Творческая
разработка
«Стратегия
и тактика подготовки к ЕГЭ. Словообразование»
Введение
Единый
государственный экзамен по английскому языку стал причиной волнений, тревог и
споров для тысяч учащихся по всей России, их родителей и учителей. Существует
мнение, что «на ЕГЭ по английскому языку можно натаскать». К сожалению, это не
так. ЕГЭ по английскому языку проверяет языковые компетенции учащихся,
основанные на реальных знаниях, навыках и умениях. Наиболее
правильной стратегией при подготовке к этому экзамену будет постепенное и
планомерное изучение английского языка с параллельным знакомством с форматом
ЕГЭ. Проще говоря, чем раньше начать серьёзно заниматься английским языком и
развивать все свои языковые навыки (чтение, письменную и устную речь,
восприятие на слух), тем будет легче сдать ЕГЭ по английскому языку и получить
желаемый результат. Важной задачей является разработка стратегии и тактики
подготовки учащихся к ЕГЭ. Стратегия – это общий план, задачи на
перспективу. Тактика – способы и методы выполнения этого плана и задач.
Рассмотрим
стратегии подготовки к выполнению раздела «Грамматика и лексика». В раздел
включены три составных тестовых задания:
Ø проверяющие
грамматические навыки задания базового уровня (B4-B10), состоящие из 7
вопросов;
Ø проверяющие
словообразовательные навыки задания повышенного уровня (B11-B16), состоящие из
6 вопросов;
Ø проверяющие
лексические навыки задания высокого уровня (A22-A28), включающие 7 вопросов.
К
каждому уровню следуют подходить индивидуально, придерживаясь определенных
стратегий выполнения заданий.
Для
подготовки к лексико-грамматической части ЕГЭ необходимо «прорешать» не один
учебник английской грамматики и сборник упражнений.
Рекомендаций
по выполнению данных заданий. Рассмотрим задания на
словообразование.
В
заданиях B11 – B16 повышенного уровня предлагается связный
отрывок из художественного или публицистического текста с пропусками. Напротив
каждого пропуска на полях напечатано слово. В этом задании проверяется владение
способами словообразования.
Требуется
заполнить пропуски в тексте, образовав однокоренное слово от данного на полях
таким образом, чтобы оно лексически и грамматически подходило в предложение.
Необходимо помнить, что суффикс меняет часть речи, а приставка –
значение слова. Главное понять, какая часть речи подойдет (существительное,
глагол, прилагательное или наречие) и вспомнить суффиксы, характерные для
данной части речи (например, для имени существительного -ment, -ness,
-ism; для глагола -ise, -ify, -en; для имени прилагательного -ful,
-ate, -ous; для наречия –ly). Иногда необходимо использовать не
только суффикс, но и приставку (чаще всего это отрицательные приставки disagree,
impossible, illegal, inexpensive,
unnecessary). Нужно бегло прочитать весть рассказ
целиком, игнорируя пропуски. Цель – понять общее содержание и ход
повествования. Внимательно читайте первое предложение с пропуском, обратив
особое внимание на то, что стоит до и после пропуска: есть ли предлоги до или
после, артикль и т.д. Это поможет определить, какую часть речи (глагол,
существительное, прилагательное или наречие требуется образовать). Вспомните
суффиксы, приставки для образования нужно слова. Для проверки правильности
выполнения задания произнесите слово про себя – не режет ли оно слух в
таком виде. Заполнив весь текст, прочитайте го полностью, удостоверившись,
что образованное слово подходит в каждом случае.
Например:
UK: Conservation and Environment
B11
|
Going for a walk is the most popular
leisure activity in Britain. Despite its high population density and
widespread ____________, the UK has many unspoilt rural and coastal areas.
|
URBAN
|
Смотрим
на предыдущее словосочетание high population density, последнее слово
здесь существительное. Словосочетания являются однородными членами, т. к.
соединены союзом and. Значит, и нужно образовать существительное.
Пробуем разные суффиксы, вспоминаем русские слова с таким же корнем –
урбанизация, т.е. urbanization.
B12
|
Twelve National Parks are freely
accessible to the public and were created to conserve the __________________
beauty, wildlife and cultural heritage they contain.
|
NATURE
|
Перед пропуском артикль, после
существительное. Нужно образовать прилагательное – natural.
B13
|
Most of the land in National Parks is
privately owned, but administered by an independent National Park Authority
which works to balance the expectations of __________________ with the need
to conserve these open spaces for future generations.
|
VISIT
|
Перед пропуском
предлог, нужно существительное -- visitor. Так как нет неопределенного
артикля a (an), нужно не забыть про окончание множественного числа –s, получаем
visitors.
