Урок-проект по
теме «Проблемы экологии» (11 класс)
Учитель
английского языка Каменская Валентина Ивановна
Цель: активизация речевой и мыслительной
деятельности учащихся
Задачи:
1) Ознакомить
учащихся с проблемами экологии в мире
2) Совершенствовать
навыки устной речи, аудирования, развивать умение владения английским языком в
обсуждении экологических проблем
3) Развивать
умения анализировать, сравнивать, сопоставлять и делать выводы
4) Воспитывать
чувство любви к своему родному краю, бережное отношение к природе и чувство
ответственности за свои поступки
Оборудование:
карты мира, мультимедийный проектор, компьютер
Ход урока:
1) Вступительное
слово учителя.
Today it is an unusual lesson. This lesson
will be taught with the help of students.
Now we’ll begin our lesson with a song.
Listen to it and say what it is about.
(звучит песня
об экологических проблемах)
Slide 1: Mankind believed
for a long time that whatever we did, the Earth would remain the same. We know
now that it isn’t true. There are a lot of problems that people face nowadays.
But the most urgent problem concerning people of the world is an ecological
one.
What is ecology? Ecology is the science
that studies the conditions of the habitat of man, animals and plants.
Nowadays people understand how important
it is to solve the environmental problems. The most serious environmental
problems are:
·
pollution
in its many forms (e. g. water pollution, air pollution)
·
noise
from transport
·
destruction
of countryside beauty
·
growth
of population
·
acid
rain
·
deforestation
and others
Well, today we’ll discuss some of the
ecological problems and try not only to focus on them, but to think about the
ways of their solutions.
2) Обсуждение проекта.
Ученики защищают проект
по темам:
·
Water
Pollution
·
Air
Pollution
·
Deforestation
·
Destruction
of Wildlife
·
Destruction
of the Ozone Layer
·
Ecological
Organizations
После выступления
учеников по данным темам остальные учащиеся задают вопросы по прослушанному материалу
и делают выводы о способах решения данных проблем.
3) Заключительное
слово учителя. Подведение итогов.
Учащиеся еще раз
обращают внимание на главные экологические проблемы и пути их решения.
Well, students, it’s time to finish our
lesson. It was great pleasure to discuss ecological problems with you.
In a world, it’s time to take care of our
nature like a mother takes care of her only child. I want to say that there are
many actions that each person can take every day. Think globally – act locally!
Save our environment!
Приложение (выступления учащихся):
Air
pollution
Air
pollution is the introduction into the atmosphere of chemicals, particulates,
or biological materials that cause discomfort, disease, or death to humans,
damage other living organisms such as food crops, or damage the natural
environment or built environment.
A
substance in the air that can be harmful to humans and the environment is known
as an air pollutant. Pollutants can be in the form of solid particles, liquid,
or gases. In addition, they may be natural or man-made. Pollutants can be
classified as primary or secondary. Usually, primary pollutants are directly
emitted from a process, such as ash from a volcanic eruption, gas from a motor
vehicle or a factory. Secondary pollutants are not emitted directly. Rather,
they form in the air when primary pollutants react.
Carbon
dioxide, a greenhouse gas, is the main pollutant that is warming Earth. Though
living things emit carbon dioxide when they breathe, carbon dioxide is widely
considered to be a pollutant when associated with cars, planes, power plants,
and other human activities that involve the burning of fossil fuels such as
gasoline and natural gas. In the past 150 years, such activities have pumped
enough carbon dioxide into the atmosphere to raise its levels higher than they
have been for hundreds of thousands of years.
Vehicles
can cause air pollution by the fumes and exhaust coming from the tail pipe. It
will go to the air and when someone/something breathes it in, they could get
sick. Vehicles which burn fossil fuels just aren’t 100% efficient at that
task. Of the fuel that goes into the engine a portion of it comes out unburned.
As a vehicle travels it stirs up road dust which is a particulate air
pollutant. In addition the tires are slowly wearing away shedding latex and
artificial rubber. This is a potential allergen.
Nuclear
pollution happens when radioactive elements come into contact with other
elements and emit alpha and gamma rays, which are a serious threat for the
environment. The causes of nuclear pollution are accidents at nuclear power
plants, use of nuclear weapons or disposal of nuclear waste into the
environment. Nuclear pollution causes abnormalities in living bodies and
shortens life span.
One
of the worst nuclear accidents to date was the Chernobyl disaster which
occurred in 1986 in Ukraine. That accident killed 30 people directly, as well
as damaging approximately $7 billion of property. A study published in 2005
estimates that there will eventually be up to 4,000 additional cancer deaths
related to the accident among those exposed to significant radiation levels.
Radioactive fallout from the accident was concentrated in areas of Belarus,
Ukraine and Russia. Approximately 350,000 people were forcibly resettled away
from these areas soon after the accident.
