УПРАВЛЕНИЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ АДМИНИСТРАЦИИ
Г.О. ЭЛЕКТРОСТАЛЬ МОСКОВСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ
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Региональная научно-практическая конференция учащихся и педагогов
образовательных
учреждений Московской области «Наука для всех»
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ЧУДЕСА СОВРЕМЕННОЙ АРХИТЕКТУРЫ ВЕЛИКОБРИТАНИИ
WONDERS OF MODERN ARCHITECTURE
IN BRITAIN
Образовательное учреждение:
МОУ «Гимназия №21»
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Муниципальное образование (город)
Электросталь
Автор работы:
Лаврикова Софья Олеговна
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Научный руководитель:
Шадрина Мария Васильевна
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2016
Contents
1.
Introduction
____________________________________________________3
2. Scottish
Parliament _______________________________________________4
3. The Angel of the North
____________________________________________5
4. The London
Eye _________________________________________________6
5. Falkirk
Wheel ___________________________________________________7
6. Gateshead
Millennium Bridge ______________________________________8
7. Thames
Barrier __________________________________________________9
8.
The Channel
Tunnel _____________________________________________10
9.
Wembley Stadium
_______________________________________________11
10. Value
of the objects ______________________________________________12
11. Construction
time _______________________________________________13
12. Conclusion
____________________________________________________14
13. Bibliography
___________________________________________________15
Introduction
Nowadays
architects make such interesting and beautiful projects that people cannot stop
admiring them. Some of them are very unusual, others are practical.
I
decided to found out some information about the most interesting and world
known objects of Great Britain such as Scottish Parliament Building, that is
wonderful in its form; the statue of Angel of the North with its huge size. It
is necessary to mention the most popular tourist attractions – The London Eye,
from which London is easily seen or Gateshead Millennium Bridge, which is
famous for its «blinking» movements.
There
are also some technical wonders which look like some attractions but they play
an important role in helping or protecting people. They are Falkirk Wheel,
Thames Barrier and The Channel Tunnel.
All these
architecture wonders worth watching and speaking about.
Scottish
Parliament
Scottish
Parliament is one of the most wonderful and unusual building in Scotland. It is
situated between Royal Holyrood Palace and street buildings, that is also
unusual.
Building
architecture can be called neither traditional nor rational. Enrike Miraies, an
architect, started his work on the project with drawing flowers, leaves and
hills.
The
building is very interesting. Its towers look like inverted boats, windows are
leaves shaped. Inside it there are small rooms which are called «compartment
for thought» and look like monastery cells.
It
was very difficult project and there were over 15000 changes.
It was supposed that the
cost of the project would be about 72 million dollars, but it was much exceeded
and made 776 million.
The Angel of the North
The Angel
of the North is a
contemporary sculpture, designed by Sir Antony Gormley, located near Gateshead in Tyne and Wear, England.
Completed in 1998, it is a steel sculpture of an angel, 20 meters (66 ft.) tall, with wings measuring 54 meters
(177 ft.) across. The wings do not stand straight sideways, but are angled
3.5 degrees forward; Gormley did this to create "a sense of embrace".
According to Gormley, the significance of an
angel was three-fold: first, to signify that beneath the site of its
construction, coal miners worked for two centuries; second, to grasp the
transition from an industrial to an information age, and third, to serve as a focus
for our evolving hopes and fears.
Work began on the project in 1994 and cost
£800,000.
Due to its exposed location, the sculpture was
built to withstand winds of over 100 mph (160 km/h). Thus,
foundations containing 600 tons of concrete anchor the sculpture to rock 70
feet (21 m) below. It was made in three parts—with the body weighing 100
tons and two wings weighing 50 tons each.
The London
Eye
The London
Eye is a giant Ferris wheel on the South Bank of the River Thames in London. Also known as the Millennium Wheel.
The structure is 443 feet (135 m) tall and
the wheel has a diameter of 394 feet (120 m).
The London Eye was designed by architects,
husband-and-wife team of Julia Barfield and David Marks.
The wheel was constructed in sections, which were
floated up the Thames on barges and assembled lying flat on piled platforms in
the river. Once the wheel was complete, it was lifted into an upright position.
The wheel's 32 sealed and air-conditioned oval passenger capsules are
attached to the external circumference of the wheel and rotated by electric motors.
Each of the 10-tonne capsule holds
up to 25 people, who are free to walk around inside the capsule. The wheel
rotates at 26 cm (10 in) per second so that one revolution takes
about 30 minutes.
Falkirk
Wheel
Falkirk
Wheel is the first turning rotating ship lifter built in Scotland. It is
situated in Falkirk. It is a part of the project of Scotland navigation
resumption.
This
lifter makes it possible to connect revers Fort and Clyde with Union Channel height
discontinuity between which is about 35m.
Aqueduct
can take two 20m long ships and carry them from one river into another.
