дагестанский
государственный университет народного хозяйства
Кафедра английского языка
УЧЕБНОЕ ПОСОБИЕ
по дисциплине
«Иностранный язык»
для студентов 2курса отделения:
«Программирование в компьютерных системах», «Прикладная информатика», «Информационные системы»
 |
Махачкала – 2019
УДК 811.111
ББК 81.2 Англ
Составитель: Магомедова Карина Мурадовна, старший преподаватель кафедры английского языка Дагестанского государственного университета народного хозяйства
Внутренний рецензент: Гусейнова Диана Шихмирзаевна. к.ф.н., доцент кафедры английского языка Дагестанского государственного университета народного хозяйства.
Внешний рецензент: Муталибов Агабек Ширинбекович, к.п.н., доцент кафедры романо-германских и восточных языков и методики преподавания Дагестанского государственного педагогического Университета.
Учебное пособие разработано в соответствии с Требованиями к минимуму содержания дисциплины согласно Федеральному государственному образовательному стандарту по направлению подготовки
«Информационные системы», утвержденному приказом Министерства образования и науки Российской Федерации от 12 марта 2015г., №207.
Магомедова К.М. Учебное пособие по дисциплине. ДГУНХ, 2019. – 168с.
Печатается по решению Учебного совета Дагестанского государственного университета народного хозяйства.
СONTENT
Аннотация……………………………………………………………………..…..4
Lesson 1 Information Technology ……………………………………...….….....5
Lesson 2 What is new media?……………….……………………………….…...10
Lesson 3 Developing of Telecommunications....................................................... 16
Lesson 4 Television in Great Britain………………………………………….…20
Lesson 5 The History of computers …………………………………..….....…....26
Lesson 6 What is a computer?……………………………………………..….….35
Lesson 7 Types of computers ………………………………………………….....44
Lesson 8 The main parts of the system…………………………………………...49
Lesson 9 Type of Software……………………………………….……….….......59
Lesson 10 Computer Applications..........................................................................68
Lesson 11 Programming languages ………………..……….…….. …………….....74
Lesson 12 Operating system ……………………………………….....................82
Lesson 13 Data Processing and Data processing Systems.…………………....…91
Lesson 14 Career in Information Technology…………..……………….…….....96
Lesson 15 Internet and Modern Life…………………………..………..…106
Lesson 16 Computer Security……………………………………..…………....115
Lesson 17 Future Trends…………………………………………………………..125
Грамматический справочник…………. ……………………………..….........133
Аннотация
Данное пособие предназначено для студентов специальности «Информационные системы», и содержит теоретический материал, тексты по специальности на английском языке, задания к ним. В пособии также предусмотрены упражнения на словообразование, порядок слов в предложении, времена и формы английского глагола, активный и пассивный залог, модальные глаголы, справочный материал.
Основной целью изучения учебной дисциплины «Иностранный язык» в учреждениях среднего профессионального образования является практическое владение иностранным языком для использования его в общении при решении бытовых, учебных и социокультурных задач. Именно акцент на лексику позволит обогатить терминологический словарь и будет способствовать развитию языковых компетенций.
Цель данного методического пособия ввести студентов в область иноязычного письменного и устного общения по специальности и помочь усвоению программы.
В результате изучения данного пособия студент должен:
· знать и понимать лексику по специальности;
· переводить тексты;
· отвечать на вопросы к нему;
· выполнять задания по темам;
· знать грамматический материал.
Методическое пособие также нацелено на развитие и закрепление монологических и диалогических навыков и умений, необходимых для чтения и понимания текстов.
UNIT I
Topic: Information Technology
Grammar: The Present Simple Tense (Revision)
I. Lead in
- How have technological advances affected our life? - In your opinion, what is the greatest technological invention? Why?
II. Reading
While reading mark the information:
• I knew this fact ( + )
• I was not right about this ( – )
This information was unknown for me ( ! )
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
The definition of information technology (IT) is as follows: the use of technology to provide the capture, storage, retrieval, analysis and communication of information, which can be done either in the form of data, text, image or voice.
With the invention and exploitation of the integrated circuit or ‘chip’ since the 1960s, the growth of applications using electronics has been phenomenal. Modern electronic computers can process data, graphics and speech at extremely fast rates. The microprocessor is at the heart of what is known as the IT revolution.
Information and communications technologies are changing the way we work, study, do research, and educate our children and ourselves. They are influencing the way we do our banking, pay our bills, entertain ourselves and do business. New options (choices) are being provided for us in the field of health care, education, environmental protection, culture, and business. Computers control washing machines, cookers, televisions, telephones, home computers, cameras, video games, digital watches and many other devices.
Offices and factories now use microprocessors in the everyday life, as do cars, fax machines, aircraft fly control, railway signaling, police computer databases, etc.
The aim of the IT revolution has been to transform labour-intensive work, such as mining, agriculture, iron, steel and cotton industries, hardware manufacturing, etc., into an industry where a few highly-skilled workers manage large factories with mainly automated labour.
The influence of the Multimedia is part of the IT revolution. The change from analogue to digital television made it possible to develop special effects, such as the original full screen television image which could be shrunk (уменьшить) to occupy a small portion of the screen.
Compact discs can record complete encyclopedias, as well as provide sound and pictures.
The impact of this information revolution on our society cannot yet be fully measured or predicted at this time.
application - применение, использование, прикладная задача
to process (data) - обрабатывать (данные)
digit - цифра;
to entertain - развлекать
definition - определение
to provide - обеспечивать,
skill - навык, умение
image - образ, изображение
to invent - изобретать
to record - записывать
to measure - измерять, мерить
to predict - предсказывать
research - исследование
to require – требовать
III. Vocabulary focus
1. Find synonyms. Make sentences with the words.
Rate, choice, great, fast, impact, speed, speech, image, picture, use, exploitation, growth, sound, rapid, voice, option, influence, considerable, increase
2. Complete the sentences using the information from the text.
1. Modern electronic computers can process data, graphics and ….., .
2. Computers cannot control ……….. .
3. Offices and factories now use microprocessors in the everyday life.
4. The influence of the Multimedia is part of ………… .
5. The impact of this information revolution on our society cannot yet be fully measured……… .
3. Answer the questions on the text
1. What is Information Technology? 2. When was the integrated circuit invented? 3. What can modern electronic computers do? 4. What is the heart of the Information Technology revolution? 5. In what way (how) are information and communication technologies changing our life? 6. In what fields are information and communication technologies used nowadays? 7. What is the aim of the Information Technology revolution? 8. What was the result of the change from analogue to digital television? 9. Is it possible to record large books on compact disks?
4. Match the right and the left columns.
|
1. Modern electronic computers can.... 2. Computers control ... 3. The microprocessor is at the heart of.. 4.Compact disks can … 5. Information and communication….. 6. The influence of the Multimedia is….... |
a) record complete encyclopedias. b) Information Technology revolution. c) process data, graphics and speech d) the way we work, study, do research and educate our children e) part of the TV revolution. f) washing machines, television, telephones, cameras, technologies are changing... |
5. Group work. Role play the following situation:
1. What are the most important computers or technical skills needed in the following jobs: (1) teacher, (2) auto mechanic, (3) engineer, (4) doctor, (5) store manager, and (6) architect. Explain your reasons. 2. Suppose you are applying to work for a computer software company. What qualifications and skills would be needed in different positions within a company? What kinds of questions do you think you would be asked in a job interview for such positions?
|
|
6. Read, translate and learn by heart the following dialogue.
Dan: Hi, Rick! Do you heard about new CPU technology?
Rick:
Hi Dan! No I don't. What kind of technology is it?
Dan: It`s
a revolution in computer technologies! The scientists have made a new powerful
CPU with 12 nanometers technical process! They say this processor will be most
producible in all of the world!
Rick:
Yeah, it`s really exciting. Do you know how much heat they generate?
Dan: I
don`t know exactly, but they will generate more than 120 watt of heat.
Rick:
Oh, they must be really hot guys!
Dan: Ha-ha,
really talk, Ok, I must to go. See you soon! Bye!
Rick:
Ok, bye.
IV. WRITING
Work individually. Make a short summary of the text “Information Technology”
GRAMMAR IN USE
1.Fill in the blanks with the articles a, an, the where necessary.
... most common type of... computer is ... digital computer.... largest digital computers are ... parts of.... computer system that fill... large room. ... smallest digital computers — some so small they can рай through ... eye of... needle — are found inside ...
2. Put the sentences into the plural.
1. This phenomenon is very interesting from its origin point of view. 2. The professor asks to explain this thesis. 3. An alumnus of our University is well known in the world. 4. Is a crisis in computing possible? 5. I have not a stimulus to do this research. 6. The index of this matrix is unknown. 7. Is there any medium to enhance this development? 8. They offer a hypothesis that can’t be disproved.
3. Use the Present Simple Tense instead of the infinitives in brackets.
1. My working day (to begin) at seven o'clock. I (to get) up, (to switch) on the radio and (to do) my morning exercises. It (to take) me fifteen minutes. At half past seven we (to have) breakfast. My father and I (to leave) home at eight o’clock. He (to take) a bus to his factory. My mother (to be) a doctor, she (to leave) home at nine o’clock. In the evening we (to gather) in the living room. My sister (to get) up at eight o’clock. She (to be) a schoolgirl. She (to go) to school in the afternoon. Jane (to be) fond of sports. She (to do) her morning exercises every day. 5. For breakfast she (to have) two eggs, a sandwich and a cup of tea. 6. After breakfast she (to go) to school. 4. Make up special questions according to the model, and answer them.
Model: Technology influences all aspects of people's life.
What does technology influence?
Science provides the basis of modern technology (2). 2. Technology means the use of people's inventions and discoveries to satisfy their needs (1). 3. This scientist uses systematic methods of study (3). 4. He usually tests any theory experimentally (3). 5. He proves it to be true (1).6. They usually test the theory experimentally (2).
5.Translate the following sentences from Russian into English.
1. Наука оказывает огромное влияние на нашу жизнь.2. Она является основой современной технологии. 3. Сегодня, когда люди говорят о технологии, они имеют виду Промышленную технологию. 4. Открытия и изобретения ученых помогают нам формировать наши взгляды о себе и о нашем месте во Вселенной. 5.Ученые изучают широкий круг проблем. 6. Некоторые ученые ищут разгадку происхождения Bселенной. 7. Другие изучают строение клетки. 8. Некоторые исследуют причины нашего поведения. 9. Ученые используют систематические методы изучения проблем.
Unit II
Topic: What is new media?
Grammar: The Present Progressive Tense (Revision)
I. Lead in
- How do you get information about the world?
- What is the best way of learning about the world to your mind?
II. Reading
While reading mark the information:
• I knew this fact ( + )
• I was not right about this ( – )
• This information was unknown for me ( ! )
WHAT IS NEW MEDIA?
New media is a broad term that emerged in the later part of the 20th century to encompass the amalgamation of traditional media such as film, images, music, spoken and written word, with the interactive power of computer and communications technology, computer-enabled consumer devices, and most importantly the Internet. New media holds out a possibility of on-demand access to content anytime, anywhere, on any digital device, as well as interactive user feedback, creative participation, and community formation around the media content. What distinguishes new media from traditional media is not the digitizing of media content into bits, but the dynamic life of the “new media” content and its interactive relationship with the media consumer. This dynamic life moves, breathes, and flows with pulsing excitement in real time. Thus, a high-definition digital television broadcast of a film viewed on a digital plasma TV is still an example of traditional media, while an “analog” paper poster of a local rock band that contains a web address where fans can find information and digital music downloads is an example of new media communication. Most technologies described as “new media” are digital, often having characteristics of being manipulated, networkable, dense, compressible, interactive, and impartial. Some examples may be the Internet, websites, computer multimedia, computer games, CD-ROMS, and DVDs. New media is not television programs, feature films, magazines, books, or paper-based publications — unless they contain technologies that enable digital interactivity, such as graphic tags containing web-links. Until the 1980s media relied primarily upon print and analog broadcast models, such as those of television and radio. The last twenty-five years have seen the rapid transformation into media which are predicated upon the use of digital computers, such as the Internet and computer.
to encompass — охватывать, включать
amalgamation — объединение, слияние
on-demand — по требованию
feedback — обратная связь
to download — загружать, скачать
dense — плотный
impartial —беспристрастный, объективный
feature film — художественный фильм
rapid —
быстрый, стремительный
relу upon — полагаться на; надеяться на
III. Vocabulary focus
1. Find in the text English equivalents to the following Russian phrases.
Слияние традиционных средств информации с Интернетом; потребительские приборы, появившиеся благодаря компьютеру; предлагать возможность; доступ по требованию; а также; обратная связь пользователя; творческое участие; содержание средств информации; цифровое телевещание; художественные фильмы, цифровая интерактивность, опирались главным образом, быстрая трансформация, использовании цифровых компьютеров.
2. Read the text again and mark the sentences as true or false.
1. New media is a broad term that emerged in the later part of the 19th century. 2. New media holds out a possibility of on-demand access to content anytime, anywhere, on any digital device 3. This dynamic life moves, breathes, and flows with pulsing excitement in real time. 4. Until the 1970s media relied primarily upon print and analog broadcast models, such as those of television and radio.
3. Check your comprehension.
1. What do you understand by the term “new media”? 2. What distinguishes new media from traditional media? 3. Give examples of traditional media and new media communication. 4. What characteristics have most new media technologies got? 5. Can TV be called new media of communication and in what case? 6. What were the early media relied on? 7. What helped to transform the old media into new one? 8. How will new media change according to W. Neumann? 9. What can you say about new media versus cyber culture? 10. How is new media constantly changed?
4. Help the teacher to complete his lecture with the necessary words:
|
mark, cut, edit, copy, save, paste, delete |
Today, I’m going to tell you about a few basic computer commands, which you can use for different applications. The most typical is when users want to ____ some text or graphics, I mean to make some changes in those, you should ____ a piece of information you would like to change for a start. If you want to get rid of it you can either ____ it or just ____ it. If you want to add the same piece of text or image to another file, you should click such commands as ____ and then to a new file. Then if you are happy with the redactions you have made not to lose them you need to_____ the file under some name. Thank you for your attention! If you have further questions I will be glad to answer them all!
5. Interview your partner about his / her using the Internet. First, put the words in the questions in the correct order.
- Is / your / ISP / who / current?
- It’s …..
- You / any / have / problems / with / had / them? If so, what?
- ...
- Connection / what / of / type / have / you / do / Internet?
- …
- equirements / is / enough / it / for / fast / your?
- ……
- On average, many / do / a day / how / you /hours / online / spend?
- I usually spend …… I chat with my friends, ……
6. Make up some dialogues, using the vocabulary to the text.
IV. WRITING
Work individually. Make reports on the following topics: Information we get every day. Different ways of getting new information. The main source of information.
GRAMMAR IN USE
1. Complete the sentences with the verb to be in the correct form.
1. It ___ getting more and more complicated to protect Internet users from unreliable web sites, fraud and violence.
2. ___ he an engineer?
3. ___ you to learn the Pascal programming language at the university?
4. Computers ___rarity and curiosity several decades ago.
5. It’s a pity! I will not come to the party tonight. I ___ in my office working over the project.
6. What ___ you doing? I ___ searching the Internet for sites on digital cameras.
7. ___ it possible to open Microsoft Excel files in Word?
1. Jack and Sam are gathering pears in the garden.
2. It is getting warm.
3. We are climbing a mountain.
4. You are playing basketball now.
5. The children are washing hands in the bathroom.
6. My grandfather is reading a newspaper now.
7. My family is having supper now.
8. Angela is ironing her dress now.
9. I’m looking for my kitten now.
3. Make up the sentences in Present Progressive.
1. in the classroom / am / I / standing /now.
2. Pete / reading / not / a book / now / is.
3. listening / now / the pupils /are / to the teacher.
4. now / playing / they / are / games.
5. me / helping / now / my / not / friend / is.
6. dancing / with / is / she / now / Fred?
4. Use the Present Progressive Tense instead of the infinitives in brackets.
1. Look! It (to rain). 2. Why you (not to wear) your coat today? It's so cold. 3. Excuse me, I (to look for) the post-office. Is there one near here? 4. You (to make) a lot of noise. 5. They (to quarrel) again! 6. 'What Tom (to do)? Why he (not to practise)?''He (to have) some rest.' 7. You (to read) any English books now? 8. They (to have) an English lesson. The teacher (to write) new words on the blackboard and (to explain) their meanings. The students (to sit) at the tables and (to make) notes. 9. What you (to talk) about? 10. Jim (to take) his driving test now.
5. Use the Present Progressive Tense or the Present Simple Tense instead of the infinitives in brackets.
1. Не (to work) in the centre of Chicago. 2. He (to work) in the centre of Chicago? 3. He (not to work) in the centre of Chicago. 4. They (to read) many books. 5. They (to read) many books? 6. They (not to read) many books. 7. The children (to eat) soup now. 8. The children (to eat) soup now? 9. The children (not to eat) soup now. 10. You (to play) volleyball well?11. When you (to play) volleyball? 12. What Nick (to do) in the evening? 13. He (to go) to the cinema in the evening? 14. We (not to dance) every day. 15. Look! Kate (to dance).16.Kate (to sing) well? 17. Where he (to go) in the morning? 18. He (not to sleep) after dinner. 19. My granny (to sleep) after dinner.
Unit III
Topic: Developing of Telecommunications
Grammar: The Present Perfect tense
I. Lead in
- What means of telecommunication do you know?
- Why do we try to develop all types of telecommunication?
II. Reading
While reading mark the information:
• I knew this fact ( + )
• I was not right about this ( – )
• This information was unknown for me ( ! )
Developing of Telecommunications
We cannot deny the role of telecommunications in our life. The Internet, phones, telegraph, cell phones, radio, television are all the means of communication or telecommunication. Nowadays we live in information era, when information is the key and engine of progress. Our society needs perfect means of information exchange that is why all types of telecommunication are under the permanent developing.
Currently hundreds of millions of people use wireless communication means. Cell phone is no longer a symbol of prestige but a tool, which lets to use working time more effectively. Considering that the main service of a mobile connection operator is providing high quality connection, much attention in the telecommunication market is paid to the spectrum of services that cell network subscriber may receive.
Today we can easily connect to the Internet using our cell phone or to take a picture or to take a short movie, using our video cell phone.
Before the outbreak of the First World War wireless telegraphy was established as a means of regular communication with ships at sea and provided a valuable supplement to existing telegraph lines. In the next few years the telephone systems of all the chief countries were connected with each other by radio.
Telephones are as much a part of infrastructure of our society as roads or electricity, and competition will make them cheaper.
Lots of other new communication services — on-line film libraries, personal computers that can send video-clips and sound-bites as easily as they can be used for writing letters, terrestrial mobile-telephone systems cheap enough to replace old sets — are already technically possible.
telecommunication
— телекоммуникация,
дальняя
связь;
телефон,
телеграф,
to deny — отрицать,
отказываться
от
чего-либо
exchange — обмен
to consider
— считать, полагать
subscriber — подписчик,
клиент
gradually — постепенно,
понемногу
to compete
— конкурировать, соревноваться
contribution — содействие,
вклад
wireless — беспроволочный,
дистанционный
to establish
— основывать, создавать
valuable — ценный,
полезный
supplement — дополнение,
добавление
immediate — внезапный,
безотлагательный,
немедленный
to broadcast
(past broadcast, p.p. broadcast) — передавать
в
эфире,
вещать
III.
Vocabulary focus
1. Find in the text English equivalents of the following words.
роль телекоммуникаций, средства связи, информационная эпоха, в постоянном развитии, символ престижа, рабочее время, спектру услуг, абонент сотовой сети, подключиться к интернету, сделать снимок, средство регулярной связи, звуковые фрагменты, достаточно дешевые, заменить,
2. Read the text again and decide whether the following statements are true or false.
1. The Internet, phones, telegraph, cell phones, radio, television are all the means of communication.
2. Our society does not need perfect means of information exchange
3. Currently ten millions of people use wireless communication means.
4. Today we can easily connect to the Internet using our cell phone.
3. Answer the questions on the text:
1. Can we connect to the
Internet using our cell phone today?
2. What was invented late in the nineteenth century?
3. What technology made a great contribution to a long-range communication?
4. Was there wireless telegraphy as a means of regular communication before the
outbreak of the First World War?
5. What new telecommunication services do you know?
4. Match the words having a similar meaning.
|
1. |
To vary |
a. |
Income |
|
2. |
Profit |
b. |
Vital |
|
3. |
To contain |
c. |
To reduce |
|
4. |
To decrease |
d. |
To alter |
|
5. |
Important |
e. |
To include |
|
6. |
To design |
f. |
To create |
|
7. |
To refer |
g. |
Group |
|
8. |
Set |
h. |
To elate |
IV. WRITING
Prepare a report on the topic “Developing of Telecommunications”.
GRAMMAR IN USE
1. Make up the sentences.
1. You, phoned, me, have, already.
2. been, I , to, America, twice, have
3. have, they, never, to, been, London
4. George, has, come, yet, not.
5. you, heard, about, have, ever, him.
2. Make the following sentences: — negative, interrogative.
1. I've already posted the letter. 2. She has already started her new job. 3. He's gone to America. 4. They have visited India twice. 5. He has smoked five cigarettes today. 6. My mother has always worked hard. 7. I've seen a lot of my former classmates recently. 8. Tom has lost all his money. 9. Oh, I have forgotten about my Dad's birthday! 10. Mr. Jenkins has just retired from his job. 11. They've always been too strict with their children.
3. Imagine you are writing a letter to a friend giving news about people you both know. Make up sentences using the words given below.
Pattern: Mark/go to Canada —- Mark has gone to Canada.
1. Ann/pass her exams
2. Mary/take up jogging
3. Larry and Monica/decide/to get divorced
4. Barry/go to England
5. Dinny/lose her job/find a new one
6. Margie/buy a new car
7. Antony/break his arm
8. Milly/fall in love
9. Tony/give up smoking
10. Lucy and Cavin/decide to get married.
5. Ask questions to the underlined parts of the following sentences.
1. I have read that book twice.
2. I have known him for three years.
3. I have only received two letters from him since September.
4. He has finished his breakfast already.
5. She's typed two letters since morning.
6. I haven't heard from him since 1992.
7. He has gone to the USA.
8. He has been in the USA since spring.
9. She hasn't written to him for years.
10. I've been late several times this month, I think.
UNIT IV
Topic: Developing of Telecommunications
Grammar: the Past Simple Tense
I. Lead in
- For
what do we like to watch TV programs about animals and birds, travels and
travelling?
-
Why do we like to watch sporting events in actual progress?
-
What
dramatic entertainments can we see on the TV screen?
II.
Reading
- You are going to read an article about Television in Great Britain. Compare it with your own ideas.
Television in Great Britain
Watching TV is undoubtedly the way most British people spend their spare time. Perhaps this proves something about British TV programs; on the other hand perhaps it proves something about the British.
There are three TV channels: BBC 1, BBC 2 and ITV. The first two are run by the British Broadcasting Corporation and are non-commercial. This means that they do not show the advertisement. The money to run BBC TV comes from a license which everybody who owns a TV must buy. You do not need to buy a licence if you have only a TV and not a radio.
ITV is run by commercial companies who get their money by showing advertisement. There are strict rules about the amount of advertising and the type of advertisements allowed (e.g. advertisements for cigarettes and beer are forbidden). Commercials (advertisements) on TV take 10 minutes of every 60.
