Устная тема "Ecology and environmentally friendly cars"

Департамент образования города Москвы

Государственное бюджетное профессиональное образовательное учреждение
«КОЛЛЕДЖ АВТОМОБИЛЬНОГО ТРАНСПОРТА №9»

(ГБПОУ КАТ № 9)

МЕТОДИЧЕСКОЕ  ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ УРОКОВ

ПО  ПРЕДМЕТУ «ИНОСТРАННЫЙ ЯЗЫК» (АНГЛИЙСКИЙ)

УСТНАЯ ТЕМА

“ECOLOGY

AND ENVIRONMENTALLY  FRIENDLY CARS”

Автор-составитель:

Преподаватель английского языка

Вьюшкова Е.А.

Москва 2014

При обучении иностранному языку в колледже предусматривается и осуществляется профессионально-ориентированное обучение будущих специалистов. Его назначение – заложить основы практического владения иностранным языком в своей профессии. Все упражнения и задания построены на знакомом грамматическом  материале для активного овладения лексическим  минимумом профессиональной направленности. Итогом  каждой темы   является умение  учащихся вести беседу на элементарном уровне и умение  составить диалоги, краткий рассказ по данной теме.  Весь материал  пособия носит информативный  характер, что повышает мотивацию изучения английского языка  профессиональной

направленности.

                                                              Air  Pollution

                                                           * acid  rains 

Water Pollution                                * holes in the ozone layer            

* rivers, seas and lakes are                 * smoke from factories   

   important for life                             * industrial and human waste  

* people can’t live without                 * car exhaust fumes  

   water                                                * aerosol  sprays   

* water  shortage                                 *global warming 

* dirty air, land and  water                  *too much  noise                            

   pollution                                                                                             HOW TO SAVE

* chemical  wastes into                                                                          THE  PLANET

   rivers and seas                                                                                   *plant more trees and

                                                                                                                 flowers   

                                                                                                              *save water and energy

                                                                                                              * don’t waste resources 

                                              E  C  O  L  O G  Y                                 * save  animals                                                                             

                                                                                                               * protect  forests 

                                                                                                               * recycle paper, bottles

                                                                                                                  and    clothes   

                                                                                                               * use litter bins (banks)                                                                                                       

       Damage to wilflife                                                                                * keep streets clean                                 

      * forest damage                                                         

* forests are under threat                               

* cut down  forests                              Nuclear pollution                    

* forest  fires                                        * nuclear stations            

* birds and fish  die                              * nuclear weapon tests   

* birds and fish are getting                   * radiation is not seen  

   contaminated                                     * Chernobyl  problems   

* protect plants and animals                 * no winners in nuclear wars        

* animals  can disappear  

* poaching 

* rare animals killing

POLLUTION   AND   ENVIRONMENT

Important  definitions.

People are more worried about the  environment   (the air, water and land around us) as a result  of the harmful  (dangerous, damaging) effects of human activity.  Some of these activities  cause  pollution  (dirty air, land  and water)  and  some are destroying  the environment. Here are some of the problems:

The ozone layer: a layer of gases which stop harmful  radiation from the sun reaching the earth; recent research shows  that there is  now a hole in parts of the ozone layer.

Global  warming: an increase in world temperature caused by an increase in carbon dioxide.

Acid rain: rain that contains dangerous chemicals; this is caused by smoke from factories.

       B. The “Greens” Because of these problems, there are many groups of people whose aim  is                                                           

            conservation ( the protection  of natural things, e.g. plants and animals).  They are often

            referred to as  greens, e.g. “Greenpeace” and  “Friends of the Earth”.

Common causes of damage:  -- smoke from factories,

                                                        – car exhaust fumes,

                                                        – dumping  (throwing away) industrial  waste (unwanted

                                                           material)  

                                                          --    aerosol  cans  (usually called sprays). Some of these

   contain  CFC3 ( a chemical) which can damage the

   ozone layer

-- cutting down tropical rain forests. This increases carbon 

                                                                 dioxide in the atmosphere.  

