HISTORY
OF EDUCATION
1. Answer
the questions:
What Russian proverbs do you know about learning
(studying)? How do the English say it? (Live and Learn)
Why do you think studying is necessary for people?
What would people’s society be like if there was no studying since ancient
times?
2. Find
in the text the following in English:
Пока, до тех пор пока; продолжать учиться;
существенный, важный, необходимый; для того чтобы; быть способным узнавать
(выяснить, обнаружить) что-либо; изобретение письменности; сохранять знания;
посещали школу; хорошее поведение; необходимый; соседствующие народы; суровые и
воинственные; пользоваться, применять оружие; военное образование; в строгой
дисциплине; охота; физкультура; гуманитарное образование; особое внимание;
оказывать влияние на европейское образование; развивать; бесплатный; сеть школ;
начальная школа; ценить красоту.
3. Look
through the text and say which paragraph tells about:
*first schools free of
charge;
*about schools in ancient
Egypt, China, India?
*quite different types of
education in neighbouring countries;
*about first schools in
the history of man;
*about education in Great
Britain;
*about the book that
influenced European education.
4. Read the text and
say answer the questions:
a) What invention made it
possible to store up knowledge which grew with each generation?
b) Who attended the first
Egyptian schools? What were they taught there?
c) What kind of education
did the Spartans give to their children? What were they taught?
d) What kind of education
did the Athenians give to their children? What did they think important to
educate – the body or the mind?
e) Where did first free
schools appear? What were children taught at primary school? Who could continue
studying at “grammar” schools?
f) How can you explain
“monitor” system in schools of Great Britain?
Text.
HISTORY
OF EDUCATION
1. As
long as we live we continue to learn, and the education we receive when we are
young helps us to continue learning. We are taught to read and write, and are
taught many of the essential facts about the world and shown how to sort them
out so that later in life, we shall be able to find out things ourselves and
not to ask other people.
The first teachers were fathers and
mothers, but very early in the history of man children began to be taught by
people other than their fathers and mothers. It is thought that schools first
started in Egypt 5,000 to 6,000 years ago, and that it was the invention of
writing which made them necessary. Reading and writing were quite different
from the skills used in everyday life, and writing made it possible to store up
knowledge which grew with each generation. Specially trained people were
therefore needed to teach it.
2. Only
the sons of nobles attended the first Egyptian schools, which taught reading,
physical education and good behavior. In ancient India the priestly caste
decided what should be taught to each of the castes, or groups, into which
people were divided.
Only the priestly caste was allowed
to learn the Hindu scriptures. In China, until the 19th century,
education was organized according to social classes, and consisted largely of
learning the scriptures by heart.
3. A
clear example of the way in which even neighbouring peoples produce different
types of education comes from ancient Greece. Sparta and Athens were two Greek
states. The Spartans, hard and warlike people, gave a purely military education
to their children. At the age of seven all boys of noble families were taken
from their homes and sent to live in schools. They were kept under a strict discipline
and were taught hunting, military scouting, swimming and the use of weapons.
The Spartans despised literature, and some people think they could not even
read.
At the very same time, also for the
nobles only, the Athenians were building what we call a liberal education – one
that helps a man to develop all sides of his nature, helps him to make and
appreciate beautiful things and helps him to find the best way of life. They
thought it important to educate the body as well as the mind, and had a programme
of physical training which consisted of running, jumping, wrestling and
throwing the discus. As time went on Athenian education paid special attention
to reading, writing and literature and these were taught by a special teacher,
known as the “grammatist”. Common people were not educated, they were trained
in craftsmanship, workmanship, trades.
Greek philosophers, or thinkers,
always discussed what education should try to do and what it should include.
Plato wrote a book called The Republic, which is one of the best books
ever written on education, and since those days Greek ideas have influenced
European education, especially secondary and university education.
4. The
Romans were very good at organizing, and they were the first people to have schools
run by the government free of charge. Throughout their great empire there was a
network of these schools which provided for three stages of education.
At six or seven all boys (and some
girls) went to the primary school, where they learned “three R’s”: reading,
writing, and arithmetic. Most children were not taught more than this, but at
12 or 13, boys of the rich families went on to the “grammar” school to study
the Greek and Latin languages and literatures, that is, what had been written
in those languages. At 16, young nobles who wanted to enter politics or the
service of their country went to the schools of rhetoric, or public speaking.
5. In
Great Britain the first teachers we read about were craftsmen. They taught
children to read, write and count, to cook and mend their own shoes. In the
early 19th century the main system of teaching was the “Monitor”
system. The teacher could manage a class of 100 or more by using older pupils or
“monitors” to help him. The schools had long desks which were sometimes
arranged in tiers so that the teacher could see every child in a large class.
To sort out
– отбирать, распределять (по сортам); nobles
– знать;
the priestly caste
– привилегированная каста духовенства;
a liberal education
– гуманитарное образование;
schools run by the government
– школы, находящиеся в ведении государства;
the
“Monitor”
system
(of teaching)
– Ланкастерская система образования, при которой старшие ученики следят за
младшими.
4. Vocabulary
practice.
Fill in the correct word from the list:
attention;
invention; education; essential; writing;
secondary
1. We
are taught to read and write and are taught many of the … facts about the
world.
2. It
was the … of writing which made schools necessary.
3. …
made it possible to store up knowledge which grew with each generation.
4. Even
neighbouring peoples of Sparta and Athens produced different types of … .
5. The
Athenian education paid special … to reading, writing and literature.
6. Plato’s
book “The Republic” has influenced European education especially … and
university education.
5. Make
word combinations with the words:
a) Continue,
essential, to store up, kept, learning by, invention of, purely military,
physical, noble, schools first, warlike
b) …learning;
…facts; …knowledge; …writing; …education; …heart; …education; …people;
…families; …under a strict discipline; …started.
6. Speaking
(language development).
Make a dialogue.
Discuss the following.
1. What invention made schools necessary in ancient
Egypt?
How did people store up knowledge which grew with
each generation?
2. What was taught at first schools in Egypt?
Could all children attend the schools?
3. What do you know about education in Sparta?
Was education in Athens the same as in Sparta?
4. Where did first schools free of charge appear?
5. Who were the first teachers in Great Britain?
What did they teach children?
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