The BBC television programs are designed for people of different interests. BBC1 presents more programs of general interest, such as light entertainment, sport, current affairs, comedy shows, music and children's programs. More serious films, plays, documentaries and international films are normally found on BBC 2. The ITV has 15 program companies; its programs include news, information, light entertainment which are interrupted at regular intervals by commercials. In general, ITV companies show programs aimed at the mass market (so that as many people as possible will watch the advertisements).
Television can help to inform and educate children and adults. It entertains singles and sick persons. There is special division of TV time: in the morning programs are made for housewives and pensioners, in the afternoon cartoons and educational programs for children of school age, in the evening working men and families begin to watch TV, at night it is the time for young people.
In conclusion we must say that TV is not only beautiful background for music and nice picture; it is only watched when something interesting is heard.
undoubtedly— несомненно, без сомнения
to run— управлять
advertisement— реклама
to own — владеть
strict rules—жесткие правила
amount— повышение, увеличение
to allow— позволять допускать
to forbid — запрещать
in general—в общем
adult— взрослый, зрелый человек
to turn the sound up and down—увеличивать и уменьшать звук
III. Vocabulary focus
1. 1. Find in the text English equivalents of the following words.
Несомненно; досуг; с другой стороны; радиовещательной корпорации; некоммерческие; покупать лицензию; строгие правила предназначенный для; легкие развлечения; массовый покупатель; телевизионная сетка часов; для домохозяек и пенсионеров; образовательные программы; не только красивый фон для музыки.
2. Read the text again and mark the sentences as true or false.
1. There are two TV channels: BBC 1 and BBC 2.
2. The money to run BBC TV comes from a license which everybody who owns a TV must buy.
3. Commercials (advertisements) on TV take 5 minutes of every 60.
4. More serious films, plays, documentaries and international films are normally found on BBC 1.
5. In general, ITV companies show programs aimed at the mass market.
6. Television can help to inform and educate children and adults
3. Make situation using the following words and word combinations:
television, radio, mass medium, to watch, violence, terrorism, to become in future, to bring up, entertainment, education, TV set, to influent, free time, to prefer smth. to smth., to waste time.
4. Match the words having a similar meaning. Check any unknown words in a dictionary.
|
1. |
to allow |
a. |
to develop |
|
2. |
to withstand |
b. |
to transmit |
|
3. |
to link |
c. |
to let |
|
4. |
to evolve |
d. |
to recognize |
|
5. |
to search for |
e. |
to communicate |
|
6. |
to transfer |
f. |
Growth |
|
7. |
to identify |
g. |
to integrate |
|
8. |
to interact |
h. |
to resist |
|
9. |
Increase |
i. |
to connect |
|
10. to incorporate |
j. |
to look for |
|
5. A. Watching TV is undoubtedly the way most British People spend their spare time. Make up situations of your own, using the prompts below (finish the idea).
♦ Reading newspapers is undoubtedly the way...
♦ Working out is undoubtedly the way...
♦ Eating out is undoubtedly the way...
♦ Writing letters is undoubtedly the way...
♦ Studying at University is undoubtedly the way...
♦ Shopping is undoubtedly the way...
B. ...on the other hand, perhaps it proves something about the British. The expressions: on the one hand and on the other hand are commonly used in spoken English. Use them in describing the pros and cons of different things such as:
being an only child, living with your parents, growing up in a big city, living in the dormitory, travelling abroad, commuting to work, doing sport professionally, marrying a foreigner, hiking in the mountains.
6. Group work. Role play the following situation: You are invited to the Opening Doors Day arranged by your faculty for future applicants. Your task is to prepare a presentation for school leavers to persuade them to enter this university.
GRAMMAR IN USE
1. Give the 3 forms of the verbs.
То be; to have; to mean; to learn; to become; to bring; to know; to think; to buy; to pay; to take; to do; to begin; to give; to make; to keep; to get; to read; to show.
2. Imagine that your friend has just come back
from holiday. Make up questions, using the words given below.
Pattern: Where/go? Where did you go?
1. How long/stay there?
2. How/go there?
3. Stay in a hotel?
4. Hotel/good?
5. The weather/fine?
6. What/do in the evenings? (at daytime? at weekends?)
7. Meet any interesting people? (new friends?)
8. Who/go there with you?
9. What/do in bad weather?
10. Food/good?
11. Excursions/interesting?
3. Ask questions to the underlined parts of the sentences.
1. Last year he didn't go to the South because of the exams.
2. They came to visit his friend yesterday.
3. He went to the concert two days ago.
4. He had breakfast at 8.30.
5. His mother came to his school and had a long conversation with his teacher.
6. These students were usually late for their lectures last year because they had transport problems.
7. She didn't tell him the truth.
8. He wanted to learn the whole story.
9. Robert took his driving test last week.
10. No one wanted to learn the truth: everyone was afraid.
4. Use the Past Simple Tense instead of the infinitives in brackets.
1. I (not to go) to work yesterday because I (not to be) very well. 2. Tom (not to shave) this morning because he (not to have) time.3. We (not to eat) anything because we (not to be) hungry.4. She (not to be) interested in the book because she (not to understand) it.5. Fred (to be) very upset yesterday. His parents (not to allow) him to go out.6. Where you (to go) last Christmas? 7. You (to go) anywhere yesterday?’ ‘We (to go) to a party. Sheila (to have) birthday yesterday.8. Eric (to switch on) the wireless and (to sit down) beside it.9. When Eddy (to leave) in the morning he (to take) her photograph with him. 10. She (not to smile) when she (to see) him.
5. Turn the sentences into Past Simple.
1. Many people have an opportunity to use computers. 2. There is no doubt that computers solve problems very quickly. 3. Instructions direct the operation of a computer. 4. Computers bring with them both economic and social changes. 5. Computing embraces not only arithmetic, but also computer literacy. 6. It is well known that computers prepare laboratory tests. 7. Those persons are computer literate and think of buying a new computer. 8. They receive a subscription magazine once a month. 9. My mother is ill and visits her doctor every other day. 10. Experts know much about how to prepare programs. 6. Use the Present Perfect or Past Simple Tense instead of the infinitives in brackets.
1. John (to be) a computer technician for the last three years.2. In September 2015 Ann (to begin) a University course in computer science. 3. I (to become) interested in computers while I (to be) at school.4. How long you (to have) this play station? 5. The secretary (to email) three letters this morning. 6. Jenny already (to install) a new program
UNIT V
Topic: The History of computers
Grammar: the Past Progressive
Tense.
I. Lead in
- What is the background of the first development of the computers?
-What are the first computer applications?
-Make a list and discuss them
II. Reading
- Compare the information you know and new facts. Discuss it in pairs.
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
Let us take a look at the history of the computers that we know today. The very first calculating device used was the ten fingers of a man’s hands. This, in fact, is why today we count in tens and multiply of tens. Then the abacus was invented, a bead frame in which the beads are moved from left to right. The first real calculating machine appeared in 1820 as the result of several people’s experiments. This type of machine, which saves a great deal of time and reduces the possibility of making mistakes, depends on ten-toothed gear wheels.
In 1930, the first analog computer was built by American named Vannevar Bush. The device was used in World War II to help aim guns. Mark I, the name given to the first digital computer, was completed in 1944. The men responsible for this invention were Professor Howard Aiken and some people from IBM. This was the first machine that could figure out long of mathematical problems all at a very fast speed.
In 1946 two engineers at the University of Pennsylvania, J. Eckert and J. Mayshly, built the first digital computer using parts called vacuum tubes. They named their new invention UNIAC. The first generation of computers, which used vacuum tubes, came out in 1950.
In 1960, the second generation of computers was developed and could perform work ten times faster than their predecessors. The reason for this extra speed was the use of transistors instead of vacuum tubes. Second generation computers were smaller, faster and more dependable than first generation computers.
The third-generation computers appeared on the market in 1965. These computers could do a million calculations a second, which is 1000 times faster than the first generation computers. Unlike second-generation computers, these are controlled by tiny integrated circuits and are consequently smaller and more dependable.
Fourth-generation computers have now arrived, and the integrated circuits that are being developed have been greatly reduced in size. This is due to microminiaturization, which means that the circuits are much smaller than before; as many as 1000 tiny circuits now fit onto a single chip. Fourth generation computers are 50 times faster than third-generation computers and can complete approximately 1.000.000 instructions per second.
an abacus - счеты
to calculate - вычислять
to reduce - уменьшать
to figure out - вычислять
a generation - поколение
analog computer — аналоговый компьютер
digital computer — цифровой компьютер
vacuum tubes— вакуумная трубка
integrated circuits— интегрированные схемы
tiny— крошечный, маленький
dependable— надежный
III. Vocabulary focus
1. Translate from Russian into English:
1. знать сегодня, 10 пальцев руки
человека, кости на счетах двигают слева направо, продолжать использовать,
счеты, аналоговый компьютер, попытка, скорость, настоящая счетно-
вычислительная машина, вакуумные лампы (трубки), транзистор, меньше и надежнее, компьютеры четвертого
поколения, интегрированные схемы, значительно
уменьшились в размерах,
приблизительно.
2. Fill in each blank with a word chosen from the list below to complete the meaning of the sentence:
chip, speed, figure out, calculating, reduces, microminiaturization, tiny,
analog, logarithm, abacus, machine, vacuum tubes, dependable, devised
1. The very first .....device used was 10 fingers of a man’s hand.
2. Then, the .....was invented.
3. J. Napier .....a mechanical way of multiplying and dividing.
4. Henry Briggs used J.Napier’s ideas to produce ..... .
5. The first real calculating .....appeared in 1820.
6. This type of machine .....the possibility of making mistakes.
7. In 1930 the first .....computer was built.
8. This was the first machine that could ..... ..... mathematical problems at a very fast speed.
9. In 1946 was built the first digital computer using parts called .... .
10. The reason for this extra .....was the use of transistors instead of vacuum tubes.
11. The second generation computers were smaller, faster and more .....than first-generation computers.
12. The third-generation computers are controlled by .....integrated circuits.
13. This is due to ....., which means that the circuits are much smaller than before.
14. A .....is a square or rectangular piece of silicon, usually from 1/10 to 1/4 inch.
3. Fill in the preposition:
1. Let us take a look .....the history of computers.
2. That is why we count .....tens and multiply ..... tens.
3. The beads are moved .....left .....right.
4. Abacus is still being used .....some parts ..... the world.
5. Calculus was independently invented .....both Sir Isaac Newton and Leibnitz.
6. This type of machine depends .....a ten-toothed gear wheels.
7. The first generation of computers came .....in 1950
8. Due to microminiaturization 1000 tiny circuits fit .....a single chip
4. Complete the following sentences:
1. The first generation of computers came out in ..... .
2. The second generation of computers could perform work ten times faster than ... 3. The third-generation computers appeared on the market in ..... .
4. The fourth-generation computers have been greatly ..... .
5. The fourth-generation computers are 50 times faster and can ..... .
5. Find the synonyms to the following words in the text:
simple, to carry out, up to date, quick, to try, small
6. Find the antonyms to the following words in the text:
Like, short, to increase, sole, dependently
7. Arrange the items of the plan in a logical order according to the text:
1. J. Napier devised a mechanical way of multiplying and dividing.
2. The very first calculating device was the ten fingers of a man’s hands.
3. The first real calculating machine appeared in 1820.
4. The first analog computer was used in World War II.
8. Answer the questions on the text:
1. What was the very first calculating device?
2. What is abacus? When did people begin to use them?
3. When did a lot of people try to find easy ways of calculating?
4. Who used Napier’s ideas to produce logarithm?
5. When was the first analog computer built? How did people use it?
6. Who built the first digital computer?
7. How did the first generation of computers work?
8. What are the differences between the first and the second computer generations?
9. When did the third-generation computers appear?
9. Group work. Role play the following situation:
1. Buying a new computer can be a fun experience, but problems can arise. What are some common computer problems that people encounter when running their machines, and what issues can cause them? When you encounter such problems, what do you do to resolve them: seek help from a friend, consult a computer store, or read a computer book or magazine?
|
|
2. Imagine that you need a computer or mobile device such as an iPad. Where would you find such a device online for a reasonable price? Find two online stores that sell the item and compare its price, the return policy of the company, and any reviews discussing its service. Then, decide which company would provide you the best service. 3. Guess the Crossword
|
|
|
|
По
горизонтали По
вертикали |
GRAMMAR IN USE
1. Translate into Russian and comment on the use
of the Past Progressive Tense.
1. It was raining at noon.2. It wasn't raining
when I left the house.3. What were you doing when I phoned you? 4. The fire was
still burning when the fire-brigade arrived.5. Just as he was getting on the
bus a thief stole his purse.6. While the family was having supper all the
lights went out.7. What was Millie doing when the police came.8. She was constantly
scolding her child.9. I was thinking about him. And wondering a lot, too. 10.
It was getting chilly, so they left the veranda. In the room Bert was making
himself a drink.
2. Complete the following sentences.
1. At three o'clock yesterday the students of our
group...
2. When the teacher came in, the students...
3.When we heard that the phone rang, we...
4.When the lights went out, we...
5.When it began to rain, I...
6. We saw an accident while we...
7. Someone phoned me when I...
8. I met my friend when I...
9. She burnt her hand when she...
10. Yesterday while he was fixing the
electricity...
11. She was reading a book by Stephen King
when...
12. They heard some noise while...
3. Ask questions to the following sentences
beginning with the words in brackets.
1. We were revising for our exam when he called us up. (What? What...for?)
2. They were chatting all day long in the garden. (Who? Where?)
3. The teacher was explaining the new material when one of the pupils interrupted him. (Who? What?)
4. She was cooking dinner yesterday in the evening while her daughter was ironing her clothes. (Who? What? When?)
5. They were running quickly because they were afraid to miss their train. (Why? What?)
6. He was rehearsing his part in this play all week. (What? How long?)
7. I was trying to understand that new rule when you called me up. (What? When?)
8. Yesterday at 11.40 she was having breakfast at the canteen. (What? When?)
9. Loraine was still waiting for his answer when he shut the door. (Who? What... for? Whose ... for?)
10. You were talking wonderfully at the yesterday's conference. (Who? When?)
4. Use the
Past Progressive Tense instead of the infinitives in brackets.
1. 'What you (to do) yesterday at 15.00 p.m.?''I
(to play) tennis and my brothers (to listen to) the music.'2.It (to rain) when
we went out.3.From the noise we heard it was clear that
our neighbours' boy (to practise) the piano.4. While he (to learn) to drive he
had many accidents.5.When we first met you (to study) English. 6. 'Who you (to
talk to) as I came in?''I (to talk) to my new
secretary.' 7. My wife and I (to discuss) this problem when you came.
8. While we were (to walk) someone came into the house and left this note.9.
Where he (to live) when you saw him last? 10. Why you (to fool around) with the
computer?
5. Use the Past Progressive or the Past Simple Tense instead of the infinitives in brackets.
1. When we (to do) a Google Search, we (to find) the answer very quickly. 2. When Sam (to prepare) his report, he (to use) a library database. 3. They (to play) online games when we (to come). 4. When Trevor Baylis (to hear) about communication problems in Africa, he (to decide) to build a radio without batteries. 5. While Nick (to edit) complex graphics, Phillip (to develop) a new mobile application. 6. Last year he (to study) such programming languages as PASCAL and C++. 7. Which language you (to use) when you (to write) a program? 8. What you (to explain) to him? He (not to look) at you at all.
6. Put the verbs in the dialogue in the correct tense form: Past Simple or Present Perfect. Practice the dialogue with your partner.
1. What (do) today?
2. I (work) on my project. I (search) the Web for sites on e-readers.
3. (find) any good ones?
4. I (find) several company sites – Amazon Kindle, Kobo, Pocket-
Book, … but I (want) one which (compare) all the models.
5. Which search engine you (use)?
6. Yahoo!. You (ever use) it?
7. Yes, I (try) it but I (have) more luck with Ask Jeeves. Why don’t you try it?
8. I (have) enough for one night. I (spend) hours on that project.
9. I (not start) on mine yet.
10. Yeh? I bet you (do) it all.
Unit VI
Topic: What is a Computer?
Grammar: The Past Perfect Tense
- What is the basic task of a computer?
II. Reading
While reading mark the information:
• I knew this fact ( + )
• I was not right about this ( – )
• This information was unknown for me ( ! )
WHAT IS A COMPUTER?
A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data. It has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data. You may already know that you can use a computer to type documents, send email, play games, and browse the Web. You can also use it to edit or create spreadsheets, presentations, and even videos. A computer system is a combination of four elements:
• Hardware
• Software
• Procedures
• Data / Information
Hardware is any part of your computer that has a physical structure, such as the keyboard or mouse. It also includes all of the computer's internal parts, which you can see in the image below.
Software is any set of instructions that tells the hardware what to do and how to do it. Examples of software include web browsers, games, and word processors. Below, you can see an image of Microsoft PowerPoint, which is used to create presentations.
The basic job of the computer is the processing of information. Computers take information in the form of instructions called programs and symbols called data. After that they perform various mathematical and logical operations, and then give the results (information). Computer is used to convert data into information. Computer is also used to store information in the digital form.
device – устройство
intelligence –разум
hardware – оборудование
software – программное обеспечение
processing –обработка
procedures –процедуры, операции
perform –выполнять
manner –манера, способ
various – различные
purpose – цель
to convert –превращать
data – данные
to store –хранить
III. Vocabulary focus
1. Find the equivalents to the following words and word-combinations from the text are used them in the sentences of your own:
· обработка информации
· решить задачу
· комбинация из четырех элементов
· различные логические операции
· превращать данные в информацию
· для хранения информации в цифровой форме
2. Complete the sentences using the information from the text:
1. Computer is a device for….
2. … is a combination of four elements.
3. Hardware is………. .
4. Software is … .
5. The basic job of the computer is … .
6. Computers take information in the form of … .
6, Computer is used to…. .
3. Answer the following questions.
1. What does the term “computer” describe?
2. What are four components of computer system?
3. What is hardware?
4. What is software?
5. What’s the difference between the hardware and software?
6. In what way terms “data” and “information” differ?
4. Read the text again and mark the sentences as true or false.
1. Computer is made of electronic components so it is referred to as electronic device. 2. Computer has no intelligence until software is loaded.
3. There are four elements of computer system: hardware, software, diskettes and data. 4. Without software instructions hardware doesn’t know what to do.
5. The software is the most important component because it is made by people.
6. The user inputs data into computer to get information as an output.
5. Choose the correct translation
1. Files in target drive will be erased
а) Уничтожьте файлы на дискете, на которую ведется запись.
б) Файлы на дискете, на которую ведется запись, были уничтожены.
в) Файлы на дискете, на которую ведется запись, были уничтожены.
2. Diskette is write - protected.
а) На дискету ведется запись
б) Дискета защищена от записи
в) Защитите дискету от записи
3. Data on disk will be lost.
а) Данные на диске потеряны.
б) Данные на диске буду потеряны.
в) Данные на диске будут уничтожены
4. Write not completed.
а) Не заканчивайте запись
б) Запись не закончена
в) Незаконченная запись
5. Not arget drives pecified.
а) Укажите дисковод, который ведет запись
б) Не указан дисковод, который ведет запись
в) Указан дисковод, который не ведет запись
6. No differences encountered.
а) Встреченные различия
б) Не обнаружено различий
в) Различия не будут обнаружены
7. Path not found
а) Найдите путь к файлу
б) Путь к файлу не обнаружен
в) Необнаруженный путь к файлу
8. No space left ondevise.
а) Слева нет места на устройстве
б) На устройстве (диске) не осталось места
в) Не оставляйте пробел на устройстве
9. Last file was not backed up.
а) Последний файл нерезервированный
б) Последний файл не был включен в резервную копию
в) С последнего файла не будет снята копия
6. Read, translate and learn by heart the following dialogue.
Anna: Hi Jason, Sorry to bother you. I have a question for you.
Jason: OK, what’s up?
Anna : I’ve been having a problem with my computer. I know you’re an engineer so I thought you might be able to help me.
Jason: I see. What’s the problem?
Anna : I have a file that I can’t open for some reason.
Jason: What type of file is it?
Anna: It’s a Word document I’ve been working on. I need to finish it by tomorrow.
Jason : Were you able to open it before, on the computer you’re using now?
Anna: Yes, I was working on it last night and everything was fine, but this morning I couldn’t open the file.
Jason: Do you think your computer might have a virus?
Anna: No, I checked and there weren’t any.
Jason: OK. I’m not sure what’s wrong. If it’s possible, email the file to me and I’ll see if I can get it to open.
Anna: OK, I’ll do that when I get home. Are you going to be around tonight?
Jason: Yeah, I’ll be home after 8PM. Send it to me when you get a chance and I’ll call you later.
7. Work in pairs and make up a dialogue on the topic –“What hardware devices are used in order to connect a computer to a network?” Use the table with the expressions below.
|
Oh, really! Never thought about it. You don’t say so! Indeed? Why? Is that so? I’m surprised. It’s amusing! It’s incredible! I can hardly believe my eyes! |
Would you believe it?! It must be… What a coincidence! Fancy that! You must be kidding! Right you are! Good job! Look. |
IV. WRITING
Work individually. Prepare a report on the topic “What is a Computer? “
GRAMMAR IN USE
1. Complete the following sentences using the Past Perfect Tense of the verbs suggested in brackets.
Pattern: When she left, she remembered that she (not to lock the kitchen window) - When she left, she remembered that she hadn't locked the kitchen window.
1. I was very sorry to hear that he (to leave).
2. When we got to the University, the lecture (to start already).
3. When he came home after work, the family (to start watching TV).
4. He didn't return to his work until he (to spend all his money).
5. When I met her I understood why David (to refuse to marry her).
6. I didn't know what to do when I understood that I (to leave my purse at home).
7. She was tired because she (to walk too much).
8. She returned to the hotel after she (to visit her old friend).
2. Join the following pairs of sentences by making one of them a clause with the verb in the Past Perfect Tense. Use the conjunctions given in brackets.
Pattern: They went for a walk. They did their homework. (after) They went for a walk after they had done their homework.
1. He left the room. I turned on the TV. (after)
2. She didn't talk to him. He finished revising for his exams (until)
3. She worked as a flower-girl. She owned a flower-shop. (before)
4. She looked at the sky. The sun set. (until)
5. She cooked dinner. She called her family to the dining-room. (after, as soon as)
6. Margaret read the contract. She signed it. (after).
7. Alice didn't think about time. She understood she was late. (until)
8. They reached the mountain top. The sun set. (when, as soon as)
9. She tore up the note. He read it carefully. (as soon as)
10. The Browns left their house. They sold it. (when)
3. Complete the following questions using the Past Perfect Tense of the verbs suggested in brackets.
1. ___ you (run) the laptop in the battery mode? 2. How long you ___ (have) the iPad? 3. ___ he(open) the file? 4. ___ they (change) the Internet Service Provider yet? 5. ___ she (enter) her username and password? 6. you ___ (detect) logic errors? 7. ___he (check) the remaining disc space? 8. ___ anyone ever (hack) into your computer system? 9. How many e-mails ___ you ___ (write) today? 10.___ Peter ever (be) to the IT forum?