Acid
rain is a rain that is unusually acidic. It can have harmful effects on plants,
aquatic animals, and infrastructure. Acid rain is caused by emissions of sulfur
dioxide and nitrogen oxide, which react with the water molecules in the
atmosphere to produce acids.
Water
Pollution
Water
pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly into
water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful compounds. It has
been suggested that it is the leading worldwide cause of deaths and diseases,
and that it accounts for the deaths of more than 14,000 people daily. There
is no ocean or sea which is not used as a dump. Many seas are used for dumping
industrial and nuclear waste. It poisons and kills fish and sea animals.
Many
rivers and lakes are poisoned too
Fish
and reptiles can’t live in the polluted water. There is not enough oxygen in
the water. In such places all the birds leave their habitats and many plants
die. Chemicals carried by industrial wastewaters kills a lot of smaller aquatic
animals such as frogs, fish etc. This causes a loss of food source for bigger
aquatic creatures, leading them to either consume poisoned, dead fish and
perish, or leave their natural habitat to go in search of food in other aquatic
quarters.
The
anthropogenic impact on Baikal has significantly risen since the 1950s.
Industrial and civil building has grown and spread, the population has grown
and new towns and settlements have arisen, new lands have been ploughed up and
more chemicals have been used in agriculture. Today the greatest threat of
pollution to the lake is posed by two sources - the town of Ulan-Ude and the
Baikal Pulp and Paper Plant (BPPP). There are different opinions about water
pollution in Baikal.
An
oil spill is the release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the
environment, especially marine areas, due to human activity. Cleanup and
recovery from an oil spill is difficult and depends upon many factors,
including the type of oil spilled, the temperature of the water (affecting
evaporation and biodegradation), and the types of shorelines and beaches
involved. Spills may take weeks, months or even years to clean up.
Animals that rely on scent to find their babies or mothers fade away due to the
strong scent of the oil. This causes a baby to be rejected and abandoned,
leaving the babies to starve and eventually die. Oil can impair a bird's
ability to fly, preventing it from foraging or escaping from predators.
Industries
that generate wastewater with high concentrations of conventional pollutants,
toxic pollutants or other nonconventional pollutants need specialized treatment
systems. Wastewater from cities can contain a mixture of chemical and
biological pollutants. In low-income countries, there are often high levels of
pathogens from excreta, while in emerging nations, where industrial development
is outpacing environmental regulation; there are increasing risks from
inorganic and organic chemicals..
Water
pollution affects human health in disastrous ways. Various organizations are
constantly trying to clean corrupted water bodies to meet the demand of the
ever growing multitude. There are numerous waterborne diseases that are a
direct result of water pollution. Ingestion of poorly treated water can cause Diarrhea,
Cholera, Stomach infections and Typhoid.
We
must remember one thing. We have a limited supply of water. And if we continue
to pollute available water, it will most definitely lead to disease and death.
Yes, there's still a lot we can do. If we work hard to conserve our wetlands
and rivers - the source of our drinking water - there's hope for a brighter
future.
Deforestation
Deforestation
is the main ecological problem nowadays. Forests are cut down for many reasons,
but most of them are related to money or to people’s need to provide for their
families. The biggest driver of deforestation is agriculture. Logging
operations, which provide the world’s wood and paper products, also cut
countless trees. Forests are also cut as a result of growing urban
sprawl.
Deforestation
has many negative effects on the environment. Large cities with numerous
industrial enterprises appear all over the world. Every year world industry pullets
the atmosphere with tons of dust and other harmful substances. People from many
cities suffer from smog. Forests are disappearing and this upsets the oxygen balance.
The most dramatic impact is a loss of habitat for millions of animals. Seventy
percent of Earth’s land animals and plants live in forests, and many cannot
survive the deforestation that destroys their homes.
Fires are a
natural and beneficial element of many forest landscapes. Each year, millions
of areas of forest around the world are destroyed by
fire.
Causes of forest fires According
to forest fire statistics, 9 out of 10 forest fires are of human-caused origin.
The
main causes of forest fires are: Agricultural
activities like burning grass-gorse or stubble.
a.
Throwing of burning cigarettes end or matches.
b.
Lighting of fires in restricted areas.
c.
Burning of wastes and garbage at non-authorized landfill sites.
d.
Military exercises.
e.
Hunting activities.
f.
Residential activities like the use of electrical tools that cause sparks and
burn of wastes.
g.
Arson.
h.
Short-circuit of power lines.
i.
Lightings.
Impacts of forest fires. Forest fires
don't just have an impact on the environment, but on economy, society, and
human health. Forest fires leave a visual impact, causing damage to houses and
other properties, environmental destruction, damage to local and national
economies and the potential for loss of life.