  D. How can we help?                   --Don’t  throw away  bottles, newspapers, etc. Take                 

                                                            Them into a litter bin  and then  they can be recycled.

                                                         -- Plant   more trees. 

                                                         -- Don’t  waste resources  (use badly) e.g. water,gas.

                                                             Try  to save them.

NOTE:   natural resources, e.g.  water, gold, gas  etc. 

               Human  resources,  e.g. knowledge and  skills.     

Exercise 1. Fill the gaps using  words from the box:

                    -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                    tropical,  ozone, global,  bin,  resources, acid, exhaust, industrial or human 

                   --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

the -----  layer.

----  rain.

----  -----   waste.

a bottle  --- .

-----  warming.

-----  fumes

-----  rain forests.

 natural  or  human -----  .

.

Exercise 2. Complete  the definitions, given  below..

1.Conservation is the protection of natural things, e.g. -----  and  -----  .

2.Acid rain is rain that contains dangerous  chemicals. It is caused by --- ---  ---  .

3. The ozone layer is a layer  of gases that stops  dangerous radiation from the Sun  from                

     reaching  -----.

4. Global warming is an increase in world temperature caused by a increase in  ---- ---- . 

5. CFC (chlorofluorocarbon) is a chemical which ----- ----  ----  .

==================================================================

 A. carbon dioxide

 B  plants  and animals 

 C destroys the ozone layer 

 D  smoke from factories

 E   the Earth    

Exercise 3 If we want  to look after the environment, there  are certain things

                 We  should  and should’t  do. Complete these two lists in suitable ways.

                                            We should                                               We should’t       

----- paper, bottles and clothes                                              ----- paper, bottles  and clothes 

---- ----  ----  tropical rain forests                                          -----  the ozone layer  

----   more  trees                                                                    -----  water  and  energy 

-----  water  and energy                                                         -----  tropical  rain forests 

Recycle, cut down, throw away, waste, plant, save, destroy, save, keep, protect

     ==================================================================== 

UNIT  ONE                                                    POLLUTION   

Exercise 1    Read and translate  the following international words: 

         Planet, problem, result, balance, atmosphere, ozone, technology, machine, comfortable, activity, catastrophe..

Exercise 2.   Translate the words paying attention to suffices:  

          To design – designer; technology – technological – technologically; ecology – ecological;

comfort –comfortable; efficient – efficiency – efficiently; danger – dangerous.

Exercise 3  Read words and word combinations and try to remember them. 

1 pollution               --   загрязнение 

2 up-to-date            --    современный  

3 carry (goods)       --   перевозить  (товары) 

4 to contaminate    --    загрязнять, заражать   

5 to get sick           --    заболевать  

6 wastes                --     отходы 

7 to destroy           --    разрушать  

8 dangerous           --    опасный            

9 acid                     --    кислота.

10  to be concerned about  --  быть  озабоченным   

11  to affect            --    влиять, воздействовать    

12  dirty                 --    грязный   

13 to result (in)      --    привести к результату     

Exercise 4.   Read  and translate  the text. 

                                                                       POLLUTION    

     People have designed and produced up-to-date machines and technologies to make their life easier and more comfortable. But all these activities result in air and water pollution..

     One of the most important problems is the oceans. A lot of ships crossing the oceans and seas, especially those that carry oil, put their wastes into water, and the water becomes dirty. As a result  many birds and  fish die because of polluted  water, others are getting contaminated  and people may get sick from eating them.

     The second problem is air pollution. Cars and plants pollute the atmosphere with their wastes.

They destroy the ozone layer which protects us  from the dangerous  light of the Sun. They destroy forests which are dying from acid rains. 

     Now people  begin to realize the danger of their activities. People are concerned about  the air and the water used by everyone, they are also concerned about the future of the planet because  they understand that these activities affect the balance of nature. 