4. Translate into English.
1.После того, как вечер закончился, и гости разошлись, усталые хозяева приступили к уборке. 2.Наш город был маленьким. После того как к нам приехала новая семья, все захотели познакомиться с ними..3. Мы не приступали к работе, пока не выяснили все подробности. 4. До того как поселиться в нашем городе, он много путешествовал. Он побывал во многих городах и странах. 5. Когда я приехал в город, Дэвид уже уехал в Лондон. Я столь многого ожидал от разговора с ним! 6. Джейн была не голодна, так как она только что позавтракала. 7. Этот режиссер получил приз после того, как снял свой лучший фильм.
Unit VII
Topic: Types of computers
Grammar: The Future Simple Tense
I. Lead in
-What types of computers do you know?
II. Reading
While reading mark the information:
• I knew this fact ( + )
• I was not right about this ( – )
• This information was unknown for me ( !)
Types of computers
When most people hear the word computer, they think of a personal computer such as a desktop or laptop. However, computers come in many shapes and sizes, and they perform many different functions in our daily lives. When you withdraw cash from an ATM, scan groceries at the store, or use a calculator, you're using a type of computer.
Desktop computers
Many people use desktop computers at work, home, and school. Desktop computers are designed to be placed on a desk, and they're typically made up of a few different parts, including the computer case, monitor, keyboard, and mouse.
Supercomputers are the world's largest and fastest computer system with the highest performance computing power vital to pro-vide national security, industry, technology, science and improve everyday products, ser-vices, and processes.
Laptop computers
The second type of computer you may be familiar with is a laptop computer, commonly called a laptop. Laptops are battery-powered computers that are more portable than desktops, allowing you to use them almost anywhere.
Tablet computers
Tablet computers—or tablets—are handheld computers that are even more portable than laptops. Instead of a keyboard and mouse, tablets use a touch-sensitive screen for typing and navigation. The iPad is an example of a tablet.
Servers
A server is a computer that serves up information to other computers on a network. For example, whenever you use the Internet, you're looking at something that's stored on a server. Many businesses also use local file servers to store and share files internally.
Other types of computers
Many of today's electronics are basically specialized computers, though we don't always think of them that way. Here are a few common examples.
· Smart phones: Many cell phones can do a lot of things computers can do, including browsing the Internet and playing games. They are often called smart phones.
· Wearables: Wearable technology is a general term for a group of devices—including fitness trackers and smart watches—that are designed to be worn throughout the day. These devices are often called wearables for short.
· Game consoles: A game console is a specialized type of computer that is used for playing video games on your TV.
· TVs: Many TVs now include applications—or apps—that let you access various types of online content. For example, you can stream video from the Internet directly onto your TV.
laptop - ноутбук
daily life - повседневная жизнь
groceries - продовольственные товары
tablet computer – планшет
stream -передавать, направлять
application - приложение
III. Vocabulary focus
1. Find the equivalents to the following words and word-combinations from the text. Типы компьютеров, персональный компьютер, ноутбук, в нашей повседневной жизни, использовать калькулятор, настольный компьютер, портативный компьютер, планшеты, сенсорный экран, для внутреннего хранения и обмена файлами, специализированные компьютеры, позволяют получать доступ. 2 . Complete the sentences using the information from the text:
1. When you withdraw cash from an ATM, scan groceries at the store, or use a calculator, you're using …… .
2.The second type of computer you may be familiar with is ….. .
3. …..is an example of a tablet.
4. Many businesses also use local file servers to store and …. .
5…… can do a lot of things computers can do, including browsing the Internet and playing games.
3. Make up pairs of synonyms from the given words.
Verbs: to name, to complete, to calculate, to develop, to keep, to interpret, to communicate, to fulfill, to apply, to translate, to improve, to build, to call, to store, to communicate, to figure out, to perform, to use, to finish, to construct, to connect.
Nouns: speed, aim, storage, information, machine, significance, computation, data, device, rate, calculation, purpose, memory, importance
4. Choose the most suitable word or phrase.
1.Nick is going to buy a new laptop / desktop PC that he can take to work.
2. A mainframe is more powerful than a supercomputer because it runs and supports more applications and users together / simultaneously.
3. A calculator / highways navigation in my smart phone allows me to find the way in an unfamiliar part of the city.
4. A supercomputer / desktop PC is the most powerful machine in the world.
5. Split into 5 groups and think of the strong and weak points of all the computer systems mentioned in the texts above, discuss them with your groupmates.
Grop 1: a supercomputer and mainframe Group 2: a desktop computer Group 3: a laptop computer Group 4: a tablet Group 5: a Smartphone
IV. WRITING
Work individually. Make a short summary of the text «Types of computers»
GRAMMAR IN USE
1. Make the following sentences: — negative, interrogative.
1. He will arrive tomorrow morning. 2. He will go to Stockholm next spring. 3. They will return in two hours. 4. It will rain tomorrow. 5. She will be home at eight o'clock. 6. It will be cold this winter. 7. I will take part in that concert. 8. Liz will give you a lift to town. 8. It will be cold in the evening. 9. They will perhaps publish this dictionary in spring. 10. They will issue a low-priced edition of this book next month 11. He will do anything to get free.
2. Ask questions to the following sentences beginning with the words in brackets. 1. She will go to school next year. (When?Who?)
2. I think they'll come to see us next week. (Who? When?)
3. She will see her friend at the cinema. (Whom? Where?)
4. Tomorrow she'll have breakfast earlier than usual. (When? Why?)
5. It will snow tonight. (When?)
6. Their group will go to London next month. (Who? When? Where?)
7. Ron will help her to pass her exam, Pm sure. (Who? Whom? What?)
8. I'll never want to see him again. (Whom?Why?)
9. Those happy days will never come back. (Why?)
3. Use the Future Simple Tense instead of the infinitives in brackets.
1. He (to come) to see me in a year's time. 2. He (to have) dinner in ten minutes. 3. This day (to come) sooner or later.4. It (to be) slippery tomorrow, I'm afraid. 5. He (to behave) as usual, I'm afraid. You know how such people are.6. You (to go) to the Opera with me tonight? 7. Who (to join) me? Perhaps I (to drive) end. 8. No one (to believe) you, I hope. And I also hope you (to stop), imagining things and talking nonsense. 9. I (not to go) to that party, my dear. Your sister's usual guests (to bore) me to death again. 10.You (to help) me or not?
4. Translate into English. 1. Я думаю, что он придет на этот вечер. 2.Надеюсь, ребенок попадет в хорошие руки. 3. Не приходите завтра в два часа: он будет занят. 4. Эта зима будет очень холодной.5. Вы напишете мне, не правда ли? 6. Я не уверен в том, что он примет Ваше предложение. 7. Вы отправите это письмо сегодня? 8. — Когда ты начнешь читать эту книгу?— Сегодня, и я верну её тебе на следующей неделе. 9. Я думаю, мы ещё увидимся до отъезда. — Когда твоя семья переезжает в новую квартиру? — В следующем месяце.
Unit VIII
Topic: The main parts of the system Grammar: The Future Progressive Tense
I. Lead in
- Match the parts of the computer system to the pictures A-J (Fig. 1).
scanner, memory stick, keyboard, speakers, web camera, printer, monitor, system unit, mouse, portable hard drive
II. Reading
While reading mark the information:
• I knew this fact ( + )
• I was not right about this ( – )
• This information was unknown for me ( !)
The main parts of the system
There are many hardware pieces in a computer system. Some are: the system board, power supply, keyboard, mouse, hard drive, monitor, video card and its drivers.
The case. The large metal box that is the main part of the computer is called the case. The case and its contents (power supply, system board, etc.) are called the system unit. The case has several functions: it protects the delicate electronic inside; keeps electromagnetic emissions (as in your TV or cordless phone) and don’t go haywire when you power up the computer.
The keyboard. Keyboard – the device controlling the computer and inputting text and numerical data.
You communicate with your computer with the keyboard. With it you type instructions and commands for the computer and process and store information. Many of the keys on the keyboard are like those on the typewriter: letter keys, punctuation keys, tab, and the spacebar. Your keyboard has also many specialized keys.
The instruction manuals for most software applications contain a section describing the functions of each key or combination of keys.
The mouse. The mouse works by sliding it around on a flat surface. Mouse does not work if you hold it in the air like a remote control. As you glide the mouse the arrow moves in the direction of your movement. The desktop is fine, but a ready-made mouse pad is the best surface to roll the mouse on. The surface of the mouse pad mustn’t be too smooth or rough. As you know there are two kind of mouse: with the ball underneath that is rolled and laser mouse. Both of them have a ball-Joystick – a vertical lever allows the user to control the cursor precisely and at a high speed. It is good for looking through the text-documents and playing fast action games.
The monitor. The monitor displays text characters and graphics. It allows you to see the results of the work going on inside your system unit. The image that you see is made up of tiny dots called pixels. The sharpness of the picture depends on the number and size of these pixels. The more pixels – the sharper the image.
board— плата
system unit— системный блок
power— сила, мощность
power supply— энергоснабжение
to go haywire— разрушаться; выходить из строя
keyboard— клавиатура / key— клавиша
to input— вводить
to type — печатать
to process — обрабатывать
application— приложение
to slide— скользить
remote— отдаленный, дальний
rough— неровный
arrow— стрела
to locate— располагаться
character— символ
III. Vocabulary focus
2. Find in the text English equivalents of the following words.
системный блок, принтер, гнездо, клавиатура, клавиша, устройство, жесткий диск, гибкий диск, дискета, мышь, экран, дисплей, пульт дистанционного управления. лучшая поверхность, слишком гладкой или шероховатой, для просмотра текстовых документов, называемых пикселями, зависит от.
1. Complete the following sentences.
1. The case and its contents (power supply, system board, etc.) are called…. .
2. ….– the device controlling the computer and inputting text…. .
3. Mouse does not work if you……. .
4. The surface of the mouse pad mustn’t be….. .
5. …… displays text characters and graphics.
6. The sharpness of the picture depends on the number and……. .
3. Find the translation of the word.
поиск 1. switch, 2. search, 3. size, 4. space, 5. erase
шрифт 1. key, 2. keyboard, 3. fond, 4. default, 5. failure
плохой 1. probable, 2. current, 3. bad, 4. insufficient,
перекачивание 1. space, 2. current, 3. probable, 4. pipe, 5. search
переключение 1. size, 2. search, 3. space, 4. switch, 5. break
умолчание 1. fond, 2. default, 3. handle, 4. switch, 5. pipe
4. Translate the sentences from English into Russian:
1. Call 911 in case of emergency. 2. The text of the contract will be ready in an hour. 3. How many letter keys are there on this computer keyboard? 4. This remote control needs 4 batteries to power it. 5. Two manuals come with this computer. 6. My friend is a specialist in computer hardware. 7. The computer is already on the desk, but the keyboard has not been unpacked yet. 8. The Drives can read and write on the diskettes. 9. You can write letter and other characters using this keyboard. 10. Resolution is one of the characteristic features of the monitor. 11. You can move the pointer on the screen with the help of the mouse. 12. Nobody expected that the application of this device is so wide.
5. Match the words to make word combinations.
|
1. |
Numerical |
a. |
Lines |
|
2. |
Machine |
b. |
Areas |
|
3. |
Transfer |
c. |
Automation |
|
4. |
Application |
d. |
Design |
|
5. |
Non-productive |
e. |
Processing |
|
6. |
Computer-aided |
f. |
Time |
|
7. |
Information |
g. |
Tool |
|
8. |
Integrated |
h. |
Control |
6. Make up situation, using the word-combinations given below:
Я бы хотел (I would like) купить (to buy) компьютер (a computer) …
to discuss about the terms of payment (обсудить цену);
to know about latest model (узнать о последней модели);
ask about software (узнать о программном обеспечении);
to buy at a discount (покупать со скидкой);
discount for regular buyers (скидка для постоянных покупателей);
cash discount (размер скидки);
net price (цена без скидки);
cash, ready money (наличные деньги);
discuss conditions and terms of delivery (обсудить условия и сроки поставки);
warranty life time (гарантийный срок);
reduced quality (не качественный товар).
7. Translate these statements and tell the advantages of computers in modern life.
1. COMPUTERS LET YOU ACCESS A LOT OF INFORMATION
2. COMPUTERS CAN DO SOME JOB VERY QUICKLY, FOR EXAMPLE SENDING OUT LARGE NUMBERS OF LETTERS OR BILLS.
3. COMPUTERS LET YOU COMMUNICATE VERY QUICKLY, BY E-MAIL OR USING THE INTERNET.
4. COMPUTERS MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO WORK FROM HOME
5. WORD PROCESSORS MAKE IT EASIER TO WRITE LETTERS AND REPORTS, AND TO DO WORK FOR SCHOOL OR COLLEGE
6. CHILDREN ENJOY USING COMPUTERS, AND MULTIMEDIA, INTERACTIVE SOFTWARE AND VIRTUAL REALITY ALL MAKE LEARNING MORE EXCITING. MANY BOOKS ARE NOW AVAILABLEON CD-ROM.
7. LARGE AMOUNTS OF INFORMATION CAN BE STORED ON COMPUTERS IN A DATEBASE.
Translate these statements and tell disadvantages of computers in
modern life
1. MANY PEOPLE DO NOT LIKE USING COMPUTERS, AND WOULD PREFER TO DEAL WITH A PERSON INSTEAD.
2. COMPUTERS CAN GET VIRUSES.
3. SOME CHILDREN SPEND TOO MUCH TIME PLAYING COMPUTER GAMES. WHICH CAN BE VERY VIOLENT.
4. SOFTWARE OFTEN HAS BUGS, AND SOMETIMES COMPUTERS CRASH.
5. ANYONE CAN PUT INFORMATION OR IMAGES ON THE INTERNET, SO IT CAN
EASILY BE USED BY CRIMINALS TO COMMUNICATE WITH EACH OTHER, OR TO
SEND PORNOGRAPHY (PICTURES, FILM). THERE ARE NO LAWS TO STOP THIS
YET, AND IT IS EXTREMELY DIFFICULT TO POLICE THE INTERNET.
6. IF A COMPUTER IS NOT WORKING PROPERLY, MOST PEOPLE DO NOT KNOW HOW TO FIX IT , AND THIS CAN BE VERY ANNOYING.
7. COMPUTERS QUICKLY BECOME OBSOLETE, SO THEY SOON NEED TO BE REPLACED.
GRAMMAR IN USE
1. Make the following sentences: — negative; interrogative.
1. The birds will be going South in a couple of days.
2. I'll be waiting for you. Come back.
3. Now he will be looking for a new job.
4. They will be having dinner tomorrow at six.
5. I'll be coming to see you. They will be coming, too.
6. It'll be getting dark in an hour or so.
7. I will be going to town soon.
8. This time on Sunday I'll be waiting for his call.
9. Night after night he'll be sitting in that empty room all alone.
10. Stella will be watching TV all day long again.
11. No one will be waiting for him.
2. Extend the statements using the Future Progressive Tense of the words in brackets.
Pattern: Don't write to us in July, (to travel). — We’ll be travelling.
1. Don't come to see her after lunch. (to revise)
2. Don't expect that he will come next Sunday. (to work)
3. Don't tell your parents about it. (to grumble)
4. Don't leave the children alone. (to fight)
5. Don't expect she will come to the University tomorrow. (to stay in bed)
6. Don't think I will help you with your maths tomorrow. (to pack things)
7. Don't read this book. (to have problems with unknown words)
8. Don't watch that film. (to have nightmares)
9. Don't waste your time waiting. (to talk to you later)
3. Use the Future Progressive Tense instead of the infinitives in brackets.1. This time next month I (to have rest) in Florida. 2. She (to wait) for you when you come out. 3. I (to stay) outdoors tomorrow because my brother (to practise) the piano all day. 4. In a hundred years people (to go) to Moon and Venus for their week-ends. 5. We (to land) in a few minutes. 6. He doesn't want to retire. I think he still (to work) when he is eighty. 7. Who (to work) here next year? 8. They (to make) an official announcement next week.
4. Translate into English.
1. Завтра он весь день будет готовиться к экзаменам. 2. Не опаздывайте. Я буду ждать Вас в читальном зале в девять. 3. Не звоните мне завтра. Я весь день буду заниматься. 4. Что Вы будете делать завтра в восемь? 5. Они будут работать весь июнь, а потом будут отдыхать. 6. Через неделю в это время я уже не буду заниматься. Я буду купаться и лежать на пляже! 7. Ты будешь сегодня вечером смотреть телевизор? 8. Завтра в одиннадцать у нас лекция по истории. 9. Он приедет через три дня примерно в это же время..
Unit IX
Topic: Type of Software Grammar: The Tenses (Revision)
I. Lead in
- What are the types of software?
- What problems do applications software solve?
II. Reading
While reading mark the information:
• I knew this fact ( + )
• I was not right about this ( – )
• This information was unknown for me ( ! )
TYPE OF SOFTWARE
Software – programs for directing the operation of a computer or electronic data. Software is the final computer system component. These computer programs instruct the hardware how to conduct processing. Computers can input, calculate, compare and output data as information. Software determines the order in which these operations are performed.
Software programs are of two types: systems software and applications software.
Systems software are the programs designed to control the operation of a computer system. They do not solve specific problems. They are written to assist people in the use of the computer system by performing tasks, such as controlling all of the operations required, to move data into and out of a computer and all of the steps in executing an application program. The person who prepares systems software is referred to as a systems programmer. Systems programmers are highly trained specialists and important members of the architectural team.
Applications software are the programs written to solve specific problems (applications), such as payroll, inventory control, and investment analysis. The word program usually refers to an application program, and the word programmer is usually a person who prepares applications software.
Often programs, particularly systems software, are stored in an area of memory not used for applications software. These protected programs are stored in an area of memory called read only memory (ROM), which can be read from but not written on.
system software — системное программное обеспечение
application software — прикладное программное обеспечение
to conduct - проводить
to execute applications programs — выполнять прикладные программы
to refer to — относиться к; ссылаться на
payroll -платёжная ведомость
to train – обучать, тренировать
III. Vocabulary focus
1. Find in the text English equivalents of the following words.
системное программное обеспечение, проводить; завершать; оборудование; использовании
компьютерной системы, требовать; перемещения данных ,конкретный,; помощь; выполнять прикладные программы;
устанавливать, переносить; высококвалифицированные специалисты, управление
запасами,
платёжная ведомость
2. Read the text again and mark the sentences as true or false.
Give your arguments.
1. Computer programs only instruct the hardware how to handle data storage.
2. System software controls internal computer activities.
3. System software is very dependable on the type of application software being used.
4. The information about memory capacity, the model of the processor and disc drives is unavailable for system software.
5. It is very reasonable to ask for a driver when you buy a new piece of hardware.
6. Systems programmers are highly trained specialists and important members of the architectural team.
7. Application software is merely a general-purpose instrument.
3. Translate into English
1) Программное обеспечение определяет порядок выполнения операций.
2) Прикладные программы выполняют поставленную вами конкретную задачу.
3) Этот класс программ самый многочисленный и перспективный с точки зрения маркетинга.
4) Системные программы предназначены для конкретных устройств компьютерной системы.
5) Устанавливая драйвер, вы учите систему понимать вновь присоединенное устройство.
6) Когда компьютер впервые включается, одна из системных программ должна быть загружена в его память.
4. Answer the questions.
1. What is software?
2. In what two basic groups could software be divided?
3. What is systems software?
4. Is an operating system an application or system software?
5. What is an application software?
6. What is the tendency in application software market in recent years?
7. What is the application of the communication software?
5. Match the words on the left with their definitions on the right.
1. medium the process of getting back information
2. digit computer programs
3. retrieval part of a computer controlling all its operations
4. maintenance and electronic parts of a computer
5. application information in a form that a computer can use
6. software way of communicating or expressing smth
7. hardware the work done to keep smth in good condition
8. database computer program for a particular purpose
9. processor any of the numbers from 0 to 9
10. data information stored in a computer system
5. Choose the correct translation:
1. Insert source diskette
а) Дискета, с которой осуществляется копирование, вставлена.
б) Вставьте дискету, с которой осуществляется копирование.
в) Копирование осуществляется со вставленной дискеты.
2. Strike any key
а) Все клавиши нажаты.
б) Нажмите любую клавишу
в) Клавиша нажата
3. Enter new date
а) Новая дата введена
б) Введите новую дату.
в) Введение новой даты.
4. Re-insert diskette for drive X
а) Дискета снова вставлена в дисковод Х.
б) Вставьте снова дискету для дисковода Х.
в) Повторная вставка дискеты в дисковод Х.
5. Please check it
а) Пожалуйста, проверьте это.
б) Пожалуйста, это проверено.
в) Проверка проведена, пожалуйста.
6. (1) Read the dialogue between the software engineer and the hotel owner, who decided to install a new computer system, determine what questions Software Engineering programmer asked.
Analyst What kind of system do you have at the moment?
Hotel owner Well, we introduced a computerized system about five years ago but I'm not very happy with it. We’ve got just a system that allows us to enter bookings as they come in.
A So what features would you like to add to this?
H Well, there are a number of things. I would like a more sophisticated system that would allow me to link reservations and invoicing. I'd like the system to handle invoices also.
A OK. Now the output. What kind of output are you looking for from this?
H Err, well there are a number of things I'd like. One is of course the total invoice, a bill for the guests. I'd like it also to display room bookings so that if someone phones up it's easy for the reception staff to identify quickly which rooms are occupied and which are available.
A Now, who's going to be inputting the information?
H Right, the main users would be the reception staff. They would be dealing with bookings, largely by phone but some by fax or letter. The accountant, of course, would be using the system to create bills. And, err, bar and restaurant staff would have to enter sales.
A Are the staff experienced in using computers or would they need a lot of training
H Reception staffs are quite experienced; however, our accountant would need some training as she's used to a paper system.
A Hm. What computer hardware do you have at the moment?
H Er, we've got one PC at reception and one in the office. What would I need?
A One for the accountant, one in the bar and restaurant. And they would have to be networked. H What's the next step? A I'll come back to you with a plan and we'll check through to make sure it has all the features you want. Then we'll create a program and try it out, and I'll fix some training for the staff. H Thanks very much.
6. (2) Read the dialogue again and find answers to the following questions.
1. What system does the hotelier have at present?
2. What problem is there with the existing system?
3. What form of output does the hotelier want?
4. Who will use the new system?
5. Which members of staff will require the most training?
6. What concerns has the hotelier about a new system?
7. What kind of hardware will be required?
8. What is the next step?
7. Study different opinions and match them with people who thinks so. What is computer software?
A teacher:
Computer software is a collection of computer programs, procedures and documentation that perform some task on a computer system.
A student:
Computer software – a computer program or piece of software designed to perform a specific task.
A programmer:
Computer software – written programs or procedures or rules and associated documentation pertaining to the operation of a computer system and that are stored in read/write memory.
What is your definition of software?
IV. WRITING
Work individually. Prepare a report on the topic “Type of Software”
GRAMMAR IN USE
1. Join the two parts of sentences.
|
1. Fred plays tennis... 2. Fred is playing tennis... 3. Fred has played tennis... 4. Fred played tennis... 5. Fred was playing tennis... 6. Fred will play tennis... |
a) every Monday. b) for several times. c) at the moment. d) at that time. e) next Monday. f) when he was 15. |
2. Correct mistakes.
1. When she was younger, she has played tennis every day.
2. It’s already 10:00, but Jane hasn’t finished her homework already.
3. Joe crashed his car three times since Christmas.
4. Did you done your homework, or have you been watching TV?
5. Karl has been driving since five years.
6. This hotel has been already in business for twenty years
3. Complete these sentences. Use am/is/are, was/were or will be
1. I___Russian.She___American.2.We___hungry after the journey but we___not tired.3.Today the weather___fine but yesterday it___cold.4.George___not at university last week because he___ill.5.We___in the classroom now.6.I___18years old now. 7.She___at the seminar tomorrow.8.Yesterday three students___ absent at the English class. Today all___present.9.Michael travels a lot. Today he___in Moscow. Tomorrow he___ in SaintPetersburg. Next week he__inLondon.10. I___late for my classes tomorrow. 11. A.S.Pushkin___born in1799. 12. My brother and I___at home now.13.I___ready in ten minutes.14.It’s Nick’s birthday next Friday.He___17.