Recovery
time of a forest after clearing and a burn. Note that it is only after 100+
years that forest become as they were before the cut. Forest regrowth
sequesters atmospheric carbon as plant biomass.
So
what can you do about deforestation?
One
easy way to combat deforestation is to plant a tree. Here’s what you can do:
1.
Plant a tree.
2.
Go paperless.
3.
Recycle and buy recycled products.
4.
Look for Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification on wood and wood
products.
5.
Eat vegetarian meals as often as possible.
Litter
Our
society is producing too much parading and food waste which are dropped in the
street or end up on the rubbish tip; diseases spread more easily.
Litter
can cause dirty street, spread of diseases.
The
government should encourage recycling, use litter bins.
Urban
sprawl
The
problem of urban sprawl is caused by growing cities. As a result, animals are
losing their habitats. Population growth is the main of global problems.
Population growth expresses the total result of all economic, social and
cultural activities.
World
population grows every day by 250 thousand. The growth rate is increasing and
already so large (approaching 100 million a year), that it became characterized
as a population explosion that can shake the planet. It was a steady increase
in population requires ever-increasing food production and energy consumption
of mineral resources and leads to increased pressure on the biosphere.
The
government should conduct population policy!
Global
warming
Global
warming is the rise in the average temperature of Earth's atmosphere and oceans
since the late 19th century and its projected continuation. Since the early
20th century, Earth's mean surface temperature has increased by about 0.8 °C.
Warming of the climate system is certain, and scientists are more than 90%
certain that it is primarily caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse
gases produced by human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels and
deforestation These findings are recognized by the national science academies
of all major industrialized nations.
Warming
and related changes will vary from region to region around the globe The
effects of an increase in global temperature include a rise in sea levels and a
change in the amount and pattern of sludge, as well a probable expansion of
subtropical deserts. Warming is expected to be strongest in the Arctic and
would be associated with the continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea
ice. Other likely effects of the warming include a more frequent occurrence of
extreme-weather events including heat waves, droughts and heavy rainfall, ocean
acidification and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes.
Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from
decreasing crop yields and the loss of habitat from flood.
Temperature changes vary over the globe. Since 1979, land temperatures have
increased about twice as fast as ocean temperatures (0.25 °C per decade
against0.13 °C per decade). Ocean temperatures increase more slowly than land
temperatures because of the larger effective heat capacity of the oceans and
because the ocean loses more heat by evaporation. The northern hemisphere warms
faster than the southern hemisphere because it has more land and because it has
extensive areas of seasonal snow and sea-ice cover subject to ice-albedo
feedback. Although more greenhouse gases are emitted in the Northern than
Southern Hemisphere this does not contribute to the difference in warming
because the major greenhouse gases persist long enough to mix between
hemispheres.
Greenhouse
gases
The greenhouse effect is the process by which absorption and emission of
infrared radiation by gases in the atmosphere warm a planet's lower atmosphere
and surface.
Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiation. Less direct
geological evidence indicates that carbon dioxide values higher than this were
last seen about 20 million years ago.. The rest of this increase is caused
mostly by changes in land-use, particularly deforestation.
Over the last three decades of the 20th century, gross domestic product per
capita and population growth were the main drivers of increases in greenhouse
gas emissions. CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of
fossil fuels and land-use change.
Changes in regional climate are expected to include greater warming over land,
with most warming at high northern latitudes, and least warming over the
Southern Ocean and parts of the North Atlantic Ocean. Snow cover area and sea
ice extent are expected to decrease, with the Arctic expected to be largely ice-free
in September by 2037.
Pollution
Oil Spills have a devastating effect on our oceans that can last years or even
decades. Wildlife and the ecosystems they are a part of suffer tragically under
the toxic burden of these human-caused accidents. The problem is a global one
that increasingly threatens already fragile ecosystems. For example, on
November 7, 2007 the cargo freighter Cosco Busan struck the Bay Bridge in San
Francisco Bay, California, tearing a 90-foot-long gash in its hull and spilling
58,000 gallons of fuel into the bay. Three days later, a storm wrecked several
ships in the Kerch Strait between the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov, including
a tanker that spilled more than a half million gallons of oil.
Technological
waste not recycled and not landfilled are traded and resume the road in general
for some countries such as China, India, Ghana, Nigeria ... Here, these result
in huge waste dumps open in which people living there trying to recover
everything that is possible to be in conditions disregarding any notion of
safety or health. It is not necessarily useful to clarify after reading
paragraphs previous levels of health, disease, and mortality records fight here.