     In order to make our life not only easier but better and healthier we must learn to protect the water, the air and the earth from  pollution. Our planet belongs to our children and if we want our children to live in a healthier world we must do everything  to protect  them from the catastrophe

Exercise 5  Find in the text the answers to the following questions: 

1.What  do people’s  activities  result in?  

2. What  happens  to birds, animals, fish and people  because of polluted water?  

3. What  do wastes of cars and plants  destroy? 

4. What must we do if we want  our children to live in a healthier world? 

Exercise 6.  Choose the right  answer  and  continue  the sentence. 

1.People  have produced new machines  to make  their life easier…..      

   a) but all these activities  did not result in air and water pollution.

   b) but all these activities  result in water and air pollution 

   c) but all these activities  do not affect the balance  of nature.

2. A lot of ships crossing  the oceans, especially those that carry oil, put their wastes into water.  As a result …..

          a) they destroy the ozone layer.

          b) they destroy forests  which are dying from acid rains.

          c) they pollute water and many fish and birds die..

       3  People are concerned about the air and the water  used by everyone because they

         understand  that their activities….

improve and make their life healthier.

improve machines and do not  affect the balance of nature. 

Result in air and water pollution and affect the balance of nature.   

       4 .The wastes of cars and plants pollute the atmosphere…

           a) but do not destroy the ozone layer and forests.

           b) and  destroy the ozone layer and forests which are dying from acid rains.

           c) but do not affect the balance of nature.   

Exercise 7. Choose the  Russian equivalents for:  

up-to-date machines                                          1.быть озабоченным  

to protect                                                           2. опасные лучи солнца           

wastes                                                               .3 современные  машины         

activities                                                            4 загрязнение    

to design                                                            5 консервировать                                                            

to affect the balance of nature                           6 привести (к результату)  

pollution                                                            7 отходы  

dirty                                                                   8 загрязнять атмосферу        

ozone layer                                                        9 защищать, охранять

a dangerous lights of the Sun                          10 загрязнять  

to pollute the atmosphere                                11  грязный   

to result (in)                                                     12  деятельность 

to contaminate                                                 13 озоновый  слой  

to die from acid rains                                       14 погибать от кислотных дождей 

to be concerned about                                      15 влиять на баланс  природы        

Exercise 8   Make up special questions, using the words in brackets:  

People  have designed and produced up-to-date  machines and technologies  to make their life easier and more comfortable. (What for?)

Many birds  and fish die because of polluted air and water. (Why?)

Cars and plants pollute the atmosphere with their wastes.(What?)

People begin to realize the danger of their activities. (What?)

We must learn to protect the water, the air and the earth from pollution in order to make our life better and healthier. (What?)

Exercise 9  Translate  into  English:

1 Люди озабочены загрязнением воды и воздуха.

2 Суда, сбрасывая отходы в океаны и моря , загрязняют воду.

3 Рыба в загрязнённой  воде умирает или становится  ядовитой.

4 Машины и заводы загрязняют воздух и разрушают озоновый слой землию\.

5 Леса погибают от кислотных  дождей.

6 Мы должны научиться бережно использовать окружающую среду. 

UNIT TWO                                 THE  PROBLEMS  OF  ENVIRONMENT      

Exercise 1. Read and translate the following international words: 

      Energy, natural, radio, industry, television, sort, plastics, problem, service, resources, eczema, materials, asthma, atmosphere, serious, chemical.

Exercise 2. Read the words and word combinations and try to remember them.

environment  pollution                               1.загрязнение окружающей среды   

to consume goods                                       2 потреблять товары

expensive                                                    3 дорогостоящий, дорогой  

chemical wastes                                          4 химические  отходы 

traffic                                                           5 уличное  движение

industrial enterprises                                   6 промышленные  предприятия

substance                                                     7 вещество

to reduce                                                      8 сокращать    

to replenish                                                  9 восполнять  

to absorb                                                     10 поглощать 

to destroy                                                    11  разрушать 

preservation of environment                       12 охрана окружающей среды  

activities                                                      13 деятельность  

to face the problem                                      14 столкнуться с  проблемой 

Exercise 3.  Read  and translate  the text.