4. Use the Present Perfect or the Past Simple instead of the infinitives in brackets.
1. She just (to go) out. 2. She (to leave) the room a moment ago. 3. We (not yet to solve) the problem. 4At last I (to translate) this article: now I shall have a little rest. 5. The morning was cold and rainy, but since ten o'clock the weather (to change) and now the sun is shining brightly. 6. Show me the dress which you (to make). 7. Oh, how dark it is! A large black cloud (to cover) the sky. I think it will start raining in a few minutes. 8. Oh, close the window! Look, all my papers (to fall) on the floor because of the wind. 9. When you (to open) the window? — I (to open) it ten minutes ago.
6. Correct the mistakes in the following sentences. Pay attention to the use of Simple, Progressive, Perfect tense forms.
1. Marconi has invented a wireless telegraph system in 1896.
2. Since 2014 Jane was working for Media Group, the biggest company in the region.
3. Professor Jonson was given a lecture on information technology at 11 a.m. tomorrow.
4. System errors affects the computer or its peripherals.
5. Were they studying the operating systems next term?
6. Have you passed the exam on programming languages by 5 p.m. yesterday?
7. We has replaced copper lines with fiber-optic cables.
8. When I calling my friend he compiled a program.
9. Alexander will studied C and C ++ yesterday.
10. Pavel often ask me to make a report at conferences.
Unit X
Topic: Computer Applications
I. Lead in
-What can computer solve?
- Can computers do anything without a person?
- What is the role of computers in our society?
II. Reading
While reading mark the information:
• I knew this fact ( + )
• I was not right about this ( – )
• This information was unknown for me ( ! )
Computer Applications
The word computer conjures up different images and thoughts in people’s mind depending upon their experiences. Some view computers as powerful, intelligent machines that can maintain a ‘big brother’ watch over everyone. Others are staggered and fascinated by the marvels achieved by the space programs of the superpowers, where computers play an important part.
Numerous factories use computers to control machines that make products. Without computers, it would be impossible for engineers to perform the enormous number of calculations needed to solve many advanced technological problems. Computers help in the building of spacecraft, and they assist flight engineers in launching, controlling and tracking the vehicles. Computers also are used to develop equipment for exploring the moon and planets. Computers have been of tremendous help to researchers in the biological, physical and social sciences. Astronomers use computers to guide telescopes and to process photographic images of planets and other objects in space. Computers can be used to compose music, write poems and produce drawings and paintings. Computers are also used in the study of the fine arts, particularly, literature. But computers do not have intelligence in the way humans do. They cannot think for themselves. What they are good at is carrying out arithmetical operations and making logical decisions at phenomenally fast speed. But they only do what humans program gives them to do.
Apart from the speed at which computers execute instruction, two developments in particular have contributed to the growth in the use of computers – efficient storage of large amounts of data and diminishing cost. Today, computers can store huge amount of information on magnetic media and any item of this information can be obtained in a few milliseconds and displayed or printed for the user.
to stagger – поражать
achieve– достигать
space program – космическая программа,
enormous– огромный
to assist - помогать, содействовать
launching – запуск
to track the vehicles- отслеживать транспортные средства
execute - выполнять
to diminish - уменьшать, убавлять, сокращать.
magnetic media - магнитный носитель
III. Vocabulary focus
3. 1. Find in the text English equivalents of the following words.
использовать терминал главной компании, нажимать кнопки на клавиатуре, получить информацию, различные образы, компьютер включает и выключает машины, разработать оборудование для исследования Луны и других планет, могут быть использованы для сочинения музыки, работа, не могут думать сами, хорошо справляться с выполнением, вносить вклад.
2. Give the situation from the text in which the following words and expressions are used:
1. different images 2. spaccraft
3. it would be impossible
4. intelligence
5. logical decisions
6. store huge amount of information
3. Fill in the gaps necessary prepositions:
1. People may use a terminal .....the main company ..... work.
2. A clerk can press keys .....a typewriter.
3. The word computer conjures .....a different images.
4. A computer turns the machine .....and ..... .
5. Computers help .....building of spacecraft.
6. They are used to develop equipment .....exploring the moon and planets.
7. Chemists and physicists rely .....computers to control sensitive instruments.
8. Computers don’t have intelligence .....the way humans do.
9. Computers are good .....arithmetical operations.
10. Computers can store huge amounts of information .....magnetic media.
4. Ask questions to which the following statements might be the answers:
1. People may use a terminal from the main company at work.
2. In such a situation the check-in clerk is using the computer to obtain information.
3. The word computer conjures up different images and thoughts in people’s mind.
4. Numerous factories use computers to control machines that make products.
5. A computer turns the machine on and off and adjust their operations.
6. Computers help in the building of spacecraft and assist flight engineers in launching.
7. Chemist and physicists rely on computers.
8. A work generated by a computer may resemble that a certain artist in a birth style and form.
9. Computers do only what humans program them to do.
10. Computers obtain huge amounts of information in a few milliseconds.
5. Agree or disagree with the following statements:
1. Only a few people have or will have had some experience of «conversing» with computers.
2. The word computer conjures up the same images and thoughts in computer’s brain depending upon the structure of the computer.
3. Without computers it would be impossible for engineers to perform the enormous number of calculations.
4. Computers haven’t been of tremendous help to researchers in the biological, physical and social sciences
5. Computers can be used to compose music, write poems and produce drawings and paintings.
6. Computers have intelligence in the way humans do.
7. Today, computers are very big, slow and can store little information on magnetic media.
6. We can’t imagine our everyday life without using of the Computer. Convince your partner of the importance of this problem. Give 10 statements, using the appropriate words and expressions from the table below.
|
Emphasis I particularly want to emphasize It's essential to realize It's well worth noting I wish to draw your attention to I consider this point of utmost importance |
Certainty I'm certain There's no doubt Without doubt Undoubtedly It goes without saying I'm positive I'm sure |
IV. WRITING
Work individually. Make a short summary of the text “Computer Applications”
GRAMMAR IN USE
1. Choose the correct form of the verb in brackets to complete the sentences.
1. I ... (like / am liked) this place.
2. What books by Charles Dickens ... (translated / are translated) into Belarussian?
3. Who ... (protects / is protected) animals?
4. This city ... (is visited / visited) by many people.
5. Who ... (gives / is given) bad marks in your class?
6. Our house ... (made /is made) of wood.
7. Our holiday ... (is begun / begins) next week.
8. Pupils ... (are given / give) textbooks by the teacher.
9. The holiday ... (celebrated / is celebrated) every year.
2. Make up the negative sentences using the words in brackets.
Example: Cars are made at this factory, (bicycles) — But bicycles are not made at this factory.
1. Bread is sold in this shop, (milk)
2. Our house is built of wood, (their house)
3. My books are kept on the shelf. exercise-books )
4. My younger sister is usually given fruit and milk for supper, (my brother)
5. Apples are grown in Belarus, (oranges)
6. Glass is made of sand (paper)
7. My dresses are made by my mother, (jackets)
8. This apple-tree is planted by me, (that cherry-tree)
9. All the words are always learnt by the pupils. (rules)
3 . Make up questions from the words given below according to the pattern. Then answer the questions.
Pattern: Where/meals/to cook? Where are meals cooked? They are cooked in the kitchen.
1. Where/the patients/to operate on?
2. When/the exams/to take?
3. Where/English/to speak?
4. Where/Oriental languages/to teach?
5. Where/bread/to keep?
6. When/dinner/usually/to eat?
7. When/the children/to put to bed?
8. Where/books/to sell?
4. Convert each of these statements to the Passive Voice.
1. We propose the development of DataSpace Support Platforms for the data management field. 2. The researchers place dataspaces and DSSPs in the context of existing systems. 3. We can distinguish some properties of dataspace systems. 4. Our desktops typically contain some structured data (e.g., spreadsheets). 5. A scientific research group may be monitoring a coastal ecosystem through weather stations, shore and buoy-mounted sensors and remote imagery. 6. A participant may require an independent metadata repository. 7. A DSSP offers several interrelated services on the dataspace, some of which are generalizations of components provided by a traditional DBMS.
Unit XI
Topic: Programming languages
I.ead in
- What programming languages do you know?
- What are some of the best programming languages to learn?
- What are their special features?
II. Reading
Read the text and answer the question: "how Many high-level programming languages are represented in the text?"
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
Unfortunately for us, computers can't understand spoken English or any other natural language. The only language they can understand directly is machine code, which consists of 1s and 0s (binary code).
Machine code is too difficult to write. For this reason, we use symbolic languages to communicate instructions to the computer. Machine code and assembly languages are called low-level languages because they are closer to the hardware. They are quite complex and restricted to particular machines. To make the programs easier to write, and to overcome the problem of intercommunication between different types of computer, software developers designed high-level languages, which are closer to the English language. Here are some examples:
FORTRAN was developed by IBM in 1954 and is still used for scientific and engineering applications.
COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language) was developed in 1959 and is mainly used for business applications.
BASIC was developed in the 1960s and was widely used in microcomputer programming because it was easy to earn. Visual BASIC is a modern version of the old BASIC language, used to build graphical elements such as buttons and windows in Windows programs. PASCAL was created in 1971. It is used in universities to teach the fundamentals of programming. C was developed in the 1980s at AT&T. It is used to write system software, graphics and commercial applications. C++ is a version of C which incorporates object-oriented programming the programmer concentrates on particular things (a piece of text, a graphic or a table, etc.) and gives each object functions which can be altered without changing the entire program. For example, to add a new graphics format, the programmer needs to rework just the graphics object. This makes programs easier to modify. Java was designed by Sun in 1995 to run on the Web. Java applets provide animation and interactive features web pages. VOCABULARY
Programming – программирование
Solution – решение
Machine code – машинный код
Symbolic languages – символические языки
Assembly language – язык «Ассемблер»
Software– программное обеспечение
Low-level languages – языки низкого уровня программирования
High-level languages – языки высокого уровня программирования
to overcome the problem – преодолеть проблему
to incorporate - включать
Fortran – язык программирования для выполнения научных и математических приложений
Cobol – язык программирования, используемый в бизнесе
Basic – язык программирования как обучающий язык
Visual basic – язык программирования, используемый для создания windows-приложений
С – язык программирования, используемый для написания программного обеспечения систем, графиков и коммерческих программ
Java
– язык программирования, используемый для работы на
web-страницах
III. Vocabulary focus
4. Find in the text English equivalents of the following words.
машинный код, взаимодействовать, символический язык, программное обеспечение, языки низкого уровня, языки высокого уровня, бизнес-приложений, программирования, ограничены конкретными машинами, преодолеть проблему, разработчики, современная версия, графический формат, включать.
5. Complete the sentences using the information from the text.
1. The only language they can understand directly is…… .
2. Machine code is too…… .
3. FORTRAN was developed ….. .
4. COBOL was developed …… .
5. PASCAL was created…. .
6. C++ is a version of … .
7. Java was designed by
6. Match the words to their definitions.
|
1. programming |
a. basic language which consists of binary codes |
|
2. machine code |
a. programming language such as C. Java or Visual BASIC |
|
3. assembly language |
a. writing computer programs
|
|
4. high-level language |
a. low-level language translated into machine code by an assembler |
|
5. Java apples |
a. software which converts a source program into machine code |
|
6. compiler |
a. small self-contained program written in Java |
7. Fill in the gaps with proper words.
Program____ programmers_____ programming___ programmable_____
1. __________ is the process of venting a program using a computer language.
2. A computer _________ is a set of instructions that tells the computer how to do a specific task.
3. Most computer __________ make a plan of the program before they write it.
4. A _______ keyboard allows the user to configure the layout and meaning of the keys
Compile________ compiler________ compilation_________
5. Programs written in a high-level language require ________ - that is, translation into machine cone, the language understood by the processor.
6. A source program is converted into machine code by software called a ________
7. Programmers usually ______ then programs to generate
an object program and
diagnose possible errors.
Bug ___debug ______ debugger _____debugging ___
8. Any error or malfunction of a computer program is known as a ________
9. A ________ is a program used to test and _____________ other programs.
10. The process of going through the code to identify the cause of errors and fixing them is called________.
5. Translate into Russian
1. We use symbolic languages to communicate instructions to the computer.
2. The program is then translated into machine code by a piece of software called an assembler.
3. To make the program easier to write, software developers designed high-level languages.
4. Markup languages are used to create web-documents.
5. Markup tags are used to format and link text files.
6. Cabol (Common Business Oriented Language) was developed in 1959.
7. Pascal was created in 1971 and it is used in universities to teach fundamentals of programming.
8. Java was designed by Sun in 1995 to run on the web.
6.
Answer
the following questions.
1. Do computers understand human languages? Why?/ Why not?
2. What is the function of an assembler?
3. Why did software developers design high-level languages?
4. Which language is used to teach programming techniques?
5. What is the difference between a compiler and an interpreter?
6. Why are HTML and Voice XML called markup languages?
7. (A) Read the information about the programming steps. Steps in writing a program
To write a program, software developers usually follow these steps.
· First they try to understand the problem and define the purpose of the program.
· They design a flowchart, a diagram which shows the successive logical steps of the program.
· Next they write the instructions in a high-level language (Pascal, C, etc.). This is called coding. The program is then compiled.
· When the program is written, they test it: they run the program to see if it works and use special tools to detect bugs, or errors. Any errors are corrected until it runs smoothly. This is called debugging, or bug fixing.
· Finally, software companies write a detailed description of how the program works, called program documentation. They also have a maintenance program. They get reports from users about any errors found in the program. After it has been improved, it is published as an updated version.
B. Using the information in task 8(A), distribute the programming steps in the correct order.
Document and maintain the
program
Test the program and detect bugs
Make flowchart
Write code and compile
Analyze the problem
Debug and correct it if necessary
8. Role- playing.
Read the information how to write a program, and make a dialogue between the software developer and the students of the group of preparatory courses on working with a computer, using this information.
I’d like to begin the course by giving you a very basic overview of the programming process. We'll then move to the details. So, to write a program, we normally follow these steps:
A program usually provides a solution to a given problem - for example, how to calculate wages and income tax in a big company. First of all, you have to understand exactly what the problem is and define it clearly. This means you have to decide, in a general way, how to solve the problem. The next step is to design a step-by-step plan of instructions. This usually takes the form of a flowchart, a diagram that uses special symbols to show how the computer works through the program - where it makes decisions, where it starts and ends, where data is input, things like that.
Next, you write the instructions in a programming language, like BASIC, Pascal or C. These computer instructions are called source code. Then you have to use a compiler, a special program that converts the source code into machine code - the only language understood by the processor, which consists of 1 s and Os.
Once you've written the program, you have to test it with sample data to see if there are any bugs or errors. The process of correcting these errors is called debugging. Computer programmers have to find the origin of each error, write the correct instruction, compile the program again, and test it until it works correctly.
Finally, you have to write program documentation, a detailed description of how to use the program. A great program is not much good unless people know how to use it.
GRAMMAR IN USE
1. The postbox (to empty) yesterday. 2. The stamps (to postmark) at the post office. 3. The letters (to sort) into the different towns. 4. The mail (to load) into the train. 5. The mailbags (to unload) after their journey. 6. The bags (to take) to the post office. 7. The letters (to sort) into the different streets. 8. The letters (to deliver).
2. Fill in the verb in the Past Active or Passive Voice.
1. The Cape of Good Hope ... (discovered / was discovered) by Bartolommeo Dias.
2. The clown ... (entertained / was entertained) the public.
3. We ... (arrived/ were arrived) at the camp in time.
4. Many experiments ... (did/ were done) under water.
5. Many people ... (invited / were invited) to the festival.
6. They ... (discussed / were discussed) many exciting things.
7. I ... (learnt / was learnt) many interesting things in this unit.
8. What artist ... (painted / was painted) this picture?
3. Translate the verbs into English.
1. A lot of houses (было построено) in London and other towns.
2. The letter (было написано) 2 days ago.
3. The article (была переведена) yesterday
4. The students (пригласили) to the concert.
5. The work (была закончена) by him quickly.
6. A new stadium in our city (был построен) last year.
7. The little boy (смотрели) with interest by the people.
4. Change the active sentences into passive sentences.
1. They played the match in the evening.
2. They calculated the answers very quickly.
3. They filmed the movie in black and white.
4. They sent the e-mail yesterday.
5. They built our house ten years ago.
6. Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin.
7. The shopkeeper opened the shop at nine o'clock.
5. Analyze the forms of verbs and translate the sentences. 1. Data are processed to become useful information. 2. We use the term data processing to include the resources applied for processing of information. 3. Resources required for accomplishing the processing of data are called data processing system. 4. Processing is a series of operations converting inputs into outputs. 5. Facilities are required to house the computer equipment. 6. Egyptians used the information to predict crop yields. 7. Information to be put into the computer for processing should be coded into ones and zeroes. 8. Processing is operations on data to convert them into useful information. 9. The first machines designed to manipulate punched card data were widely used for business data processing. 10. Hollerith built one machine to punch the holes and the other to tabulate the collected data.
UNIT XII
Topic: Operating Systems
I. Lead in
- What do you know about such operation system as Windows NT? What does it offer for businessmen?
- What is the real success of Microsoft Windows?
- Offer your own suggestions on improving the operation system.
II. Reading
While reading mark the information:
• I knew this fact ( + )
• I was not right about this ( – )
• This information was unknown for me ( ! )
Operating Systems
Operating systems control and manage the use of hardware devices such as the printer or mouse. They also provide disk management by letting you store information in files. The operating system also lets you run programs such as the basic word processor. Lastly, the operating system provides several of its own commands that help you to use the computer. DOS is the most commonly used PC operating system. DOS is an abbreviation for disk operating system. DOS was developed by a company named Microsoft. When IBM first released the IBM PC in 1981, IBM licensed DOS from Microsoft for use on the PC and called it PC-DOS. Windows NT (new technology) is an operating system developed by Microsoft. NT is an enhanced version of the popular Microsoft Windows 3.0, 3.1 programs. NT requires a 386 processor or greater and 8 Mb of RAM. For the best NT performance, you have to use a 486 processor with about 16 Mb or higher. Unlike the Windows, which runs on top of DOS, Windows NT is an operating system itself. However, NT is DOS compatible. OS/2 is a C operating system created by IBM. Like NT, OS/2 is DOS compatible and provides a graphical user interface that lets you run programs with a click of a mouse. Also like NT, OS/2 performs best when you are using a powerful system. UNIX is a multi-user operating system that allows multiple users to access the system. UNIX allowed each user to simultaneously run the programs they desired. Unlike NT and OS/2, UNIX is not DOS compatible. Most users would not purchase UNIX for their own use. Windows 95 & 98 (Windows 2000) are the most popular user-oriented operating systems with a friendly interface and multitasking capabilities. The usage of Windows 95 and its enhanced version Windows 98 is so simple that even little kids learn how to use it very quickly. Windows 95 and 98 are DOS compatible, so all programs written for DOS may work under the new operating system
run programs — запускать
программы
to release — выпускать
an abbreviation — аббревиатура
enhanced
– улучшенный
to undergo — подвергаться, испытывать
compatible — совместимый
a click of a mouse — одним щелчком мыши
purchase — покупка
multitasking capabilities — средства
многозадачности
III. Vocabulary focus
1. Find in the text English equivalents of the following words.
хранить информацию, запускать программы, использовать компьютер, аппаратное устройство, операционная система, совместимый; способность, одним щелчком мыши, мощная система, доступ; покупка, многочисленные пользователи; одновременно;. использование, улучшенная версия, средства многозадачности.
2. Fill in the gaps with appropriate words.
1. They also … disk management by letting you store information in files. 2. Lastly, the operating system …..several of its own commands that help you.3. … is the most commonly used PC operating system. 4 Also like NT, OS/2 performs …...when you are using a powerful system. 5. Most … would not purchase UNIX for their own use. 6. … are the most popular user-oriented operating systems with a friendly interface and … capabilities.
3. Read the text again and decide whether the following statements are true or false.
1. Operating systems control and manage the use of hardware devices such as the printer or scanner.
2. The operating system also lets you run programs such as the basic word processor.
3. When IBM first released the IBM PC in 1991, IBM licensed DOS from Microsoft for use on the PC and called it PC-DOS.
4. UNIX is a multi-user operating system that allows multiple users to access the system.
5. Windows 95 and 98 are DOS compatible, so all programs written for DOS may work under the new operating system
4. Answer the following questions.
1. What are the basic functions of operating systems?
2. What does “DOS” abbreviation mean?
3. What company developed the first version of DOS operating systems and for what purpose?
4. Was the new operating system successful?
5. What is the difference between PC-DOS and MS-DOS?
6. Is NT DOS - compatible?
7. What are the basic requirements for NT?
5. Find the translation of the word.
а) клавиша 1. port, 2. key, 3. root, 4. drive, 5. mouse
б) память 1. error, 2. message, 3. memory, 4.mouse, 5. name
в) имя 1. port, 2. key, 3. name, 4. mouse, 5.character
г) порт 1. keyboard, 2.drivr, 3. mouse, 4. port 5. file
д) корневой 1. hard, 2. floppy, 3. personal, 4. root,
е) дисковод 1. disk, 2. diskette, 3. drive, 4. port, 5. screen
ж) экран 1. display, 2. keyboard, 3. memory, 4. error,5. screen
з) ошибка 1. root, 2. error, 3. port, 4. print, 5. message
и) программное обеспечение 1. program, 2. hardware, 3. software,4. command, 5. character
к) символ 1. error, 2. command, 3. name, 4. character,5. message
6. (1) Read the interview with Bill Thomson, the developer of the Windows Vista program, and answer the questions.
Interviewer: There is no doubt that Windows has revolutionized the way we use computers today. Bill, can yоu explain just why it's so popular?
Bill: Well, very simply, people find Windows very easy to use because everything is presented in graphic images. It’s also compatible with thousands of programs.
Interviewer: there are several versions of Windows Vista available. Could yоu give us some advice on which one to get?
Bill: Yes, you’re right - there are four main editions НоmеBasic, Ноmе Premium, Business and Ultimate. Home Basic is designed for users with basic needs, such as email and internet access. Hоmе Premium is for more advanced home computing and entertainment. It includes а DVD maker, а movie maker and а Media Centre, which lets you listen to music, watch video and record TV programs on your PC. The Business edition is ideal for business organizations of all sizes. It offers new backup technologies and advanced networking capabilities. Finally, the Ultimate edition combines all the features of the other editions, making it the most complete. It has everything yоu need to enjoy the latest in music games, digital photography and high-definition ТV.
Interviewer: What about internet connections? Have they been improved?
Bill: Yes, Internet Explorer is more reliable and secure. ГhеSecurity Centre includes an anti-spyware program called Windows Defender andа firewall that protects your computer from internet attacks.
Interviewer: And what sort of application software can yоu use with Windows?
