days he started
serious studying of Ancient Greek literature. Then Golding returned to pre-war
hobby: literary activity; first — to writing of reviews and articles for
magazines. Any of four early novels of the writer wasn't published, all
manuscripts were lost subsequently. Later Golding said that these attempts were
in advance doomed to a failure because in them he tried to satisfy requirements
— not own, but publishing. From the writer who passed war waited for something,
based on military experience — memoirs or the novel.
In 1952 Golding got to work on the novel entitled "The
strangers who were from within"; in January of the next year I began to
dispatch manuscripts to publishers, over and over again being refused. In 1953
the novel within seven months was read and rejected by publishers; the reviewer
of Faber & Faber considered work "absurd, uninteresting, empty and
boring". In total twenty one publishers returned the manuscript to the
author. And then Charles Monteyt), in the recent past — the lawyer accepted by
publishing house to the editor's position a month before it almost in a literal
sense took out the novel from a recycle bin. He also persuaded Faber &
Faber to buy work — for the ridiculous sum of 60 pounds sterling.
Golding all the life considered the most well-known novel
"boring and crude", and its language — "scholastic"
(English O-level stuff). To that fact that "Lord of the Flies" is
considered modern classics, he belonged not too seriously, and the money earned
on it considered as something, equivalent to "a prize in Monopoly".
The writer sincerely didn't understand how could leave this novel in a shadow
its stronger books: "Successors", "Spike" and "Pincher
Martin". At the end of life Golding couldn't force even to re-read the
manuscript in its initial, unedited option, being afraid that will be upset to
such an extent, "that something will be able to create with itself
awful".
In 1983 William Golding was awarded the Nobel Prize on literature
— "for novels which with clarity of realistic narrative art in combination
with variety and universality of the myth help to comprehend living conditions
of the person in the modern world".
William Golding suddenly died from an extensive heart attack at
home in Perranauortole on June 19, 1993. He was buried on a church cemetery in
Bauerchoke, and memorial service was served in a solsberiysky cathedral under
that spike which inspired the writer on one of his most known works.
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