B14
|
The UK also works to improve the global
environment and has taken global warming __________________ ever since
scientists discovered the hole in the ozone layer.
|
SERIOUS
|
Слово в пропуске
относится к глаголу has taken. Значит, нужна часть речи, которая
сочетается с глаголом – наречие. Добавляем суффикс -ly, получается seriously.
B15
|
In 1997, the UK subscribed to the Kyoto
Protocol binding developed countries to reduce emissions of the six main
greenhouse gases. The Protocol declares environmental _____________.
|
PROTECT
|
Перед пропуском
прилагательное (суффикс -al). Значит, нужно существительное. Перебираем
суффиксы, останавливаемся на protection.
B16
|
Nowadays British __________________ are
taking part in one of the largest international projects that is undertaken
to protect endangered species.
|
SCIENCE
|
Тренировочные
упражнения
Существует ряд тренировочных упражнений
на словообразование, позволяющие достаточно легко выполнить задания В11-В16.
Task1.
Decide on the part of speech for each of the words in bold in the following
short passage. Choose between the following grammatical categories or parts of
speech given in the table below:
Noun pronoun gerund adjective verb -
past participle verb present participle phrasal verb adverb verb.
It is exceedingly difficult ( ) to ascertain precisely ( ) what is
meant by the
word (_________ ) 'culture'. The word is commonly used to refer
to almost( )
anything connected with a person's
customary ( )
behavior when considered
( ) distinctive in form to that
( ____________ ) of a person
from another
background ( ).
The problem is that this definition begs the
question.
Is it race that determines ( ) the difference in culture? Or is
it
nationhood? Certainly, there are noticeable cultural
differences between citizens of various
( ) nations, although they may share membership ( )
of the same race. Is language perhaps the determinant
of culture? Or class?
After all, even within the same nation there are extreme ( ) differences
between the lifestyle and language of the classes that make up ( ) a
society, as well as varying attitudes towards acceptable ( )
behaviour and
manners. The problem appears to be that, on closer ( ) analysis,
each and
every one of us belongs to a unique culture, regardless of the apparent ( )
general culture into which we are categorised. It all
depends on how narrowly the word is defined for its intended purpose.
By analysing
( ) the word 'culture', anthropologists are
beginning ( ) to accept that the word is much
overworked.
Task
2. Certain suffixes indicate that
the word is a noun, an adjective, a verb or an adverb. Sort the suffixes below
into the correct boxes according to the parts of speech they indicate:
-al -ly -ment -er -ous -ise (-ize) -ish -tion -ive -ic
-ism -ist -ship -fy -ness -ate
Noun Indicators
|
Verb Indicators
|
Adjective Indicators
|
Adverb Indicators
|
Task 3. There are mistakes with
the part of speech or the form (
positive or negative) underlined words. Correct the mistakes.
1 Simon is really healthy. He smokes a packet
of cigarettes every day and he never does any exercise.
2
It's
very difficult to get a job without
experienced and if you've just left school you probably don`t
have any.
3
He
had the very good fortunate
to meet someone who warned him about the current as he was going into the
water.
4
He
was able to finish the
match because of an ankle injury.
5
My
flatmate and I had a serious
understanding about the housework and didn't speak to each other
for a couple of days.
6
Our
seats for the match were so far back that it was possible to see what was happening on the
court.
7
Her
feelings of insecure
stopped her taking part in competitive sport.
8
I
was unconscious of
someone watching me but when I looked up round, I couldn't see anybody.
9
We calculated how long it would
take us to get to the airport and we missed our plane.
Task 3. Note the meanings of the 9
prefixes given below. Make new words with given prefixes. Decide on the part of
speech for each of the words. Then work out the approximate meaning of the
words that follow before checking their meanings in a good dictionary:
over — too much CO = together en
= make
= too little il, in, im, ir, un = not
dose
under shadow
________________________________________________
privileged ____________________________________________________
habit ____________________________________
large _____________
literate
measurable________________________________
compromising
Can you think of three more words
beginning with each of the prefixes listed in the exercise above?
Task 4. Note the meanings of the 5
prefixes given in the box below. Make new words with given prefixes. Decide on
the part of speech for each of the words. Then work out the approximate meaning
of the words that follow before checking their meanings in a good dictionary:
inter = between post
= after pre
re = again fore
= before
action _____________________________________________________
planetary ____________________________________________________
historic ____________________________________________________
going
humous __________
consider _____________________________________________________
colonise
Can you think of three more words
beginning with each of the prefixes listed in the exercise above?