Bill: The most popular is still Microsoft Office, а suite that includes the word processor, Word, an email program, the Exсеl spreadsheet program, and the presentation graphics program, PowerPoint.
1. Why is a window so popular?
2. Which Windows Vista edition is aimed at high-end PC users, games and multimedia professionals?
7. (2) Read the interview again and complete the table.
|
Windows Vista editions |
Other features |
Internet and security |
Windows program |
|
(1) ............................... is designed for users with basic needs, such as email and internet access. Hоmе Premium is for advanced home computing and (2) ........................... . The Business edition is ideal for (3) ...................... . The Ultimate edition is the most complete. |
The user interface has been redesigned with new icons and а new (4) ................ .
It offers support for the latest technologies, from DVD creation to(5) ................. . |
Internet Explorer is more reliable and secure. The Security Centre includes аn (6) .................. .program called Windows Defender, and а firewall that protects your computer from (7) ....................... |
The most popular is still (8) …………… . а suite that includes the (9) ............. Word; an email program; Exсеl spreadsheet program; and the (10) ............... program, PowerPoint. |
8. Arrange short debate on the following question.
1. How does the operating system affect the user interface?
9. How would you complete the statement: An operating system is …
10. Which operating systems do these logos belong to?
11. Teamwork
Choose an operating system and speak about its usability. Use the prompts below: usability, interface, advantages and disadvantages, most common applications, ease of use and prospects of developing. Share your opinion with the group mates.
Expressions for discussions
|
Discussion. I would like to begin the discussion on the subject by saying that… First of all I must say… I’d just like to say… I think (suppose, guess, believe, dare say)… In my opinion… Well, my opinion is… If you ask me… As I see it… My point of view is… There is one more thing to be noted. In addition… You may be right, but… I wouldn’t say that… On the one hand… On the other hand… Generally speaking… It depends. |
Agreeing. Disagreeing. I quite agree here. I’m of the same opinion. It goes without saying that… I’m not sure. I doubt it. I’m afraid I don’t agree. I object to it. I generally disagree I can’t agree with you. Don’t you agree that…? I think you’re mistaken. I don’t think you are right. Nothing of the kind. On the contrary! Certainly not. Certainly. Exactly. Definitely. Absolutely. Beyond all doubt. I’m afraid I don’t know much about… Well I don’t think… I don’t quite see what you mean, I’m afraid. |
IV. WRITING
Find additional information about operating systems and extend the content of the text.
1. What can or can’t you do in these places? Make sentence. Use You can / You can’t
buy flowers butcher's
buy bread and cakes baker's
buy medicine florist's
wash your clothes launderette
buy meat chemist's
2. Fill in the blanks with Can /Could follow by the appropriate form of the infinitive in brackets.
1. ... this letter (to write) by Rodger a week ago? When I saw him last he did not even mention it to me.
2. Going to a picnic was a great pleasure for everybody; for the ladies ... (to talk) over all their household problems, the gentlemen ... (to discuss) politics without their family interfering and the children and dogs ... do whatever they liked.
3. Your answering machine has spoilt the last recording. I ... (not to recognise) the voice though it seemed fairly familiar.
4. I've known him for already fifteen years and I am perfectly certain that he ... (not to mean) that. You ... (to misunderstand) him or vice versa.
5. There is little wonder that he has been imprisoned. I have always suspected that he ... even (to murder) someone, to say nothing about pilfering.
6. Why did not you ask me to help with your business? I ... (to do) something to save your money.
3. Translate into English using modal verb can (could), to be able to.
3. Translate into English.
1. Я умеюговорить по-английски. 2. Мой папа не умеет говорить по-немецки. 3. Ты умеешь говорить по-французски? 4. Моя сестра не умеет кататься на коньках. 5. Ты можешь переплыть эту реку? 6. Я не могу выпить это молоко. 7. Она не может вас понять. 8. Ты умел плавать в прошлом году? 9. В прошлом году я не умел кататься на лыжах, а сейчас умею. 10. Вы не можете мне сказать, как доехать до вокзала? 11. Не могли ли бы вы мне помочь? 12. Я не могу перевести это предложение. 13.. Твоя бабушка умела танцевать, когда была молодая? — Да, она и сейчас умеет. 14. Боюсь, что он не сможет помочь мне переехать в новый дом на следующей неделе. 15. Она не сможет вовремя добраться до аэропорта. 16. Ты сможешь отправить ему электронную почту сегодня вечером?
4. Make up the questions and give a short or complete answer.
1. your brother/ play/ table tennis/ can? – Yes, he…
2. your cousin/ can/ ride a horse? – No, he…
3. may/ go to/ I / the cinema/ – Yes, you…
4. late/ may/ come home/ she – No, she…
5. learn this poem/ must/ she/ by heart? – Yes, she…
6. books/ how many/ they/ must/read? – Only two.
7. wear/ smart clothes/ for the party/ should/ they? – Yes,…
8. salt/ how much/ should/ put in the dish/ I ? – Just a little.
9. the student/ mobile/ phones/ use/ can/ at the exams? – No, they…
10. children/ come to school / in time/ must? – Yes, they…
5. Fill in the blanks with can, could, be able to.
1. Michael __________now speak Norwegian rather fluently.
2. Michael used to _________ speak Norwegian rather fluently.
3. Nick __________marry Lisa, but he__________make her love him.
4. Sally used to__________eat a kilo of chocolate for lunch.
5. Megan’d like to __________ surf very well.
6. Luckily Melody __________find a taxi.
7. Jillian __________drive when she was 12.
8. Megan sighed. Fred __________ feel her hands shaking.
9. The secretary ________ to type 150 words a minute.
10. Children ________ enter this territory. It’s highly dangerous!
UNIT XIII
Topic: Data Processing and Data Processing Systems
Grammar: Modal verbs may, might, to be allowed to.
I. Lead in
- Read the text and tell us how you understand the term « data processing»
II. Reading
While reading mark the information:
- I knew this fact ( + )
- I was not right about this ( – )
- This information was unknown for me ( ! )
Data Processing and Data processing Systems.
The necessary data are processed by a computer to become useful information. In fact this is the definition of data processing. Data are a collection of facts — unorganized but able to be organized into useful information. Processing is a series of actions or operations that convert inputs into outputs. When we speak of data processing, the input is data, and the output is useful information. So, we can define data processing as a series of actions or operations that converts data into useful information.
The need for converting facts into useful information is not phenomenon of modern life. Throughout history, and even prehistory, people have found it necessary to sort data into forms that were easier to understand. For example, the ancient Egyptians recorded the ebb and flow of the Nile River and used this information to predict yearly crop yields. Today computers convert data about land and water into recommendations to farmers on crop planting. Modern computers are marvels of an electronics technology that continues to produce smaller, cheaper, and more powerful components.
Five basic operations are characteristic of all data processing systems: inputting, storing, processing, outputting, and controlling. They are defined as follows.
Inputting is the process of entering data, which are collected facts, into a data processing system. Storing is saving data or information so that they are available for initial or for additional processing. Processing represents performing arithmetic or logical operations on data in order to convert them into useful information. Outputting is the process of producing useful information, such as a printed report or visual display.
Controlling is directing the manner and sequence in which all of the above operations are performed.
data processing —
обработка информации (данных)
to convert — преобразовывать; переводить (в др. единицы)
equipment — оборудование; аппаратура; приборы; устройства
available — доступный; имеющийся (в наличии); возможный
display — дисплей; устройство (визуального) отображения; показ
sequence — последовательность, порядок (следования)
to enter — входить; вводить (данные); заносить,
записывать
data base — база данных
visual —
визуальный
III. Vocabulary focus
1. Find in the text English equivalents of the following words
обработка данных; совокупность фактов; последовательность действий; преобразование входных данных в полезную информацию; включать ресурсы; завершить обработку данных; обеспечивать ввод информации в компьютер; нуждаться (требовать) в приспособлениях; явление современной жизни; на протяжении доисторического периода; регистрировать отливы и приливы; прогнозировать урожай зерновых культур; механические средства вычисления; ввод данных; хранение данных; первоначальная обработка данных; дополнительная обработка; выдача полезной информации; напечатанное сообщение; зрительное отображение;
2. Fill in the gaps with proper words.
1. Data are ..… of facts — unorganized but able to be organized into useful information. 2. Processing is a series of actions or operations that …… inputs into outputs. 3. Today computers convert data about land and water into recommendations …. on crop planting. 4. Modern computers are marvels of an electronics technology that continues to produce … … …… components. 5. Inputting is the process of entering …. , which are collected facts, into a data processing system. 6. Storing is saving data or information so that they are available for … or for additional …. . 7. Outputting is the process of …… useful information, such as a printed report or visual display. 8. Controlling is directing the manner and sequence in which all of the above operations …….. .
3. Answer the following questions.
1. What is processing? 2. What is data processing? 3. What does the term of data processing system mean? 4. What basic operations does a data processing system include? 5. What is inputting / storing / outputting information? 6. How did ancient Egyptians convert facts into useful information? 7. When were mechanical aids for computation developed?
4. Find the best verb in the box to complete each of the sentences.
|
process contribute take (2) distribute apply make run access involve |
1. Many schools don’t _______ full advantage of the Internet. 2. The database allows you to _______ the sales figures in a number of ways. 3. Computers _______ data as it is received. 4. She managed to _______ a significant contribution to scientific knowledge. 5. It is important to ________ the exact dimensions of the room. 6. The job will _______ working with a software development team. 7. It was a real team effort — everyone managed to _______ something to the success of the project. 8. He wants a job in which he can _______ his foreign languages. 9. There are different ways you can use to _______ any program or application as an administrator in Windows. 10. They will _______ copies of the book free to each school in the district
5. Match the right and the left columns.
|
1. Computer |
a) the set of instructions that direct the operations of computers; |
|
2. Computer literacy |
b) a part of a computer, entering data into the device; |
|
3. A program |
c) facts unorganized but able to be organized; |
|
4. Data |
d) the output of a data processing system; |
|
5. Data processing |
e) possessing sufficient knowledge of how computers work and what they can to use them as problem-solving tools; |
|
6. Input |
f) a series of operations that results in the conversion of data system into useful information; |
|
7. Output |
g) an electronic device performing calculations on numerical data; |
|
8. Useful information
|
h) an electronic device accepting the data processing results from the computer and displaying them; |
|
9. Data bank |
i) a set of related files; |
|
10. Data processing |
j) the resources required to accomplish the processing of data. |
6. Work in two groups, A and B. Think of advantages and possible disadvantages of dataspaces in information management field. Then together consider how the disadvantages can be minimized. Use the Notes below. Group A. Advantages of dataspaces Group B. Disadvantages of dataspaces
Notes:
CLARIFICATION –
I'm afraid it's not quite clear what you mean by... - I'm sorry I didn't quite follow what you said about... - I'm afraid I don't understand what... mean(s). - When you say..., do you mean that...?
ASKING QUESTIONS - I'd like to know what/when/why/how/who/if... - Could you tell me what/when/why/how/who/if...? - I wonder what/when/why/how/who/if... - Would you tell me what/when/why/how/who/if...? - It's interesting to know (to find out) what/when/why/how/who/if...
GRAMMAR IN USE
1. Translate into English using modal verb may, to be allowed to.
1. Можно мне войти? 2. Можно, я пойду гулять? 3. Если твоя работа готова, можешь идти домой. 4. Учитель сказал, что мы можем идти до- мой. 5. Доктор говорит, что я уже могу купаться. 6. Папа сказал, что мы можем идти в кино одни. 7. Я думал, что мне можно смотреть телевизор. 8. Если ты не наденешь пальто, ты можешь заболеть. 9. Не уходи из дома: мама может скоро прийти, а у нее нет ключа. 10. Будь осторожен: ты можешь упасть. 11. Не трогай собаку: она может укусить тебя. 12. Мы, может быть, поедем за город в воскресенье. 13. Он может забыть об этом. 14. Скоро может пойти дождь. 15. Если хотите, можете идти сейчас.
2. Fill in the blanks with may (might) or to be allowed to.
1. Не ... go home if he likes. 2. As soon as the boy ... leave the room, he smiled a happy smile and ran out to join his friends outside. 3. The doctor says I am much better. I ... get up for a few hours every day. 4. ... I bring my sister to the party? 5.... I have a look at your newspaper? 6 . ... I borrow your car, please? 7. He ... join the sports section as soon as he is through with his medical examination. 8. Becky's mother said that everybody ... take part in the picnic. 9. If you pass your exams, you ... go to the south.
3. Fill in the blanks using modal verbs may or can.
1. ... you see anything in this inky darkness? 2. You ... go when you have finished your compositions. 3. What shall we do if the train is late? It ... be late, you know, after the terrible snowstorms we've had. 4. When ... you come and see me? — Let me see: I... not come tomorrow, for I must be at the meeting, but on Sunday I'll find time. Yes, you ... expect me on Sunday about three o'clock. Will that be all right? 5. You ... come in when you have taken off your boots. 6. Be careful: you ... spill the milk if you carry it like that. 7. Most children ... slide on the ice very well.
4. Fill in the blanks using modal verbs may (might) or can (could).
1. ... you help me? 2. I ... not imagine her speaking in public: I knew that she was so shy. 3. Something was wrong with the car: he ... not start it. 4.-A fool ... ask more questions than a wise man ... answer. 5.... you tell me the nearest way to the city museum? 6. ... I use your pen? 7. ... I find a pen on that table? 8. You ... read this book: you know the language well enough. 9. You ... take this book: I don't need it. 10. ... I help you? 11. ... I ask you to help me? 12. The school was silent: nothing ... be heard in the long dark corridors.
UNIT XIV
Topic: Career in Information Technology
1. Lead in
- Group work. Reflect on the following quotation. Get ready to discuss the prediction together:
“There is no reason anyone is going to want a computer in their home” (ken Olson, President of Digital Equipment Corporation, 1977)
Share your point of view on the following questions with the rest of the class
1. What kind of people should make a career in IT? 2. What traits of character and qualities should they have? 3. What skills are demanded to be successful in such a profession? 4. Why is the profession demanded nowadays and in what spheres? 5. Why have you chosen the profession of a programmer?
II. Reading
1. Read the text and fill in the cluster while reading it. The cluster should contain the key words you can find in the text. Get ready to justify your choice afterwards.
THE PROFESSION OF A PROGRAMMER
A programmer, or a computer programmer, is a person who writes programs to work on a computer. Computer programs are detailed instructions that computers must follow to do their functions. A programmer can be a specialist in one area of computer programming or a generalist who writes codes for many kinds of programs. Programmers also make, design, and test logical structures for solving problems by a computer. Many technical innovations in programming – modern computing technologies and new languages and programming tools - have changed the role of a programmer and enriched much of the programming work today. British mathematician Ada Lovelace (who was the famous British poet Lord Byron’s daughter) was the first to write a program for a computing machine. The machine was Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine, and Ada wrote and published an algorithm to make the calculations of Bernoulli numbers in October 1842. Unfortunately, her work never ran because Babbage's machine was never finished in her time. The first person to successfully run a program on a computer was a computer scientist Konrad Zuse, who succeeded in it in 1941. The American ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) programming team, consisting of Kay McNulty, Betty Jennings, Betty Snyder, Marlyn Wescoff, Fran Bilas and Ruth Lichterman were the first regularly working programmers. International Programmers' Day is celebrated annually on the 7th of January. In Russia starting from the year of 2009 a professional annual holiday known as Programmers' Day is celebrated on the 13th of September (the 12th of September in leap years).
Vocabulary:
programmer – программист
design – разрабатывать
innovation – новшество
enriche
– обогащать
publish – публиковать
celebrate – праздновать, отмечать
annually – ежегодно;
III. Vocabulary focus
1. Complete the following sentences using the information from the text.
1. Computer programs are detailed instructions that computers must………….
2. A programmer can be a specialist in one area of computer programming or a generalist who…………..
3. Programmers also make, design, and test logical structures for…………
4. The first person to successfully run a program on a computer was………
5. International Programmers' Day is celebrated……………..
2. Answer the following questions using the information from the text and your own experience:
1. Who is a programmer? 2. Who was the first programmer in the history of computing? Prove your opinion. 3. When is International Programmers’ Day celebrated? 4. Why is Programmers’ Day in Russia celebrated on the other date?
3. Give synonyms to the following words: modern, to design, to test, to finish, success
4. Give antonyms to the following words: unfortunately, to change, to enrich, international, to start
5. Complete the interview questions with the words from the box.
|
work, offer, tell, good, motivates, sort, know, strengths, weaknesses, important, learn |
1. ___ me about yourself.
2. Why should we ___ you the job?
3. What ___ you?
4. What are you ___ at?
5. What ___ of person are you?
6. What are your ___ and ___?
7. What do you ___ about our company?
8. Do you like to ___ in a team or on your own?
9. How ___ is work to you?
10. What did you ___ in your last job?
6. Translate the following sentences: 1. Работа программиста – сложная, но интересная, она подходит для нас. 2. Мы выбрали её из многих других профессий и надеемся стать хорошими специалистами. 3. Хотя некоторые люди думают, что в сфере компьютеров уже больше нечего открывать, мы знаем, что наши открытия ещё впереди. 4. Записи и чертежи Чарльза Баббеджа вдохновили учёных из Британского музея науки на создание машины, придуманной им. 5. Мировое научное сообщество признаёт достижения Ады Лавлейс и считает её первым программистом. 6. Уже в 17 веке были первые попытки создания электронных машин; это, например, счётные машины Лейбница и Паскаля. . Считается, что коллегой Конрада Цусе, помогавшим ему с созданием Зед -1был Гельмут Шрейер.
6. Read, translate and learn by heart the following dialogue
Meeting a Friend
Igor: Hello, Nick. Oleg: Hello, Peter. Haven’t seen you for ages. Igor: What are you doing here? Are you a student of this university? Oleg: Oh, yes. I’ve finished secondary school this year and decided to go to university to do a course in information technology here. Igor: Glad to hear that. As you know, I’m a third-year student of this University. Oleg: What course are you doing? Igor: I’m doing a Bachelor’s degree in mechanical engineering. In a year, I will be a mechanical engineer. I like my future profession very much. Oleg: But I chose a Bachelor’s degree course in information technology. I hope I’ll graduate from the University in four years and become a highly-qualified software developer. Igor: Do you live in a hall of residence? I haven’t seen you there. Oleg: No, I live with my parents. Come to see me at my place some time. Igor: Thank you. I’ll come. Good-bye. Oleg: Good-bye.
Make up dialogues of your own.
Situations. You meet your friend and talk about: a) his/her first year of study at the university; b) his/her academic degree (s)he will obtain after graduating.
7. The tree represents a person with his/her skills and personal qualities. LEAVES: personal qualities and skills
Each student will get this tree. Put your qualities and skills connected with working with the computer in the leaves.
- Exchange the trees with each other. Study the trees and make a presentation of each other’s qualities and skills
- After each presentation the whole group tries to find the appropriate job for each candidate trying to explain their choice.
Here you can find some ideas:
• Having ambition • Being competent
• Working hard • Being a good team player
• Getting on with people • Having good communication skills
• Being adaptable • Having patience and tenacity
• Looking smart • Having logical reasoning
• Having sense of humor • Having problem solving skills
• Being motivating
8. What computer specialties do you know? What are the responsibilities of different computer specialists?
1. Have you chosen an appropriate job for yourself?
2. What responsibilities are you suitable for?
Here you can find some ideas:
• to work on the full range of development activities – analysis, design, coding, testing and implementation
• to perform formal analysis of operational needs
• to run data-processing equipment (data control and editing)
• to facilitate systems integration
• to provide messaging, data storage, networking
• to develop and maintain web-based applications
• to possess analytical problem solving skills
• to handle customer support calls
• to set up equipment
• to maintain security of documents and customers
• to install, configure and maintain software and hardware systems
• to assess potential risks
• to conduct trainings to new hires, users and technical teams as needed
• to analyze system issues and provide resolutions.
• to recommend process improvements
• to ensure system reliability, security, integrity and performance
• to conduct computer diagnostics
9. Work with the Internet Surf the net and find information about the advantages of the profession of a programmer and the peculiarities of the programmers’ training courses at different universities.
IV. Writing
You are looking for a job. Find in the Internet or in the newspaper an advertisement of a job you would like to have. Write your CV and your covering letter to apply for a job.
Useful phrases:
I wonder if you would be so {kind|good} as to...
Will you be so kind as to...
Will you kindly... I {shall|should} be {happy|glad|pleased} if you...
We are so {happy|glad|pleased} to...
We {will|would} be most {happy|glad|pleased} to...
I cannot tell you how {happy|glad|pleased} I am to...
I have much pleasure in...
It gives me great pleasure to...
It {is|was|would be} a great pleasure (to me) to...
It is a great honour and pleasure to...
I enclose {herewith/herein}...
You will find {enclosed/with this letter}...
Please find enclosed...
Attached to this letter you will find...
I am very glad of the opportunity to give my {attention|consideration} to...
I am very grateful to you for giving so much attention to...
I am really happy that I can offer you my {attention|consideration} to...
I hope to hear from you soon and remain with kindest personal regards.
We look forward to hearing from you.
GRAMMAR IN USE
1. Translate into English using modal verb must.
1. Я должна упорно работать над своим английским. 2. Вы должны внимательно слушать учителя на уроке. 3. Ты должен делать уроки каждый день. 4. Вы не должны забывать о своих обязанностях. 5. Вы должны быть осторожны на улице. 6. Эта книга очень ценная. Вы не должны ее терять. 7. Вы не должны опаздывать 8. Я должен сегодня повидать моего друга. 9. Ты должен уехать завтра утром? 10. Я не должен забывать о своей матери. Я не писал ей целую вечность. Сегодня вечером я должен написать ей письмо.
2. Write the following sentences in the past tense.
1. It is quite clear to everybody in the family that he must start getting ready for his exam instead of wasting time. 2. It is impossible to do anything in such a short time. I must ask the chief to put off my report. 3. I don't mean that you must do everything they tell you. 4. It is already twenty minutes past eight. You must go or you will be late for the first lesson. 5.1 am very tired. I feel I must go to bed at once, or I shall fall asleep where I am sitting. 6. We can't wait for them any longer; we must ring them up and find out what has happened. 7. I am thinking hard, trying to find a solution of the problem. There must be away out.
3. Translate into English using modal verb must or its equivalent to have to.
1. Я должна пойти в магазин сегодня.
сварить обед, сделать уроки, пойти в школу, написать письмо брату.
2. Мне придется пойти в магазин завтра.
сварить обед, сделать уроки, пойти в школу, написать письмо брату.
3. Мне пришлось пойти в магазин вчера.
сварить обед, сделать уроки, пойти в школу, написать письмо брату.
4. Fill in the blanks using modal verbs may, can or must
1. What ... we see on this map? 2. ... you speak Spanish? — No, unfortunately ... 3. At what time ... you come to school? 4. ... I come in? 5. You not smoke here. 6. ... I take your book? — I am afraid not: I need it. 7. He ... not speak English yet. 8. I have very little time: I ... go. 9. They ... not go to the park today because they are busy. 10. You ... read this text: it is easy enough. 11. She ... still live in Paris. 12. He is busy. He ... be writing a book about his travels. 13. But he is happy. He ... enjoy life. 14. My friend Danielle isn't a famous artist. But she ... even paint Russian icons. I ... only admire her beautiful pictures. She ... be a woman of great talents. She ... speak German, French and English. She ... translate a lot of articles for the Museum of her native town in Switzerland.