As seen in the photo, this albino snake was born with two heads. The strange
feature for such snake is that its two separate mouths were connected to the same
stomach. When this news spread, it quickly drew the attention of environmental
experts. New research identifies that such deformities have been caused partly
due to runoff from farming and ranching. This conclusion was supported by the
study of a University of Colorado, as they agreed that the growing number of
deformed snake were primarily caused by the nutrient-rich runoff from farming
and ranching as indicated by the new research
The
destruction of forests
Forests are very important to the environment because they use carbon dioxide
(CO2) and produce oxygen. They also provide shelter and food for many different
types of plants and animals. Trees are cut down for many reasons but the main
reasons are to make space to build new houses and to clear land to grow grass
for cows and sheep to eat, to produce dairy foods. Cutting down trees is called
deforestation and it can have serious effects. If animals’ homes, which are
built in and around the trees, are destroyed, many species will become extinct.
Deforestation also affects the climate. When rain falls on a forest, new clouds
are created. If huge areas of trees are cut down, clouds do not form, rain does
not fall and the land becomes drier. We can help to save forests by reusing and
recycling paper.
Each year the sea near the Faroe Islands in the north of Europe to become red.
The water is stained with blood of hundreds of whales killed by local residents
Nov. 22 during the annual whaling festival called Grindadrap. Whaling is not
for commercial purposes - the meat cannot be sold, but you can only split
evenly between members of the local community. Hunters chase whales in the bay,
then interrupt them ridge, leaving bleeding directly into the water. The sea
becomes literally red that gives a little pleasure locals witnessed this
process.
Every year in the world, for the sake of the fur, kill millions of animals. Fur
animals bred for fur farms, where they live in small cages, and then kill them either
by injecting venom, or by electric shock. The death of the animals living in
the wild, too, is hardly humane - they are caught by traps or traps, and then
another shot to finish off a live animal in the eye or sticks - that skin is
left intact. Community organizations that protect the rights of animals, always
arrange shares advises against killing our little for the sake of real fur.
Ecological
Organizations
People are beginning to realize that environmental problems are not somebody
else’s. They join and support various international organizations and “green”
parties. In 1987 “Green Peace” public commission was set up. Its main goal is
nature conservation. Another area of its work is set up and strengthens
cooperation among environmentalists from many similar organizations abroad.
“Travel for Peace and Nature” is a public movement, which appeared in Russia
some years ago. The movement uses all kinds of environmental actions and
informs the public of the ways, means and results of this work.
It’s very important to support ecological organizations as their initiatives,
protests and proposals help to persuade government to make the right decision
and help them to reach a compromise between the benefits of industry and
dangers to the environment in which we live.
The
more proposals, the more care of the environment. Much depends on individuals
whose care for clean parks and streets is also a contribution to a healthy life
on the earth.
Greenpeace
is a non-governmental environmental organization with offices in over forty
countries and with an international coordinating body in Amsterdam, the
Netherlands. Greenpeace states its goal is to "ensure the ability of the
Earth to nurture life in all its diversity" and focuses its campaigning on
worldwide issues such as global warming, deforestation, overfishing, commercial
whaling, genetic engineering, and anti-nuclear issues. Greenpeace uses direct
action, lobbying and research to achieve its goals. The global organization
does not accept funding from governments, corporations or political parties,
relying on 2.9 million individual supporters and foundation grants.
The Global Environment Facility (GEF) unites 182 member governments — in
partnership with international institutions, nongovernmental organizations, and
the private sector — to address global environmental issues. An independent
financial organization, the GEF provides grants to developing countries and
countries with economies in transition for projects related to biodiversity,
climate change, international waters, land degradation, the ozone layer, and
persistent organic pollutants.
The European Environment Agency (EEA) is an agency of the European Union (EU).
Its task is to provide sound, independent information on the environment. It is
a major information source for those involved in developing, adopting,
implementing and evaluating environmental policy, and also the general public.
The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is an international non-governmental
organization working on issues regarding the conservation, research and
restoration of the environment, formerly named the World Wildlife Fund, which
remains its official name in Canada and the United States. It is the world's
largest independent conservation organization with over 5 million supporters
worldwide, working in more than 100 countries, supporting around 1,300 conservation
and environmental projects. The group says its mission is "to halt and
reverse the destruction of our environment". Currently, much of its work
focuses on the conservation of three biomes that contain most of the world's
biodiversity: forests, freshwater ecosystems, oceans and coasts. Among other
issues, it is also concerned with endangered species, pollution and climate
change.
2013 was announced to become the Year of Environmental Protection in Russia.
Dmitriy Medvedev said: "Everybody understands how much depends on the
state of the environment. Environmental issues influence living standards, the
state of the outside world, life span. But I would like to draw your attention
to something. Some ten years ago, as I remember, the problems of environmental
protection were not a priority for us, but even caused some indignation: “Feed
us first, then tackle the environment.” Now things have changed completely. Now
everyone pays attention to environmental issues – the state, public structures,
opinion leaders, and representatives of oppositional political forces. And this
is normal. This is global practice and we are already close to that level of
concern."
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