Task 5. Note the meanings of the 5
prefixes given in the box below. Make new words with given prefixes. Decide on
the part of speech for each of the words. Then work out the approximate meaning
of the words that follow before checking their meanings in a good dictionary:
trans = across, to the other side dis = causes the action to be reversed
anti counter
= against, in opposition to mis
= in the wrong manner
continental balance count reputable handle
understanding clockwise
_____________________________________________________________
Can you think of
three more words beginning with each of the prefixes listed in the exercise
above?
Task 6. In each sentence one word
needs the addition of a prefix to give meaning to the sentence. Identify the
words which need prefixes and add them.
1. Known as Saint Nicholas in Germany, Santa Claus was
usually accompanied by Black Peter, an elf, who punished( )_obedient
children.
2. Unemployment and costs have risen to ( ) acceptable
levels.
3. If he has his opinions on a subject, he is ( ) movable.
4. She headed back home and left her mission (
) accomplished.
5. She is a rather ( ) trustful person to
strangers.
6. It was an ( ) mistakable step of his: he had
won.
7. It was ( ) rational to react in that
manner.
8. It is ( ) legal to drive while intoxicated.
9. It was ( ) modest of them to say that.
10. He had made progress
that was previously ( ) achievable.
11. It would be ( ) accurate to say that she
has been dismissed.
12. He felt a growing ( ) satisfaction with
himself and his position.
13. It is a ( ) alcoholic drink.
14. You were ( ) attentive at the lecture,
that's why you didn't understand anything.
Task 7.
In each sentence one word needs the addition of a prefix to give meaning to the
sentence. Identify the words which need prefixes and add
them.
1. He
never phones his friends or goes out any more: he's becoming really social.
2. With
600 billion people, the country faces population.__________________
3. Don't
you think it was very responsible to leave a six-year-old alone in the house?
4. There
are too many mistakes in this essay: I'm afraid you'll have to write it.__
5. He
added a script to his letter to say that he received her check.___________
6. I think
I have done the steaks: they're very tough.__________________ -
7. Drugs
are legal in almost every country on earth.______________________
Task 8. In
each sentence the word in capital letters needs the addition of a prefix to
give meaning to the sentence.
I have
decided to write my 1______ - BIOGRAPHY! Now, you may think at 25 that I am 25
that I am too 2________________ - MATURE to embark upon such an
ambitious
project but I think age is completely 3_______
-RELEVANT. Anyway, I' m sure that my
literary abilities will allow me to 4 -COME that hurdle only too easy.
It will be written in a form of a 5__________ -
LOGUE in which I tell the world about some
of the 6____ -BELIEVABLY interesting
events in my life so far. I also intend to clear up some very common and totally 7__ -LOGICAL 8___ -CONSEPTIONS
about the 9_________ -NATURAL and finally
convince people that all those
9
pseudo-intellectuals at universities have
got it all wrong. Being my friend, I hope you will buy a copy or it would be
extremely 10____________ -LOYAL not to do so, after.
Task 9. Form
nouns from the given words with the help of the prefixes with the opposite
meaning.
Example: employment - unemployment
honesty ___________________
difference
fortune _____________________
understanding
dependence
importance
security ____________________
expensive
obedience ___________________
population ______________________
alcoholic
Task 10. Supply the right
adjectival forms.
1. This
arrangement isn't strictly legal.
Some people would regard it as ( ).
2. Sometimes she doesn't behave in a responsible manner. She's quite
( ).
3. Such a situation is barely imaginable. It's quite_ (
).
4. Bob's not very capable. He's ( ) of making
sound decisions.
5. This
fish hasn't been cooked
enough. It's ( ).
6. This
scheme isn't very practical.
In fact, it's quite ( )_ .
This
dates from before the war.
It '( ).
Task 11. Form adjectives from the
given ones with the help of the prefixes and point out the changes in meaning.
Appointing,
conscious, available, informed, accurate, believable, measurable
,
acceptable, legal,
able, complete, married, rearable, successful , calculation,
measurable , expensive.
Task 12.
Complete this chart using the prefixes in the box to make the opposites of the
adjective and verbs given.
in- im- un- mis- dis-
Adjective/Verb
|
Opposite
|
active
|
1
|
secure
|
2
|
capable
|
3
|
experienced
|
4
|
possible
|
5
|
fortunate
|
6
|
conscious
|
7
|
healthy
|
8
|
understand
|
9
|
calculate
|
10
|
approve
|
11
|
obey
|
12
|
|
Заключение
Данные
рекомендации и ряд тренировочных упражнений помогут учащимся подготовиться к
правильному выполнению заданий на словообразование в формате ЕГЭ.
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