5. Make the following sentences: — negative; interrogative.
1. You have to stay in bed until your cold is over.
2. You have to pass examinations twice a year.
3. You had to read this book by Friday.
4. They had to build the shop by last summer.
5. He will have to telephone his tutor and ask for advice.
6. You will have to join us later.
7. She had to work hard to make both ends meet.
UNIT XV
I. Lead in
1. What do people do with the help of the Internet?
Make a list of the typical Internet applications.
II. Reading
You are going to read an article about the Internet. Compare it with your own ideas.
The Internet has already entered our ordinary life. Everybody
knows that the Internet is a global computer network, which embraces
hundreds of millions of users all over the world and helps us to communicate
with each other.
Information sent over the Internet takes the shortest and safest path available
from one computer to another. Because of this, any two computers on the net
will be able to stay in touch with each other as long as there is a single
route between them. Invention of modems, special devices allowing your computer
to send the information through the telephone line, has opened doors to the
Internet for millions of people.
Nowadays the most popular Internet service is e-mail. Most of the
people use the network only for sending and receiving e-mail messages. They can
do it either they are at home or in the internet clubs or at work. Other
popular services are available on the Internet too. It is reading news,
available on some dedicated news servers, telnet, FTP servers, etc. In
many countries, the Internet could provide businessmen with a reliable,
alternative to the expensive and unreliable telecommunications systems its own
system of communications. Commercial users can communicate cheaply over the
Internet with the rest of the world. When they send e-mail messages, they only
have to pay for phone calls to their local service providers, not for
international calls around the world, when you pay a good deal of money.
However, there are some problems. The most important problem is security. When
you send an e-mail, your message can travel through many different networks and
computers. The data is constantly being directed towards its destination by
special computers called routers. Because of this, it is possible to get into
any of the computers along the route, intercept and even change the data being
sent over the Internet. But there are many encoding programs available. Not
with standing, these programs are not perfect and can easily be cracked.
Another big and serious problem of the net is control. Yes, there is no
effective control in the Internet, because a huge amount of information
circulating through the net.
to embrace – охватывать, окружать
user – пользователь
to design – задумывать, придумывать, разрабатывать
dangerous – опасный
path – путь, маршрут
available – доступный, имеющийся в распоряжении, наличный
accurate – точный
message – послание
reliable – надежный
alternative – альтернативный
provider – провайдер, поставщик
security – безопасность
to intercept – перехватить (сигналит.)
to crack – взломать
huge – большой, гигантский, громадный, огромный
III. Vocabulary focus
1. Find in the text English equivalents of the following words. Глобальная компьютерная сеть, охватывать сотни миллионы пользователей, разрабатывать , точное число пользователей, изобретение модемов, отправка и получение сообщений электронной почты, некоторые выделенные серверы новостей, резко увеличивается, через сеть, кодирование программ.
2. Fill in the gaps with proper words. 1. … has already entered our ordinary …. .23. Nowadays the most popular Internet service is…. . 4. …. users can communicate cheaply over the Internet with the rest of the…. . 5. In many countries, ….could provide businessmen with a reliable, alternative to the expensive and unreliable telecommunications systems its own system of …. 6. The most important problem is … . 7. But there are many encoding … available.8. Another … and serious problem of the net is …. .
3. Match the beginnings of the sentences in the first column with the endings in the second one.
|
1. Everybody knows that the Internet is |
а) control. |
|
2. The history of Internet began |
b) e-mail |
|
3.Nowadays the most popular Internet service is |
c) a global computer network, which embraces hundreds of millions of users all over the world |
|
4.This technology was called |
d) the first step and not the last one |
|
5.But saving money is only |
e) packet switching |
|
6.Another big and serious problem of the net |
f) in the United States in 1969 |
4. Translate the following sentences. 1. Почти все о нем слышали, и им пользуется все большее число людей. 2. Сеть является одним из лучших источников информации. 3. Сеть основана на системе гипертекстов, при помощи которой можно перемещаться по сети. 4. Интернет представляет собой отличный пример глобальной сети. 5. Компьютеры соединены при помощи модема с телефонными проводами или оптико-волоконными кабелями, которые в свою очередь подключены к параболическим антеннам.
5.
Answer the questions. 1.
What is the Internet?
2. Why was the Internet designed?
3. What is the accurate number of internet users?
4. What is the most popular Internet service today?
5. What are other popular services available on the Internet?
6. What is the most important problem of the Internet?
7. Why is there no effective control in the Internet today?
8. Is there a commercial use of the network today?
6. Match the words to make up sentences about internet application:
1. dish ............................................access
2. to be connected ......................... information 3.
electromagnetic
.......................through
4. worldwide
................................markup
language
5. wide area ...................................information
6. to get …
.....................................via
7. hypertext
...................................communications
8. to navigate ................................interference
9. up-to-date
..................................network
10. to get
..........................................
aerial
11. smart ………………………….card
7. Match the terms to their definitions
|
browser
|
A utility that will search the Internet, an Intranet, a site, or a database for terms that you select. |
|
chat |
An active connection to another web page, location in a web page, file, or other Internet resource. |
|
download |
A computer in a network that provides access to other computers in the network to programs, web pages, data, or other files and services, such as printer access or communications access. |
|
hit |
A form of real-time electronic communications where participants type what they want to say and it is repeated on the screens of all other participants. link To transfer a file from another system to your own computer system via a modem over telephone or cable lines or a telnet connection using a transfer protocol. |
|
search engine
|
Software that will load and display a web page. It interprets the HTML or XML code from the web page files, executes embedded scripts and programs, displays graphics, plays music and video, and provides links to related pages. |
|
server
|
Every listing a search engine returns from a search. This term is also used to refer to calls on a web server, and it is much misunderstood |
8. Work in groups. Say which of the following ideas about the Internet may be considered as advantages and disadvantages. Think of any other pros and cons of the Internet.
Public facility ■ worldwide ■ expensive to buy computers ■ the in-formation may not be true or correct ■ spend too much time playing games ■ make free calls ■ visit many interesting websites ■ wait for a long time to download web pages ■ make new friends ■ downloading software may contain viruses.
9. Project work
Sum up the most widely spread Internet applications.
Make several groups and prepare a report about each Internet application with your own examples.
• Getting news from the Internet;
• Internet shops;
• Internet travel agencies
• Communication through the Internet
• Earning money through the Internet
Pre-task: While listening make a list of advantages and disadvantages of using Internet for these applications in comparison with the traditional ways of getting news, buying something in the shops, spending holidays, and communicating with each other.
Group 1: Internet news ADVANTAGES , DISADVANTAGES
- What advantages has the group mentioned?
- Can you choose any news you like?
- Do you depend on time searching for news?
- What are the disadvantages?
- Is the Internet information always true?
- How about the yellow press? Is it available in the Internet?
Group 2: Internet shops
- What do you need to make a purchase?
- Are you able to buy anything you need?
- Are the goods always legal?
- Are the prices high?
- What is the advantage of traditional shop in purchasing food and clothes?
- Are you able to get a piece of advice from the shop assistant?
- Are you able to ask for help in the consumer department?
Group 3: Internet travel agencies
- Do they provide their clients with more full information?
- Do the sites contain any information about the clients' impressions on the trip?
- Is it convenient for the clients
- Is the agent's opinion/advice important to you?
- Are you able to get any compensation in the case of your dissatisfaction with the trip?
Group 4: Communication through Internet
- What opportunities do these sites offer to the clients?
- Is it easy to find friends with common interests by the Internet
- Is it possible to find additional information about the people you communicate with?
- Are you sure that your correspondence is confidential and nobody can read it? - Do you lack visual contact in communication?
Post-task: Make you own prediction about the future. Will the Internet communication replace traditional one completely?
IV. WRITING
Work individually. Make a report of the topic “The Internet”
GRAMMAR IN USE
1. Paraphrase the following sentences using the modal verb need.
• E.g. 1) It is not necessary to go there. You need not go there. 2) It was not necessary to go there. You need not have gone there.
1. Why do you want to do it all today? 2. It was not necessary for mother to cook this enormous dinner: we have brought all the food the children may want. 3. It is not necessary to take the 8 pm (train) to London. A later train will do as well. 4. There was no necessity for her to do it herself. 5. There is no reason for you to worry: he is as strong as a horse. 6. There is no need for you to be present. 7. Is it any use our going into all that now? 8. Why did you mention all these figures? The situation was clear as it was. 9. It was not necessary for you to remind me about her birthday. I remember the date very well.
2. Fill in the blanks using modal verbs may, must or need.
1. .... I take this book for a little while? — I am sorry, but I ... return it to the library at once. 2. Alec ... practise this sound specially, but the other pupils ... not: they all pronounce it properly. 3. They ... come any time they like between ten and twelve in the morning, but they ... not come if they don't want to. 4. ... I go there right now? — Yes, you ... . 5. ... we hand in our compositions tomorrow? — No, you ... not, you ... hand them in after Sunday. 6. ... John really do this today? — No, he ... not, he ... do it tomorrow if he likes. 7. You ... not let this cup fall: it ... break. 8. ... I help you with your coat? 9. You ... park your car only in your own space in the back of the building.
3. Translate into Russian.
1. You should know how to raise your children not to be losers. 2. You shouldn't give the child everything he wants. You shouldn't satisfy his every craving for food, drink and comfort. Otherwise, he will grow up to believe the world owes him a living. 3. You shouldn't laugh at him when he Ricks up bad words. This will make him think he isn't cute. It won't also encourage him to pick up "cuter" phrases. 4.Your child should know and do his duties at the expected time. He should have sense of responsibility 5. You shouldn't pick up everything he leaves lying around — books, shoes and clothing.
4. Give advice using the modal verb should and the words given in brackets.
Pattern .Her diction is not very good; (to read aloud). She should read aloud.
1. I have a slight irritation in my throat, (to smoke less) 2. This child doesn't want to eat soup, (not to give her sweets before dinner) 3. She makes a lot of spelling mistakes, (to copy passages out of a book) 4. The dog is afraid of him. (not to shout at the dog) 5. The students are unable to follow what I am saying, (not to speak so fast) 6. The boy is a little pale, (to play out of doors) 7. I am afraid you will miss that train, (to take a taxi) 8. There is no one in. (to try the room next door)
UNIT XVI
Topic: Computer Security
I. Lead in
-Identify the Internet threats 1-7 with the pictures a-g (Fig)
1. Virus. 2. Worm. 3. Phishing. 4. Trojan. 5. Spyware. 6. Spam.
1. Scareware.
II. Reading
While reading mark the information:
• I knew this fact ( + )
• I was not right about this ( – )
• This information was unknown for me ( !)
COMPUTER VIRUSES
Viruses are one of the biggest threats to the security of your computer files. In 1981, there was one known computer virus. Today, the count exceeds 100,000. Between 900 and 1,300 new viruses appear every month. Computer virus is a set of program instructions that attaches itself to a file, reproduces itself, and spreads to other files. Many types of malicious code, including viruses, worms, and Trojan horses, are created and unleashed by individuals referred to as “hackers” or “crackers”. Viruses spread when people distribute infected files by exchanging disks and CDs, sending e-mail attachments, exchanging music on file-sharing networks, and downloading software from the Web. When your computer executes an infected program, it also executes the attached virus instructions. A virus can be classified as a file virus, boot sector virus, or macro virus. A file virus infects application programs, such as games. A boot sector virus infects the system files your computer uses every time you turn it on. These viruses can cause widespread damage to your computer files and recurring problems. A macro virus infects a set of instructions called a “macro” – a miniature program that usually contains legitimate instructions to automate document and worksheet production. Computer worms are similar self-replicating programs, except they can spread without human help. There are other harmful computer programs that can be part of a virus, but they do not have the ability to replicate. For example, spyware. This type of malware spies on users’ activities, usually to steal financial details or passwords. A Trojan is a type of malicious program that pretends to be a trusted file. A Trojan pretends to be something interesting and harmless, such as a game, but when it runs it may have harmful effects.
|
computer virus – компьютерный вирус threats - угрозы безопасности spread - распространиться , перекинуться malicious code - вредоносный код unleashed - развязывать; реализовывать |
|
boot sector virus - вирус сектора загрузки |
|
legitimate - правильный |
|
trigger event - переключающее (триггерное) событие |
|
duplicate - дублировать |
|
picked up - подбирать |
III. Vocabulary focus
1. Read the text again and decide whether the following statements are true or false.
1. In 1988 there was one known computer virus.
2. Computer virus is a set of program instructions that attaches itself to a file, reproduces itself, and spreads to other files.
3. These viruses can not cause widespread damage to your computer files and recurring problems.
4. A macro virus infects a set of instructions called a “macro”.
5. A Trojan is a type of malicious program that pretends to be a trusted file
2. Fill in the gaps with proper words.
1. ….. are one of the biggest threats to the security of your computer files. 2. Today, the count exceeds …. . 3. … spread when people distribute infected files by exchanging … and CDs, sending e-mail attachments, exchanging music on file-sharing networks, and downloading software from … . 4. A virus can be classified as a file virus, boot sector virus, or …. . 5. These viruses can cause widespread ….. to your computer files and recurring problems. 6. …. is a type of malicious program that pretends to be a trusted file.
3. Match the meaning of the following English words with their Russian equivalents.
|
1. malicious code |
a)контрольная сумма |
|
2. computer virus |
b)вирусная подпись |
|
3. virus signature |
c) «Троянский конь» |
|
4. macro virus |
d) клавиатурный шпион |
|
5. trigger event |
e) вредоносный код |
|
6. Trojan horse |
f) вирус сектора загрузки |
|
7. checksum |
g) макровирус |
|
8. key logger |
h)переключающее (триггерное) событие |
|
9. antivirus software |
i) компьютерный вирус |
|
10. boot sector virus |
j) антивирусное программное обеспечение |
|
|
4. Which word does not belong to the group?
a) virus, worm, Trojan horse, bot, file, botnet;
b)distribute, download, automate, infect, view, execute;
c)duplicates, instructions, infects, invades, behaves, spreads;
d) spider, programmer, hacker, user, server, developer;
e)individual, general, normal, personal, analytical, digital.
5. Fill in the blanks choosing from the variants given.
1. Does the term computer virus refer to any malicious code that … (make sup/invades) a computer system? 2. When your computer executes an infected program it … (executes/deletes) the attached virus instructions. 3. A trigger event, such as a specific date, can … (kill/destroy/unleash) some viruses. 4. Love letter is one of the … (slowest/fastest) spreading mass-mailing worms of all time.5. Hackers created viruses that insert themselves into … (used/unused) portions of a program file without changing its length.
6. Discuss the following questions.
1. What is a computer virus?
2. How do viruses spread?
3. Are there different kinds of viruses?
4. Have you ever had a virus on your computer? Did it damage your PC?
5. How can you avoid viruses and worms?
6. What do you do to prevent computer infections?
7. Why is it important for large organizations, like banks, to have a network security system?
7. Choose the ending for each sentence from the two versions given.
|
1. Any program designed to enter a computer and disrupt its normal operations is called |
a) malicious code; b)utility. |
|
2. Many types of malicious codes are created by |
a) the computer itself; b)individuals referred to as “hackers”. |
|
3. A boot sector virus infects the system files your computer uses
|
a) every time you turn it on; b)when you are connected to the Internet. |
|
4. A change in the length of a program from one computing session to the next |
a) indicated the possible presence of a virus; b) is a result of operation system work. |
|
5. A checksum is |
a) a number calculated by combining the binary values of all bytes in a file;b)the cost of an antivirus program. |
8. Read, translate and learn by heart the following dialogue.
Anna : Hi Jason, Sorry to bother you. I have a question for you.
Jason : OK, what’s up?
Anna : I’ve been having a problem with my computer. I know you’re an engineer so I thought you might be able to help me.
Jason : I see. What’s the problem?
Anna : I have a file that I can’t open for some reason.
Jason : What type of file is it?
Anna : It’s a Word document I’ve been working on. I need to finish it by tomorrow.
Jason : Were you able to open it before, on the computer you’re using now?
Anna : Yes, I was working on it last night and everything was fine, but this morning I couldn’t open the file.
Jason : Do you think your computer might have a virus?
Anna : No, I checked and there weren’t any.
Jason: OK. I’m not sure what’s wrong. If it’s possible, email the file to me and I’ll see if I can get it to open.
Anna : OK, I’ll do that when I get home. Are you going to be around tonight?
Jason : Yeah, I’ll be home after 8PM. Send it to me when you get a chance and I’ll call you later
9. Do a brief quiz below to test your knowledge about Сomputer Security.
1. Viruses, worms, and Trojans are all examples of ___.
pets that can be seen in a zoo;
phishing;
malware;
scareware.
2. What is malware?
hardware that controls a computer without the user’s knowledge;
faulty software;
hardware that detects and removes viruses from a computer;
software created to cause harm to a computer system or data.
3. What is a virus?
a program that makes user feel unwell;
a program which replicates itself and spreads to other computers via attachments;
a program that monitors user’s activities;
a program that stops a computer from working.
5. Malware can be downloaded through ___.
spam emails;
infected computers;
unsafe websites;
all above.
6. What is spyware?
malware that harms your computer by deleting or altering files and stopping programs from running;
malware that tricks you into thinking it’s software you need to buy;
malware that collects information from a computer and sends it to
cybercriminals;
malware that pretends to be a trusted file.
7. What is the purpose of phishing?
controlling computer without user’s knowledge;
sending a program that replicates itself and spreads to other com-puters via attachments;
sending a malicious link disguised as a security warning;
sending an email that is designed to trick the user into giving away personal information.
8. What should be used to remove malware from a computer?
a filter;
antivirus software;
encryption;
a firewall.
9. How can one safeguard against phishing?
1. Install a firewall.
2. Don’t believe everything you read on the Net.
3. Make backup copies of your files regularly.
4. Don’t follow a link from the email you don’t trust.
GRAMMAR IN USE
1. Choose the right modal verb which, from your point of view, suits the situation better.
1. You (must, have to, should) put sausage, cucumber, onion, potatoes, eggs and sour cream to make the Russian salad tasty.
2. You (may, can, have to) take the fork, knife and plate. I don’t need it any more.
3. The beefsteak (can’t, mustn’t, shouldn’t) be so raw and untasty. I’ve cooked it properly!
4. (Should, shall, ought to) I buy a loaf of bread or some curds?
5. No, you (can’t, mustn’t, shouldn’t) eat ice-cream in the street in winter.
6. (shall, may, can) it be that the pork was spoiled?
7. You (could, might, have to) have cooked lunch before our arrival.
8. You’ve over fried the potatoes. You (should, could, might) be more accurate about cooking.
9. Don’t put too much salt in the dough. We (can, may, might) spoil everything.
10. (can, may, should) it be that the child has eaten so much candies?
11. Don’t you know that one (can’t, mustn’t, needn’t) eat milk and cucumbers?
2. Translate English proverbs, paying attention to modal verbs.
1. Anyone who has to ask the price cannot afford it.
2. People who live in glass houses should not throw stones at their neighbours.
3. You must learn to walk before you can run.
4. He who falls today may rise tomorrow.
5. A bird may be known by its song.
6. Talk of the devil and he is to appear.
7. A tree must be bent while young.
8. The wind can’t be caught in a net.
9. A man can do no more than he can.
3. Translate into English using modal verbs must, may or сап.
1. Можно мне взять вашу книгу? 2. На уроке английского языка вы должны говорить только по-английски. 3. Мы должны сегодня сдать тетради? 4. Можно мне задать вам вопрос? — Пожалуйста. 5. Я не могу пойти с вами в кино, так как я очень занят. 6. Можно здесь курить? — Пожалуйста. 7. Можно мне бутерброд с тунцом и чашечку кофе?8. Можно войти? — Пожалуйста. 9. Вы должны прочитать этот текст.10. Может ли он выполнить это задание? 11. Я должен сегодня поговорить со своим другом. 12. Мы должны заплатить за электричество к концу месяца. 13. Эта женщина — прекрасный водитель. Она может водить даже автобус.
4. Fill in the blanks using modal verbs can, may, must or need.
1. Peter ... return the book to the library. We all want to read it. 2. Why ... not you understand it? It is so easy. 3. ... we do the exercise at once? — Yes, you ... do it at once. 4. ... you pronounce this sound? 5..1... not go out today: it is too cold. 6. He ... not drink alcohol when he drives. 7. ... I take your pen? — Yes, please. 8. We ... not carry the bookcase upstairs: it is too heavy. 9. We ... not carry the bookcase upstairs ourselves: the workers will come and do it. 10. When ... you come to see us? — I ... come only on Sunday. 11. Shall I write a letter to him? — No, you ... not, it is not necessary. 12. ... you cut something without a knife?
5. Choose the modal verb which, from your point of view, suits the situation better.
1. You … (don’t have to/must not) go to school if you have a high temperature.
2. The exam is next week. So you … (must/can) study hard.
3. … (Must/May) I use your mobile phone?
4. He needs more exercise, he … (should/can) go to a gym.
5. Women … (are allowed to/have to) cover their heads in a church.
6. I … (can’t/can) speak Italian very well because I didn’t learn it at school.
7. We … (could/couldn’t) sleep last night because of the storm.
8. Sam … (must/had to) leave the party early because his wife disappeared.
9. I’m not sure but Bob … (could/must) be in England now.
10. We … (needn’t/mustn’t) book a room in advance. They always have some vacant rooms
6. Choose the correct item.
1. Can you / Do you can install the latest antispyware program?
2. I can to / can follow the link contained in the email.
3. Do I should / Should I keep my antivirus software updated?
4. Sorry that I didn’t could / couldn’t come to the meeting last week.
5. Should a secure site / Does a secure site should start with https://?
6. IT security specialists must be / must to be experts in their field.
7. I don’t remember my password, I have create / have to create a new account.
8. Malware may / mays harm your computer
UNIT XVII
I. Lead in
- What trends in ICT do you think will affect our lives in the future?
II. Reading
While reading mark the information:
• I knew this fact ( + )
• I was not right about this ( – )
• This information was unknown for me ( !)
FUTURE TRENDS
1. By all accounts, nanotechnology - the science of making devices from single atoms and molecules - is going to have a huge impact on both business and our daily lives. Nano devices are measured in nanometers (one billionth of a meter) and are expected to be used in the following areas.
· Nanocomputers: Chip makers will make tiny microprocessors with nanotransistors, ranging from 60 to 5 nanometers in size.
· Nanomedicine: By 2020, scientists believe that nano-sized robots, or nanobots, will be injected into the body's bloodstream to treat diseases at the cellular level.
· Nanomaterials: New materials will be made from carbon atoms in the form of nanotubes, which are more flexible, resistant and durable than steel or aluminium. They will be incorporated into all kinds of products, for example stain-resistant coatings for clothes and scratch-resistant paints for cars.
2. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the science of making intelligent machines and programs. The term originated in the 1940s, when Alan Turing said: “A machine has artificial intelligence when there is no discernible difference between the conversation generated by the machine and that of an intelligent person. A typical AI application is robotics. One example is ASIMO, Honda’s intelligent humanoid robot. Soon, engineers will have built different types of android, with the form and capabilities of humans. Another AI application is expert systems – programs containing everything that an ‘expert’ knows about a subject. In a few years, doctors will be using expert systems to diagnose illnesses.
3. Imagine you are about to take a holiday in Europe. You walk out to the garage and talk to your car. Recognizing your voice, the car's doors unlock
Does it sound futuristic? Well, the future is here. Biometrics uses computer technology to identify people based on physical characteristics such as fingerprints, facial features, voice, iris and retina patterns.