THE  PROBLEMS  OF  ENVIRONMENT

      One of the greatest problem of all modern cities is the environment pollution. Every year people consume more goods. Production of goods and services uses energy and natural resources (oil, gas, coal, wood, etc.)  All these things are used faster than they can be replenished. Natural resources and energy are getting more expensive, and air and water are becoming seriously polluted. The problem of environmental pollution is well-known to most people. We have heard about it on television and radio, and have read in newspapers and magazines.

     The worst environment pollution is caused by the manufacturers who put chemical wastes into rivers and seas. Another problem is air pollution. The air is polluted by traffic and smog  from industrial enterprises.  

     The word  smog   comes from smoke  and  fog. Smog is a sort of fog with other substances mixed in it, which can be harmful, even deadly. Such diseases as eczema  and asthma are linked to air pollution.

     Materials like paper and glass can be reused, but,  unfortunately, many materials, especially plastics cannot be reused and cannot be absorbed by the earth again. Some plastics cannot even be destroyed. As a result of this people face the problem of preservation of our environment. 

     All these things are very  serious and people must realize what will happen if they don’t do everything  possible to reduce  man-made atmospheric pollutants and smog. 

Exercise 4.  Find  in the text the answers to the following questions:

Who is the worst environment pollution caused by?

What diseases are linked to air pollution?

What materials can be reused?

What materials cannot be absorbed by the earth?

What problem do people face?

Exercise 5  Translate the sentences into Russian, using the words and word combinations                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         

                   from exercise 1.  

1. The problem of environmental pollution is well-known to most people.We have heard

     about  it on television  and radio, and have read in newspapers and magazines.

2. Production of goods and services uses energy and  natural resources (oil, gas, wood,etc.)

3.Natural resources and energy are getting more expensive and air and water are becoming

   seriously polluted.

4 The worst environment  pollution is caused by the manufacturers  who put  chemical

   wastes  into rivers and seas.

Unfortunately, many materials, especially  plastics  cannot be reused  and cannot be                         

absorbed by the earth again. Some plastics cannot   even be destroyed.

Exercise 6. Choose the right answer and continue the sentence.

The worst environment  pollution is caused by manufacturers …..

who reuse chemical wastes.

who put chemical wastes into rivers and seas.

who don’t  put chemical wastes into rivers  and seas.

Many materials like paper and glass…..

Many materials, especially plastics …

can be reused.

cannot   be  reused.

cannot  be absorbed by the earth again.

People face the problem of preservation of environment because…..

many materials like paper and glass can  be  reused.

air and water are becoming  seriously polluted.

natural resources and energy are getting more expensive. 

        Exercise 7. Translate the text, using the dictionary.  

              Atmospheric pollution raises problems of several types. First, there are local problems

       Due to the  production of smoke and offensive gases by factories. Secondly, there are

       regional problems  created by industrial agglomerations which may spread the  same

       harmful effects over whole areas. Thirdly, there are some types of pollution, such as those

       arising from nuclear explosives, which cover a considerable portion of the globe. 

UNIT THREE                               ENVIRONMENTAL  PROTECTION  (I)

Exercise 1. Read and translate the following  international words:

      Economy,  result, gas, ozone, limit, atmosphere, fact, territory, economic, protect, natural.

Exercise 2. Read the words and word combinations and try to remember them:

environmental  protection                               1.защита окружающей среды

to absorb                                                          2 поглощать 

to supply the economy with resources            3  обеспечивать экономику ресурсами        

to pollute                                                          4 загрязнять 

to reduce the resources of forests                     5 сокращать лесные ресурсы 

to suffer an environmental problem                 6 сталкиваться с проблемой 

                                                                                  окружающей  среды

damage to wildlife                                            7 вред дикой природе 

timber                                                                8 строевой лес, древесина  

an unlimited source of resources                      9  неисчерпаемый источник ресурсов  

wastes                                                              10 отходы 

to damage the resources                                   11 наносить ущерб  ресурсам 

water shortage                                                  12 нехватка  воды    

 Exercise 3.  Read and translate  the text.