It
is interesting to know that this wheel is so well balanced that it uses as much
electricity as only two electric kettles.
Falkirk Wheel
helps to develop trade and tourism. In 2004 it was visited by 450 000
people.
Gateshead
Millennium Bridge
The Gateshead Millennium Bridge is a pedestrian and cyclist tilt bridge spanning the River Tyne in England between Gateshead's Quays arts quarter on the south bank, and the Quayside of Newcastle upon Tyne on the north bank. Opened for public use in 2001,
the award-winning structure was conceived and designed by architect Wilkinson Eyre
The bridge is sometimes referred to as the
“Blinking Eye Bridge” or the
“Winking Eye Bridge” due to its
shape and its tilting method.
The bridge rotates back on large bearings to
allow small ships and boats to pass underneath. The bridge takes as little as
4.5 minutes to rotate through the full 40° from closed to open, depending on
wind speed
Its length is 126 m (413ft)
Its width is 8m (26ft)
Thames
Barrier
The Thames
Barrier is located downstream of central London. Its purpose is to protect London against a very
high flood level storm surges moving up from the North Sea. When needed, it is closed (raised) during high
tide; at low tide, it can be opened to restore the river's flow towards the
sea.
Built across a 520-metre wide stretch of the
river, the barrier divides the river into four 61-metre (200 ft.) and two
30 meter (100 ft.) navigable spans.
Total construction cost was around £534 million
with an additional £100 million for river defenses.
During the barrier's entire history up to
February 2016, there have been 176 flood defense closures. It costs £16,000 to
close the Thames Barrier on each occasion.
The barrier was originally designed to protect
London against a very high flood level up to the year 2030, after which the
protection would decrease, whilst remaining within acceptable limits. At the time of its construction, the
barrier was expected to be used 2–3 times per year. It is now being used 6–7
times per year.
The Channel
Tunnel
The Channel
Tunnel is a 50.5-kilometre
(31.4 mi) rail tunnel linking Folkston, Kent, in the United Kingdom, with
Pas-de-Calais, in northern
France, beneath the English Channel at the Strait of Dover. At its lowest point, it is 75 m (250 ft) deep. At 37.9 kilometers (23.5 mi), the
tunnel has the longest undersea portion of any tunnel in the world. The width
of the tunnel is 8m.
Working from both the English side and the French
side of the Channel, eleven tunnel-boring machines cut through chalk marl to construct two rail tunnels and a service
tunnel.
On December, 1st, 1990 an English
worker Gram Fegg shook his hand with a French worker Philip Coset through the
drilled hole in the limestone. Both the English and the French had been waiting
for this event for 7 years. 15 000 people built the tunnel.
On May, 6, 1994 the Channel Tunnel was officially
opened and Elizabeth II met the president of France Mitterrand in its center.
Wembley
Stadium
Wembley Stadium is a football stadium in London, which
opened in 2007. The stadium hosts major football matches and home matches of
the England national football team.
Wembley Stadium has 90,000
seats, it is the second-largest stadium in Europe
and the largest stadium in the United Kingdom.
It was designed by Foster and Partners, it includes a
partially retractable roof and the 134-metre-high (440 ft) Wembley Arch.
The stadium was built by Australian firm Multiplex at a cost of
£798 million.
It
is one of the most expensive stadium
ever built and has the largest roof-covered seating capacity
in the world.
The
stadium roof has an area of 40,000 m2, of which 13,722 m2
is movable. The primary reason for the sliding roof was to avoid shading the
pitch, as grass demands direct sunlight to grow effectively. The sliding roof
design minimizes the shadow by having the roof pulled back on the east, west
and south.
Value
of the objects
When
working with this information I became interested about the value of this
objects. So I made a diagram to found out what the most and the least expensive
objects are. As it turned out, the cheapest one is Angel of the North and the
most expensive is the English Channel Tunnel.
Construction
time
Besides
I found out which of this objects had the longest construction time. It was
Barrier on the river Thames. It took workers 9 years to finish it. The most
quickly built is London Eye. It was finished in 1.5 year.
Conclusion
During my work, I
found many interesting facts about these wonderful buildings and constructions.
Some of them are really unimaginable and exciting. I am sure I will continue my
work and will I find out more about other architecture wonders of Great
Britain.
Bibliography
1. Глэнси
Джонатан. Архитектура. Полная энциклопедия/ Джонатан Глэнси. – Лондон: АСТ,
2010. – 512с
2. Фролова,
Е.А. 100 самых удивительных достижений современной архитектуры/ Е.А.Фролова. –
М.:Эксмо, 2011. – 232с
Internet
resources (pictures)
liveinternet.ru
aif.ru
autotraveler.ru
mirvkartinkah.ru
excurser.ru
london21.ru
trinity-travel.ru
mostpro.ru
infoglaz.ru
lifeglobe.net
sport-arenas.ru
bolshoyvopros.ru
umeda.ru
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