3. In the ideal smart home, appliances and electronic devices work in sync to keep the house secure. For example, when a regular alarm system senses that someone is breaking into the house, it usually alerts the alarm company and then the police. A smart home system would go further, turning on the lights in the home and then sending a text message to the owner's phone. Motorola Home sight even sends images captured by wireless cameras to phones and PCs. Smart homes can remember your living patterns, so if you like to listen to some classical music when you come home from work, your house can do that for you automatically. They will also know when the house is empty and make sure all appliances are turned off. All home devices will be interconnected over a home area network where phones, cable services, home cinemas, touch screens, smart mirrors and even the refrigerator will cooperate to make our lives more comfortable.
nanotechnology – нанотехнология
nanotransistors– нанотранзисторы
android– человекоподобный
expert system – экспертные системы
expect–ожидать
bloodstream – кровообращение
cellular level –
клеточный
уровень
resistant – прочный;
scratch-resistant - стойкий к механическим повреждениям
artificial intelligence
- искусственный интеллект
discernible – видимый; различимый;
appliances - бытовая техника
III. Vocabulary focus
1. Match the right and the left columns.
|
1. hardware layer 2. application layer 3. capability 4. a positive feedback loop 5. offspring 6. smart database 7. virtual environments 8. ID verification 9. natural voice interface 10. visualization technology 11. access 12. bandwidth communication 13. ubiquitous computing 14. pervasive computing 15. embedded systems |
1. виртуальная среда 2. контроль ID 3. интерфейс со звуком (голосом) 4. интеллектуальная база данных 5. отвод 6. доступ 7. визуальная технология 8. нанотранзисторы 9. положительный цикл обратной связи 10. уровень аппаратного обеспечения 11. прикладной уровень 12. встроенные системы 13. полоса частот 14. повсеместная компьютеризация 15. компьютеризация, проникающая во все сферы |
2. Make sentences.
1. should, operator, check, in order to, hardware layer provide, smart database
2. will, future, provide, developments, a positive feedback loop, computer, between, human being
3. of extreme importance is, user, capability, for computer
4. considered, is, it, will, replaced, be, that, human-brain, human machine equivalence, by
5. on business, daily life, and will a huge impact, have, nanotechnology
6. system embedded, interact, will hundreds, with, smart devices
7. have built, will, engineers, soon android, of, types, different, form, with, capabilities, human, of.
3. Translate the following sentences .
a. Nanotechnology is the science of making devices from single atoms and molecules.
b. Nanodevices are measured in nanometers (one billionth of a meter).
c. Artificial intelligence is the science of making intelligent machines and programs.
d. By 2020 scientists believe that nanorobots will be injected into the body bloodstream to treat diseases at the cellular level.
e. Hardware layer, computers, phones, and consumer electronics are converging.
f. In the near future we may have electronic pets with video camera eyes and microphone ears.
g. This technology development will push every field of knowledge forward.
h. Electronic money will be very secure but much more versatile than physical alternatives.
i. Telecoms applications will soon be bundled together in much the same way as office application suits are today.
4. Complete the sentences using the following phrases:
electrical devices, integrated systems, microscopic robot, pervasive computing, embedded systems, artificial, intelligence, Biometrics, smart devices. android, nanomaterials.
a. P…………. c………… is a new approach in which computer functions are integrated in everyday life.
b. E……….. s…………. is a special computer system designed to perform one or more special functions.
c. The verification of i……………. s…………. will be done by in…r…………..
d. E………….. d……….. controlled by computers are very popular nowadays.
e. A……….. i……… is a science making intelligent machines and programs.
f. B……… id used today to identify people based on physical characteristics.
g. In the future people will interact with hundreds of s………….. d………..
h. Soon engineers will have built different types of android.
i. N…………. will be made from carbon atoms in the form of nanotubes.
j. E….. c……. can be completely global and could be used as de facto standard.
5. ENJOY YOURSELF
Quiz-game “Do you know more about computers”? (Divide into two groups and give answers to even (1 gr.) and odd (2 gr.) question numbers.)
1. What are the main functional units of a digital computers? 2. What types of storage do you know? 3. What is a binary number system? 4. What is storage media? 5. How is storage capacity measured (in what units)? 6. What do you know of electronic memories? 7. How do you understand the term “access time”? 8. What storage devices do you know? 9. What is the heart (brain) of a microprocessor? 10. What is the purpose of input devices? 11. How do you understand the term “input-output environment”? 12. What groups can I/O devices be classified according to their speed? 13. What devices are used for inputting information? 14. What is touch pad? 23. What is a scanner used for? 15. What types of printers do you know? 16 When did the first personal computer appear? 17. What differs PC from large computer systems? 18. What is a personal computer? 19. What are the main spheres of PC applications? 20. What professions are in great need of computers? 21. What is modem and what is it used for? 22. What is programming? 23. What techniques for planning the program logic do you know? 24. What is the foundation of any programming language? 25. What programming languages do you know? 26. What is FORTRAN used for? Decode it. 27. What does COBOL serve for? Decode it. 28. What is WWW?
GRAMMAR IN USE
1. Convert into indirect speech.
1.'I think he is a clever man', says Elisabeth.2.'Mary never seems angry or irritated', remarks Alistair.3.'Barny is in the garage', says Norma.4. 'When he came I was on the terrace watering my begonias', says George. 5.'He was born in Chicago', he says. 6. 'What you have just told me is very surprising', John says to Constance. 7. 'I can't understand what the professor is talking about', says Flora. 8.'My mother will be glad to have you over for dinner', says Maurice.9. 'We have lived here long time', says Monica.
2. Imagine that your mother gave you some instructions. Report them to your partner. Use the sentences below.
Pattern: Feed the cat. - She told me to feed the cat.
1. Come home straight after school. 2. Warm up your dinner.
3. Wash up the dishes after the dinner. 4. Buy bread, milk and sugar.
5. Take the dog for a walk. 6. Clean your room.
7.Wait for me at home. 8. Start doing your homework before I come.
3. Tell your partner what instructions you have got from different teachers today. Use the sentences below.
Pattern: Don’t be late for the lesson. — She told us not to be late for the lesson
1. Don’t stay outside after the bell comes.
2. Don’t run along the corridor.
3. Don’t make noise.
4. Don’t look into your neighbor’s exercise-book.
5. Don’t lie on your desk.
6. Don’t ask me silly questions.
7. Don’t waste time at the lesson.
8. Listen to me attentively.
9. Write down the rule into your exercise-books.
4. Convert into indirect speech.
1. 'I am sorry to disturb you,' said Mike to Elisa.2. The taxi is waiting,' said the porter. 3. 'I am Monica's teacher of history,' said Mr. O'Brian. 4. ‘I’ll be all right in a minute,' said Flora.5. 'You have been generosity itself with your cousins,' said the teacher.6. 'Moira always comes home for dinner,' said Mr. Collins. 7.'Everyone took me for my twin brother there and behaved accordingly,' said Tom. 8. ‘I asked the professor some questions on grammar,' said Nelly. 9. 'My mother wants to know if you are coming to see her tomorrow,' she said.
5. Put the following special questions in indirect speech.
1. I said to Nick, "Where are you going?" 2. I said to him, "How long are you going to stay there?" 3. I said to him, "How long will it take you to get there?" 4. He said to her, "Where do you usually spend your summer holidays?" 5. Ann said to Mike, "When did you leave London?" 6. She said to Boris, "When will you be back home?" 7. Boris said to them, "How can I get to the railway station?" 8. Mary asked Tom, "What time will you come here tomorrow?" 9. She asked me, "Why didn't you come here yesterday?" 10. Mother said to me, "Who has brought this parcel?"11. Pete said to his friends, "When are you leaving St. Petersburg?" 12. He said to them, "Who will you see before you leave here?"
6. Convert the following dialogue into indirect speech. Jane: May I come in? Kate: Is that you, Jane? Come in! It is very good of you to come and see me. Jane: I came before, but you were too ill to see anybody. Did you get the flowers? Kate: Surely, I did. It was very nice of you to send them to me. Jane: How are you now? Kate: Oh, I am much better, thank you. The doctor says that I shall be allowed to go out in a few days. Jane: Do you miss school? Kate: Very much. I am afraid I'll be lagging behind the group in my lessons now. Jane: Don't think about it. We shall help you. Kate: Thank you very much.
Грамматический справочник.
Глагол (The Verb).
Глагол – часть речи, которая обозначает действие или состояние лица или предмета. Глагол в английском языке обладает гораздо более сложной, чем в русском, системой видовременных форм. Эта система охватывает личные формы (Finite Forms) и неличные формы (Non-finite Forms).
Личные формы глагола выражают следующие категории: лицо, число, время, вид, залог, наклонение. Личная форма, как и в русском языке, в предложении всегда употребляется в функции сказуемого. We live in Russia. Мы живём в России.
К неличным формам глагола относятся инфинитив (Infinitive), герундий (Gerund), причастие (Participle). Неличные формы глагола не имеют категорий лица, числа, времени и наклонения. Только некоторые из них выражают залог и вид.
Основные глагольные формы.
Английский глагол имеет 4 формы.
|
I |
II |
III |
IV |
|
инфинитив Infinitive |
прошедшее неопределённое время. Past Indefinite |
причастие II Participle II
|
причастие I Participle I(-ing форма) |
|
to write to develop |
wrote developed |
written developed |
writing developing |
Инфинитив.
Инфинитив представляет собой неличную форму глагола, которая только называет действие. Он не имеет ни лица, ни числа и соответствует неопределённой форме глагола в русском языке. В словаре глагол даётся обычно в форме инфинитива. Формальным признаком инфинитива является частица to.
По способу образования II u III форм все глаголы английского языка делятся на правильные (стандартные) и неправильные (нестандартные).
Правильные глаголы образуют формы прошедшего неопределённого времени (Past Indefinite) и причастия II при помощи прибавления суффикса -ed (-d) к основе глагола. Причастие I образуется путём прибавления суффикса –ingк основе как правильных, так и неправильных глаголов.
Времена английского глагола.
Действительный залог.
Употребление |
Образование |
|
|
Simple показывает действие как факт (обычное, повторяемое) |
Present Past Future |
глагол в личной форме |
|
Progressive показывает действие как процесс |
Present Past Future |
to be + ing |
|
Perfect показывает действие, законченное до определённого момента в настоящем, прошедшем и будущем |
Present Past Future |
to have + причастие II |
|
Perfect Progressive показывает действие, начатое некоторое время назад и все ещё продолжающееся или только что закончившееся |
Present Past Future |
to have been + ing |
Таблица времён.
Действительный залог.
|
|
Время |
Формы |
Обстоятельство времени |
|
Simple |
Present |
I, we you, they ask he, she, it asks |
usually, sometimes, every day, often, seldom |
|
Past |
-ed asked Или II ф. неправ. глаг. wrote |
yesterday last year 3 years ago |
|
|
Future |
I, we shall ask he, she, it ,you, they will ask |
tomorrow next year in 3 years |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Progressive |
Present |
am asking is are |
now, at present |
|
Past |
was asking were |
yesterday from 5 till 6 |
|
|
Future |
will be asking |
tomorrow from 5 till 6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Perfect |
Present |
have asked has |
just, ever, never, yet, already, today, this year for, since |
|
Past |
had asked |
by 3 o'clock yesterday |
|
|
Future |
will have asked |
by 3 o'clock tomorrow |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Perfect Progressive |
Present |
have been asking has |
for, since |
|
Past |
had been asking |
for, since |
|
|
Future |
shall have been asking will |
for |
The Present Indefinite (Simple) Tense.
Употребление.
Обозначает постоянное повторяющееся, обычное действие, какой-либо факт или общеизвестную истину. We live in St. Petersburg. The Earth rotates round its axis. I leave home at 8 every day.
Образование.
Present Indefinite no форме совпадает с инфинитивом глагола (без частицы to) во всех лицах, кроме 3-го лица ед. ч., принимающего окончание –s (-es).
|
Утвердительная форма |
Отрицательная форма |
Вопросительная форма |
|
I play |
I do not play |
Do I play? |
|
He plays She it |
He She does not play it |
Does he (she, it) play?
|
|
we play you they |
we you do not play they |
Do we (you, they) play? |
do not = don't, does not = doesn't
The Past Indefinite (Simple) Tense.
Употребление.
Обозначает действие, произошедшее в прошлом; последовательно произошедшие в прошлом действия; повторяющиеся действия в прошлом.
Образование.
Past Indefinite правильных глаголов образуется прибавлением суффикса –ed к основе глагола. Форме Past Indefinite неправильных глаголов соответствует II форма глагола в соответствующих глагольных рядах, приводимых в специальных таблицах (см. таблицы неправильных глаголов).
We went to the cinema yesterday. He arrived in London last year.
She came up to the window and opened it.
|
Утвердительная форма |
Отрицательная форма |
Вопросительная форма |
|||
|
I He, she, we, you, they |
worked (wrote) |
I did not |
work (write) |
Did I |
work (write) ? |
did not = didn't
The Future Indefinite (Simple) Tense.
Употребление.
Будущее неопределённое время (Future Indefinite) употребляется для обозначения:
1) какого-либо факта в будущем. The Mayor will open a new stadium tomorrow.Мэр откроет завтра новый стадион.
2) какого-либо решения или намерения в будущем, принятого в момент речи. I'll go to the theatre with you.Я пойду в театр с тобой.
3) для выражения предложения о помощи. I'll do the shopping. Перевод на русский язык ?
Образование.
Утвердительная форма |
Отрицательная форма |
Вопросительная форма |
||
|
I, we He, she, it, you, they |
will go |
I, we He, she, it, you, they |
will not go
|
Shall (will) I (we) go ? Will he (she, it, you, they) go ? |
Примечание.
В современном английском языке существует устойчивая тенденция употреблять will для всех лиц, а в разговорной речи употребляется, как правило, только сокращённая форма вспомогательного глагола с личным местоимением.
I will come (I'll come) to see you tomorrow.Я навещу вас завтра.
Различные способы передачи будущих действий.
1. Present Continuous может выражать действия, относящиеся к ближайшему будущему, которое обозначается обстоятельствами времени:
tonight – сегодня вечером;
next week – на следующей неделе;
in a day or two – через день-другой и др.
What are you doing tonight? Что ты делаешь сегодня вечером ?
2. Сочетание to be going + инфинитив всегда передаёт будущее действие часто с оттенком намерения.
He is going to take part in the competition. Он собирается принять участие в соревновании.
The Present Progressive Tense.
Употребление.
Настоящее продолженное время (Present Progressive) обозначает действие, происходящее в настоящий момент; действие, представляющее собой непрерывный процесс; будущее действие, если оно запланировано.
He is watching TV now.
The Earth is moving.
They are spending next winter in Spain.
Некоторые глаголы не употребляются в Progressive. Это глаголы обозначающие чувственное восприятие (to see, to hear), умственную деятельность (to know, to believe, to remember, to understand); желания, чувства (to want, to wish, to like, to love, to dislike, to hate).
to be + -ing (Participle I)
Образование.
Настоящее продолженное время (Present Progressive) образуется при помощи глагола to be в Present Indefinite и –ing формы смыслового глагола.
Утвердительная форма |
Отрицательная форма |
Вопросительная форма |
|
I am working He, she, it is working We, you, they are working |
I am not working He, she, it is not working We, you, they are not working |
Am I working ? Is he (she, it) working ? Are we (you, they) working ? |
I am = I'm, he is = he’s, we are = we’re, is not = isn't, are not = aren't
The Past Progressive Tense.
Употребление.
Прошедшее продолженное время (Past Progressive) обозначает действие, происходившее в определённый момент в прошлом, который обозначен либо обстоятельством времени, либо другим действием в прошлом. При этом ни начало, ни конец длительного действия неизвестны. Подчёркивается сам процесс действия, его продолжительность.
I was writing a letter to my friend … at 5 o'clock yesterday. (from 5 to 6 on Sunday, when my brother came, while my mother was cooking dinner).
Образование.
Прошедшее продолженное время (Past) Progressive образуется при помощи глагола to be в Past Indefinite и – ing формы смыслового глагола.
|
Утвердительная форма |
Отрицательная форма |
Вопросительная форма |
|
I, he, she, it was writing
We, you, they were writing |
I, he, she, it was not writing We, you, they were not writing |
Was I (he, she, it) writing?
Were we (you, they) writing ? |
was not = wasn't, were not = weren't
The Future Progressive Tense.
Употребление.
Будущее продолженное время (Future Progressive) обозначает будущее действие в процессе его совершения, т.е. незаконченное длительное действие. Future Progressive употребляется также для выражения намерения совершить действие в будущем или уверенность в его совершении.
He will be writing letter to his friend … at 5 o'clock tomorrow.
(from 5 to 6 on Sunday, when I come).
Он будет писать письмо другу … завтра в 5 часов.
( с 5 до 6 в воскресенье, когда я приду).
I will (shall) be visiting him tomorrow. Завтра я собираюсь навестить его.
Образование.
Будущее продолженное время (Future Progressive) образуется при помощи глагола to be в Future Indefinite и –ing формы смыслового глагола
|
Утвердительная форма |
Отрицательная форма |
Вопросительная форма |
|
I (we) He, she, it, will be writing we, you, they |
I (we) He, she, it, will not be we, you, they writing
|
Shall (will) I (we) be writing ? Will he (she, it, we, you, they) be writing ? |
The Perfect Forms.
The Present Perfect Tense.
Употребление.
1. Для выражения действия, завершившегося к моменту речи. Время действия не указывается, важен сам факт совершения действия к настоящему моменту или его результат. She has read this book. Она прочитала эту книгу. (Действие завершено к моменту речи.)
В этом значении Present Perfect часто употребляется с наречиями just – только что, already – уже, yet– ещё, lately– недавно, of late – в последнее время, recently – недавно.
The mail has just come.Почта только что пришла.
He has seen many films lately.В последнее время он посмотрел много фильмов.
2. Для выражения действия, которое завершилось, но тот период, в котором оно происходило, ещё продолжается и может быть обозначен обстоятельствами времени today – сегодня, this week – на этой неделе, this month – в этом месяце, this century – в нашем веке и др.
I have written a letter this morning.Я написал письмо сегодня утром.
3. Для выражения действия, которое началось в прошлом и продолжается до настоящего времени.
I have known him all my life.Я знаю его всю жизнь.
I have known him for 2 years.Я знаю его 2 года.
He has not seen his parents since January. Он не видел своих родителей с января.
4. Present Perfect может употребляться с наречиями always – всегда, often – часто, seldom – редко, ever – когда-нибудь, never – никогда.
She has never been to London.Она никогда не была в Лондоне.
Have you ever been to Moscow ?Вы когда-нибудь были в Москве ?
to
have + Participle II
Образование.
Present Perfect образуется при помощи глагола to have в Present Indefinite и Participle II (Причастия II) смыслового глагола.
|
Утвердительная форма |
Отрицательная форма |
Вопросительная форма |
|
I, we, have seen you, they He, she, it has seen |
I, we, have not seen you, they He, she, it has not seen |
Have I (we, you, they) seen ?
Has he (she, it) seen ? |
I have = I’ve; He has = He’s; I have not = I haven’t; He has not = He hasn't.
The Past Perfect Tense.
Употребление.
PastPerfect обозначает действие, законченное до определённого момента в прошлом или до начала другого действия в прошлом.
He had finished his work when I came.(By 3 o'clock yesterday, before she arrived home).
Он закончил (уже закончил) свою работу, когда я пришёл. (Вчера к 3-м часам, до того, как она приехала домой).
They went home after they had finished their work.Они пошли домой после того, как закончили работу.
Образование.
Past Perfect образуется при помощи глагола to have в PastIndefinite и ParticipleII (Причастие II) смыслового глагола.
|
Утвердительная форма |
Отрицательная форма |
Вопросительная форма |
|
I had worked |
I had not worked |
Had I worked … ? |
The Future Perfect Tense.
Употребление.
Future Perfect обозначает действие, которое закончится к определённому моменту в будущем или до начала другого действия в будущем.
He will have finished his work when I come.(By 3 o'clock tomorrow, by the time you come back).
Он закончит свою работу ко времени, когда я приду. (Завтра к 3-м часам, к тому времени, как ты вернёшься).
Образование.
Future Perfect образуется при помощи глагола to have в Future Indefinite и Participle II (Причастие II) смыслового глагола.
|
Утвердительная форма |
Отрицательная форма |
Вопросительная форма |
|
I, we will have He, she, it worked you, they
|
I, we will not He, she, it, have worked you, they
|
Shall (will) I (we) have worked ? Will he (she, it, you, they) have worked ? |
Примечание.
В современном английском языке существует устойчивая тенденция употреблять will для всех лиц, а в разговорной речи употребляется, как правило, только сокращённая форма вспомогательного глагола с личным местоимением. I'll, he won't…
Страдательный залог.
Действительный и страдательный залоги в английском языке совпадают со значением соответствующих залогов в русском языке. Глагол в действительном залоге (Active Voice) показывает, что действие совершает лицо или предмет, выраженный подлежащим.
He often asks questions.Он часто задаёт вопросы.
Глагол в страдательном залоге (Passive Voice) означает, что действие направлено на предмет или лицо, выраженное подлежащим.
He is often asked questions.Ему часто задают вопросы.
to be
+ Participle II
Формы страдательного залога образуются при
помощи глагола to be
в соответствующей форме и Participle II
(Причастие II) смыслового глагола.
|
|
Present |
Past |
Future |
|
Indefinite |
I am asked he (she) is asked we (you, they) are asked |
I (he, she) was asked we (you, they) were asked
|
I (we), he (she), you, they will be asked
|
|
Progressive |
I am being asked he (she) is being asked we (you, they) are being asked |
I (he, she) was being asked we (you, they) were being asked
|
|
|
Perfect |
I, we, you, they have been asked he (she) has been asked |
I ,he(she), we, you, they had been asked
|
I, we,he ( she), you, they will havebeen asked
|
Indefinite Passive (to be + Participle II).
1. The newspapers are delivered every morning (Present Indefinite Passive).Газеты доставляются каждое утро.
2. This book was bought a month ago. (Past Indefinite Passive)Эта книга была куплена месяц назад.
3. The letter will be mailed tomorrow. (Future Indefinite Passive) Письмо будет оправлено завтра.
Progressive Passive (to be + being + Participle II).
1. The house is being repaired. (Present Continuous Passive)Дом ремонтируется.
2. When John was ill he was being taught at home. (Past Continuous Passive) Когда Джон болел, его обучали дома.
Perfect Passive (to have + been + Participle II).
1. This letter has been brought by the secretary. (Present Perfect Passive)Секретарь принёс письмо. (Письмо принесено секретарём)
2. He decided to become a writer only when his first story had been published.(Past Perfect Passive) Он решил стать писателем, только когда его первый рассказ был напечатан.
3. By the 1st of July you will have passed the last exam. (Future Perfect Passive) К 1ому июля вы сдадите последний экзамен.
Сказуемое в страдательном залоге может переводиться на русский язык: а) кратким страдательным причастием; б) глаголом на –ся; в) неопределённо-личным глаголом.
The house is built. а) Дом построен. б) Дом строится. в) Дом строят.
Следует обратить особое внимание на перевод глаголов с предлогом в страдательном залоге. Наиболее распространённые из этих глаголов:
hear of – слышать о
laugh at – смеяться над
look after – присматривать за (кем-либо)
look at – смотреть на
rely on – полагаться на
send for – посылать за
speak of (about) – говорить о
pay attention to – обращать внимание на
take care of – заботиться
The book is much spoken about. Об этой книге много говорят.
He can't be relied on. На него нельзя положиться.
В русском переводе не все глаголы сохраняют предлог:
to listen to – слушать что-либо, кого-либо
to look for – искать что-либо
to provide for – обеспечить кого-либо, чем-либо
to explain to – объяснять кому-либо
He was listened to with great attention. Его слушали с большим вниманием.
Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.
Модальные глаголы – это глаголы, обозначающие не само действие, а отношение к нему говорящего. I must come and see my parents next Sunday. Я должен навестить своих родителей в следующее воскресенье. He can speak three languages. Он может говорить на трёх языках.
Модальные глаголы в английском языке не имеют формы инфинитива, неличных форм на –ed, -ing, не принимают окончание –s, -es в 3-ем лице единственного числа Present Indefinite, т.е. не спрягаются. Они образуют вопросительную и отрицательную формы без вспомогательного глагола. После модальных глаголов инфинитив другого глагола употребляется без частицы to (исключение глагол ought to).
Can / could.
Этот модальный глагол имеет две формы: can– для настоящего времени, could – для прошедшего. Употребляется он:
1. Для выражения возможности или способности совершения действия. В этом значении переводится как "мочь", "уметь". She can speak English well but she can't write it at all. Она может (умеет) хорошо говорить по-английски, но совсем не умеет писать.
2. Для выражения разрешения совершить действие (в вопросительных и утвердительных предложениях). Can we go home ?Можно нам идти ?Yes, you can go. Да, вы можете идти.
3. Для выражения запрета совершить действие, выраженного инфинитивом (только в отрицательных предложениях). You can't speak at the lessons.На уроке разговаривать нельзя.
4. Для выражения просьбы (в вопросительных предложениях). Can (could) you give me your dictionary? Вы не дадите мне свой словарь?
Форма could употребляется для более вежливого обращения.
To be able to
Сочетание to be able + инфинитив с частицей to является синонимом модального глагола can (см. пункт 1) для выражения возможности или способности совершения действия. He is able to help you. Он может помочь вам. He was able to help you.Он смог помочь вам. He will be able to help you. Он сможет помочь вам.
may / might
Этот модальный глагол имеет две формы: may– для настоящего времени, might – для прошедшего. Глагол may употребляется для выражения:
1. Разрешения в утвердительных и вопросительных предложениях. You may go. Ты можешь идти. May I help you? Разрешите вам помочь.
2. Запрещения в отрицательных предложениях. You may not come here. Не смей сюда приходить.
3. Предположения, неуверенности в утвердительных и отрицательных предложениях. It may rain today. Возможно сегодня будет дождь.
Глагол mightупотребляется:
1. В придаточных дополнительных предложениях в соответствии с правилом согласования времён. She said that he might take her book.Она сказала, что он может взять её книгу.
2. Для обозначения вероятности совершения действия. He might come. Он, может быть, придёт.
to be allowed to, to be permitted to
Словосочетанияto be allowedиto be permitted + инфинитив с частицей to являются синонимами модального глагола may (см. пункт 1). I am allowed use this device. Мне разрешено (я могу) использовать этот прибор. He will be allowed to use this device. Ему разрешат.
must
Глагол must употребляется:
1. Для выражения долженствования, необходимости произвести действие в настоящем или будущем. I must go. Мне надо идти.
2.Для выражения запрещения в отрицательном предложении. You mustn't do it.Нельзя этого делать.
3. Для выражения вероятности какого-либо действия, предположения. He must have read this book. Он, вероятно, читал эту книгу.
4. для обозначения настоятельного совета, рекомендации. You must come and see my new flat. Ты должен придти посмотреть нашу новую квартиру.
To have (to)
Глагол to have (to) употребляется в сочетании с инфинитивом с частицей toдля выражения необходимости совершить действие в силу определённых обстоятельств. Соответствует русскому "придётся, пришлось". It was very dark and we had to stay at home.Было очень темно, и нам пришлось остаться дома. I don't have to stay here. Мне не нужно здесь оставаться.
To be + Infinitive
Сочетание глагола to be с инфинитивом употребляется для выражения необходимости совершения действия в соответствии с предыдущей договорённостью или заранее намеченным планом. Переводится как "должен, должен был" и т.п. I was to meet her at 3 o'clock. Я должен был встретить её в 3 часа. They are to begin this work at once.Они должны начать работу немедленно.
shall, should
Глагол shall выражает обещание, намерение, угрозу, предостережение. He shall get his money. Он получит свои деньги. The child shall be punished for it. Ребёнок будет наказан за это.
Глагол shall также выражает запрос относительно дальнейших действий. Shall we begin ?Нам начинать ?
Глагол should в основном употребляется для выражения настоятельного совета, рекомендации. You should see a doctor. Вам следует показаться врачу.
Сослагательное наклонение.
The Subjunctive Mood.
В русском языке сослагательное наклонение выражается сочетанием глагола в форме прошедшего времени с частицей "бы" и имеет только одну форму, которая может относиться к настоящему, прошедшему или будущему. Если бы я закончил работу я смог бы проводить Вас на вокзал сегодня (завтра, вчера).
В английском языке имеются аналитические и синтетические формы сослагательного наклонения. Аналитическая форма – это сочетание глаголов should или wouldс инфинитивом (Indefinite Infinitive или Perfect Infinitive). He demanded that the car should be repaired. Он потребовал, чтобы машина была отремонтирована. He would come.Он бы пришёл. He would have come then.Он бы пришёл тогда.
Глагол to be имеет формы be и were для всех лиц при выражении предположения, желания или возможности, относящихся к настоящему и будущему временам. If I were …. . Если бы я был … .
В современном английском языке имеются также синтетические формы сослагательного наклонения.
Для всех других глаголов в этом случае используются формы Past Indefinite. If you came earlier, you should speak to him. Если бы вы пришли раньше, вы бы поговорили с ним.
Условные придаточные предложения.
Условные предложения могут выражать реальные, маловероятные (условные предложения I типа) и нереальные условия (условные предложения II типа).
Условные предложения I типа.
Условие, содержащееся в условном придаточном предложении, рассматривается говорящим как реально предполагаемый факт, относящийся к настоящему, прошедшему или будущему временам. Сказуемые главного и придаточного предложений выражаются глаголами в формах изъявительного наклонения. If the weather is nice, we go for a walk. Если погода хорошая, мы ходим на прогулку. If the weather was nice, we went for a walk.Если погода была хорошая, мы ходили на прогулку. If the weather is nice, we'll go for a walk.Если погода будет хорошая, мы пойдём на прогулку.
Условные предложения II типа.
Условие, содержащееся в условном придаточном предложении, рассматривается говорящим как маловероятное. Для выражения малой вероятности осуществления действия в настоящем или будущем временах сказуемое главного предложения употребляется в форме сослагательного наклонения should / would + Indefinite Infinitive безto, а сказуемое придаточного предложения – в форме сослагательного наклонения, аналогичной Past Indefinite или wereдля всех лиц от глагола to be. If he were free, he would do it. Если бы он был свободен, он бы это сделал. If we paid more attention to grammar, we should know the language better. Если бы мы уделяли грамматике больше внимания, мы бы знали язык лучше.
Условные предложения III типа.
Условие, содержащееся в условном придаточном предложении, рассматривается говорящим как неосуществимое, так как относится к прошлому времени. Сказуемое главного предложения употребляется в форме сослагательного наклонения should / would + Perfect Infinitive, а сказуемое придаточного предложения в форме сослагательного наклонения, аналогичной Past Perfect. I should not have been late yesterday, if my watch had been write. Я бы не опоздал вчера, если бы мои часы шли правильно.
Союзы условных придаточных предложений.
if– если; incase – в случае, если; suppose (that) – предположим, что; on condition (that) – при условии, что; provided (that) – при условии, что; unless – если … не; but for – если бы не.
При обращении прямой речи в косвенную в английском языке действует правило согласования времен. Если главное предложение стоит в форме настоящего (Present Simple или Present Perfect) или будущего времени (Future Simple), то глагол в косвенной речи (в придаточном предложении) остается в том же времени, в каком он был в прямой речи.
Если глагол в главном предложении стоит в Past Simple, Past Continuous или Past Perfect, то глагол в придаточном предложении заменяется на другое время, в соответствии с правилом согласования времен.
|
Direct speech (Прямая речь) |
Indirect speech (косвенная речь) |
|
Present Simple - Past Simple |
|
|
He said, "I am hungry!" – Он сказал: "Я голоден!" |
He said that he was hungry – Он сказал, что он голоден. |
|
Present Continuous - Past Continuous |
|
|
Mother said, "I am cooking the dinner now" – Мамасказала: "Ясейчасготовлюобед". |
Mother said that she was cooking the dinner then – Мамасказала, чтоонаготовилаобед. |
|
Present Perfect - Past Perfect |
|
|
She said, "I have worked hard today" – Она сказала: "Я много работала сегодня". |
She said that she had worked hard that day – Она сказала, что она много работала в тот день. |
|
Present Perfect Continuous - Past Perfect Continuous |
|
|
I said, "My colleague has only been working here for 3 months" – Ясказал: "Мояколлегаработаетздесьвсего 3 месяца". |
I said that my colleague had only been workingthere for 3 months – Ясказал, чтомояколлегаработалатамвсего 3 месяца. |
|
Past Simple - Past Simple or Past Perfect |
|
|
Обратите внимание, что Past Simple может оставаться в косвенной речи без изменений (что характерно для разговорной речи, а также ситуаций, где указано время свершения действия). При употреблении таких временных обозначений, как the day before (за день до), two years before (за два года до) и т.д. предпочтительнее использовать Past Perfect. |
|
|
They said, "We went to the cinema and watched a film" – Они сказали: "Мы ходили в кино и посмотрели фильм". |
They said that they went to the cinema and watched a film – Они сказали, что они ходили в кино и посмотрели фильм. |
|
She said, "I had a cold a week ago" – Она сказала: "Неделю назад у меня была простуда". |
She said that she had had a cold a week before – Она сказала, что неделю до этого у нее была простуда. |
|
Past Progressive - Past Progressive or Past Perfect Progressive |
|
|
Обратите внимание, что Past Continuous также может оставаться без изменений в косвенной речи. |
|
|
He said, "I was playing tennis when she called me" – Он сказал: "Я играл в теннис, когда она мне позвонила". |
He said that he was playing tennis when she called him – Он сказал, что он играл в теннис, когда она ему позвонила. |
|
Tom said, "I was watching the football match" – Томсказал: "Ясмотрелфутбольныйматч". |
Tom said that he had been watching the football match – Томсказал, чтоонсмотрелфутбольныйматч. |
|
Past Pefect - Past Perfect |
|
|
Обратите внимание, что Past Perfect в косвенной речи остается без изменений. |
|
|
My friend said to me, "I had known you before we were introduced to each other" – Мойдругсказалмне: "Язналтебядотого, какнаспредставилидругдругу". |
My friend told me that he had known me before we were introduced to each other – Мойдругсказалмне, чтоонзналменядотого, какнаспредставилидругдругу. |
|
Past Perfect Progressive - Past Perfect Progressive |
|
|
Обратите внимание, что Past Perfect Continuous в косвенной речи остается без изменений. |
|
|
My wife said, "We had been dating for 3 years before we got married" – Мояженасказала: "Мывстречались 3 года, преждечемпоженились". |
My wife said that we had been dating for 3 years before we got married – Мояженасказала, чтомывстречались 3 года, преждечемпоженились. |
Если в предложении, вводящем прямую речь, употреблен глагол to say без дополнения(указывающего лицо, к которому обращаются с речью), то глагол to say сохраняется. Если же такое дополнение есть, то глагол to say меняется на глагол to tell.
Примеры:
·
He said, "Our
team lost the game" – Он сказал: "Наша команда
проиграла".
He said that their
team lost the game – Он сказал, что их команда проиграла.
·
She said to me, "I will wait for you outside"
– Онасказаламне: "Яподождутебянаулице".
She told me that she would wait for me outside – Онасказала, чтоподождетменянаулице.
|
Direct speech (Прямая речь) |
Indirect speech (Косвенная речь) |
|
this (этот) |
that (тот, этот) |
|
these (эти) |
those (те, эти) |
|
now (сейчас) |
then (тогда) |
|
today (сегодня) |
that day (в тот день) |
|
tomorrow (завтра) |
the next day (на следующий день) |
|
the day after tomorrow (послезавтра) |
two days later (через два дня, два дня спустя) |
|
yesterday (вчера) |
the day before (накануне) |
|
the day before yesterday (позавчера) |
two days before (за два дня до этого, двумя днями раньше) |
|
ago (тому назад) |
before (раньше) |
|
next year (в следующем году) |
the next year, the following year (вследующемгоду) |
|
here (здесь) |
there (там) |
Общие вопросы в косвенной речи присоединяются к главному предложению при помощи союзов if или whether. Порядок слов вопросительного предложения меняется на порядок слов повествовательного предложения.
She asked, "Do you have any plans for the
weekend?" – Она спросила: "У тебя есть планы на выходные?"
She asked if I had any plans for the weekend – Она спросила, были ли у меня планы на выходные.
They asked, "Will you visit us tomorrow?"
– Они спросили: "Вы придете к нам завтра?"
They
asked whether we would
visit them the next day – Они спросили, не придем ли мы к ним на следующий
день.
She asked, "Can you give them
a call?" – Она спросила: "Ты можешь им позвонить?"
She asked if I could give them a call – Она
спросила, не мог ли я им позвонить.
При обращении в косвенную речь ответов на общие вопросы, слова yes и no опускаются.
She asked, "Do you want another cup of
tea?" – Онаспросила: "Ты хочешь еще чашку чая?"
I
said, "No, I don't" – Я ответила: "Нет, не хочу".
She asked if I wanted another
cup of tea – Она спросила, не хочу ли я еще чашку чая.
I answered that I didn't – Я ответила, что не хочу.
При обращении специальных вопросов в косвенную речь необходимо поставить слова в том же порядке, что и в повествовательном предложении, а вопросительное слово служит для присоединения придаточного предложения к главному.
She asked, "What time does the
train arrive?" – Она спросила: "Во сколько прибывает
поезд?"
She asked what time the train arrived – Она спросила, во сколько
прибывает поезд.
He asked,
"When did you come?" – Он спросил: "Когда ты
пришел?"
He asked when I came – Он спросил, когда я пришел.
I asked him, "How
old are you?" – Я спросил его: "Сколько тебе лет?"
I asked him how old he was – Я спросил, сколько ему лет.
Повелительное наклонение в косвенной речи заменяется инфинитивом (в отрицательных предложениях – инфинитивом с частицей not).
Если прямая речь выражает приказ, то глагол to say заменяется на глаголы to tell, to order. Если же прямая речь выражает просьбу, то глагол to say заменяется глаголом to ask.
Mother said, "Be careful!" – Мама
сказала: "Будьте осторожны!"
Mother
asked to be careful – Мама попросила быть осторожными.
He said, "Listen to what I am saying!" – Он сказал: "Слушай, что я говорю!"
He told to listen to what he was saying – Он велел слушать, что он говорит.
She said, "Please, don't laugh at
him!" – Она сказала: "Пожалуйста, не смейтесь над ним!"
She asked not to laugh at him – Она попросила не смеяться над ним.
Личные, притяжательные и указательные местоимения, а также наречия места и времени, при переходе из прямой речи в косвенную изменяются по смыслу, так же как и в русском языке.
He said, "You have been listening
to this music for a long time already" – Он сказал: "Вы уже достаточно долго слушаете эту музыку".
He said that they had been listening to that music for
a long time already – Он сказал, что они слушали эту музыку уже достаточнодолго.
|
Infinitive |
Past Simple |
Past Participle |
Перевод |
|
|
be |
was, were |
been |
быть, являться |
|
|
beat |
beat |
beaten |
бить, колотить |
|
|
become |
became |
become |
становиться |
|
|
begin |
began |
begun |
начинать |
|
|
bend |
bent |
bent |
гнуть |
|
|
bet |
bet |
bet |
держать пари |
|
|
bite |
bit |
bitten |
кусать |
|
|
blow |
blew |
blown |
дуть, выдыхать |
|
|
break |
broke |
broken |
ломать, разбивать, разрушать |
|
|
bring |
brought |
brought |
приносить, привозить, |
|
|
build |
built |
built |
строить, сооружать |
|
|
buy |
bought |
bought |
покупать, приобретать |
|
|
catch |
caught |
caught |
ловить, поймать, схватить |
|
|
choose |
chose |
chosen |
выбирать, избирать |
|
|
come |
came |
come |
приходить, подходить |
|
|
cost |
cost |
cost |
стоить, обходиться |
|
|
cut |
cut |
cut |
резать, разрезать |
|
|
deal |
dealt |
dealt |
иметь дело, распределять |
|
|
dig |
dug |
dug |
копать, рыть |
|
|
do |
did |
done |
делать, выполнять |
|
|
draw |
drew |
drawn |
рисовать, |
|
|
drink |
drank |
drunk |
пить |
|
|
drive |
drove |
driven |
ездить |
|
|
eat |
ate |
eaten |
есть, поглощать, поедать |
|
|
fall |
fell |
fallen |
падать |
|
|
feed |
fed |
fed |
кормить |
|
|
feel |
felt |
felt |
чувствовать |
|
|
fight |
fought |
fought |
драться, сражаться, в |
|
|
find |
found |
found |
находить |
|
|
fly |
flew |
flown |
летать |
|
|
forget |
forgot |
forgotten |
забывать о (чём-либо) |
|
|
forgive |
forgave |
forgiven |
прощать |
|
|
freeze |
froze |
frozen |
замерзать, замирать |
|
|
get |
got |
got |
получать, добираться |
|
|
give |
gave |
given |
дать, подать, дарить |
|
|
go |
went |
gone |
идти, двигаться |
|
|
grow |
grew |
grown |
расти, вырастать |
|
|
hang |
hung |
hung |
вешать, развешивать, |
|
|
have |
had |
had |
иметь, обладать |
|
|
hear |
heard |
heard |
слышать, услышать |
|
|
hide |
hid |
hidden |
прятать, скрывать |
|
|
hit |
hit |
hit |
ударять, поражать |
|
|
hold |
held |
held |
держать, |
|
|
hurt |
hurt |
hurt |
ранить, причинять боль, |
|
|
keep |
kept |
kept |
хранить |
|
|
know |
knew |
known |
знать, |
|
|
lay |
laid |
laid |
класть, положить, |
|
|
lead |
led |
led |
вести за собой, |
|
|
leave |
left |
left |
покидать, уходить |
|
|
lend |
lent |
lent |
одалживать,) |
|
|
let |
let |
let |
позволять, разрешать |
|
|
lie |
lay |
lain |
лежать |
|
|
light |
lit |
lit |
зажигать, светиться |
|
|
lose |
lost |
lost |
терять, |
|
|
make |
made |
made |
делать, создавать |
|
|
mean |
meant |
meant |
значить |
|
|
meet |
met |
met |
встречать, знакомиться |
|
|
pay |
paid |
paid |
платить, оплачивать |
|
|
put |
put |
put |
ставить, помещать, класть |
|
|
read |
read |
read |
читать, прочитать |
|
|
ride |
rode |
ridden |
ехать верхом |
|
|
ring |
rang |
rung |
звенеть, звонить |
|
|
rise |
rose |
risen |
восходить, вставать, |
|
|
run |
ran |
run |
бежать, бегать |
|
|
say |
said |
said |
говорить, сказать |
|
|
see |
saw |
seen |
видеть |
|
|
seek |
sought |
sought |
искать |
|
|
sell |
sold |
sold |
продавать |
|
|
send |
sent |
sent |
посылать, отправлять |
|
|
set |
set |
set |
устанавливать, |
|
|
shake |
shook |
shaken |
трясти |
|
|
shine |
shone |
shone |
светить, |
|
|
shoot |
shot |
shot |
стрелять |
|
|
show |
showed |
shown, showed |
показывать |
|
|
shut |
shut |
shut |
закрывать, |
|
|
sing |
sang |
sung |
петь |
|
|
sink |
sank |
sunk |
тонуть |
|
|
sit |
sat |
sat |
сидеть |
|
|
sleep |
slept |
slept |
спать |
|
|
speak |
spoke |
spoken |
говорить |
|
|
spend |
spent |
spent |
тратить |
|
|
stand |
stood |
stood |
стоять |
|
|
steal |
stole |
stolen |
воровать, красть |
|
|
stick |
stuck |
stuck |
втыкать, приклеивать |
|
|
strike |
struck |
struck, stricken |
ударять, бить, поражать |
|
|
swear |
swore |
sworn |
клясться, присягать |
|
|
sweep |
swept |
swept |
мести, подметать |
|
|
swim |
swam |
swum |
плавать, плыть |
|
|
swing |
swung |
swung |
качаться, вертеться |
|
|
take |
took |
taken |
брать, взять |
|
|
teach |
taught |
taught |
учить, обучать |
|
|
tear |
tore |
torn |
рвать, отрывать |
|
|
tell |
told |
told |
рассказывать |
|
|
think |
thought |
thought |
думать, мыслить, |
|
|
throw |
threw |
thrown |
бросать, кидать |
|
|
understand |
understood |
understood |
понимать |
|
|
wake |
woke |
woken |
просыпаться, будить |
|
|
wear |
wore |
worn |
носить (одежду) |
|
|
win |
won |
won |
победить, выиграть |
|
|
write |
wrote |
written |
писать, записывать |
|
ЛИТЕРАТУРА
5. Голицынский Ю. Б. Грамматика: Сборник упражнений.— 5-е изд. СПб.: КАРО, 2006.— 544с
6. Ионина, А.А., Саакян А.С. Английская грамматика. Теория и практика / А.А.Ионина, А.С.Саакян. - 3-е изд, испр. - М.: Рольф, 2012. - 448с.
7. Письменный АА. Англо-русский словарь по персональным компьютерам и информатике. В двух томах. Том 1. — Ростов Н/Д: ЗАО «Книга»,2002. — 384 с.
8. Радовель, Валентина Александровна. Р15 Английский язык в сфере информационных технологий: учебно-практическое пособие / В.А. Радовель. — Москва: КНОРУС, 2017. — 232 с.
Настоящий материал опубликован пользователем Магомедова Карина Мурадовна. Инфоурок является информационным посредником и предоставляет пользователям возможность размещать на сайте методические материалы. Всю ответственность за опубликованные материалы, содержащиеся в них сведения, а также за соблюдение авторских прав несут пользователи, загрузившие материал на сайт
Если Вы считаете, что материал нарушает авторские права либо по каким-то другим причинам должен быть удален с сайта, Вы можете оставить жалобу на материал.
Удалить материал
Курс повышения квалификации
Курс повышения квалификации
Курс повышения квалификации
Курс повышения квалификации
Рабочие листы
к вашим урокам
Скачать
7 355 837 материалов в базе
Вам будут доступны для скачивания все 333 931 материал из нашего маркетплейса.
Мини-курс
2 ч.
Мини-курс
2 ч.
HELPFUL TIP: If you are looking
for a computer-related job, be sure you have the proper skills. Taking
computer classes and/or educating yourself by reading up on the newest
technologies will help you prepare.
Оставьте свой комментарий
Авторизуйтесь, чтобы задавать вопросы.