                                                ENVIRONMENTAL  PROTECTION  (I) 

     People have thought that the environment  is an unlimited source of resources, that the atmosphere, forests, rivers and seas are capable of absorbing  all wastes. The environment supplies the economy  of any country with its resources such as timber, minerals and oil. As a result, natural resources are becoming  reduced, air and water are polluted, and the environment is unable to absorb all its wastes. 

     For example, waste gases cause acid rains; this leads to forest damage and therefore reduces the resources of forests. Another problem is water shortage resulting from unlimited use of it.

The third one is destroying the ozone layer of the Earth through  pollution from plants and cars.

One more problem is damage to wildlife. It is possible that some kinds of animals can disappear due to people’s   activities.

     Some  territories in Russia are also suffering environmental problems. Many of these problems have been caused by economic activities. Many forests in the north of European Russia and the  Far East are under threat. 

     If we want to live in a healthier world we must learn to use the environment carefully and protect it from damage caused by our activities. Otherwise  very soon we will have no world to live  in.

Exercise 4. Find in the text the answers to the following questions:

1 What leads to forest damage?

2 What  destroys  the ozone layer of th Earth?

3 Why  can many kinds of animals disappear?

4 What environmental  problems is Russia suffering?

5 What is it necessary to do in order to live in a healthier world?

Exercise 5 .Find in the text the English equivalents for: 

Неисчерпаемый  источник ресурсов; под угрозой; нехватка воды; некоторые виды животных; поглощать все отходы;  кислотные дожди; озоновый слой Земли;  вред дикой природе; природные ресурсы сокращаются; деятельность людей.

Exercise 6. Choose the right answer and continue the sentence:

1 The environment  supplies the economy of the country with its resources but air and  water are

   polluted, and the environment is …  

unable to absorb all its wastes.

able to absorb all its wastes.

able to affect the balance of nature.

2 Waste gases cause acid rains and therefore….

                   a) reduce the resources of forests.

                   b) do not reduce the resources of forests

                   c) protect the resources of forests 

3  Plants and cars wastes pollute the air….

                   a) but do not destroy  the ozone layer of the Earth.

                   b) and destroy the ozone layer of the Earth.

                   c) but do not affect the nature.

4. People must learn  to use the environment  carefully  and …

                   a) affect the balance of nature

                   b) make their life easier

                   c) protect it from damages caused by their activities.

   Exercise 7. Translate into English: 

1 Окружающая  среда – это не неиссякаемый источник ресурсов.

2 Люди  озабочены загрязнением  воды и воздуха.

3 Выбросы отходов в воздух разрушают озоновый слой Земли.

4 Загрязнение окружающей среды сокращает  ресурсы промышленности.

5 Мы должны  научиться бережно использовать окружающую среду.

Exercise 8. Translate  into Russian, using the dictionary.

     Recent scientific research suggests that the protective layer of ozone around  our planet is under severe attack In 1982 researchers in the Antarctic  first  identified a yawning (зияющий)

hole over the Antarctic  where the ozone layer is the thinnest.

     This was the first sign of a hole. Five years  later it was reported that the hole  had grown to an area  the size of the United States.

     The major cause of this weakening of the ozone layer is the increasing amount of harmful chemicals  that  are being  released  into the atmosphere.

     There is the need for an international agreement  that would  completely stop its production

UNIT  FOUR                           ENVIRONMENTAL  PROTECTION  (2) 

Exercise 1 .Read and translate the following international words:

       Area, economy, atmosphere, industry, agriculture, problem, activity, protect, minerals.

Exercise 2 .Read  the words and word combinations and try  to remember them:

environment                                                1. окружающая  среда

environmental protection                            2 защита   окружающей среды                          

an unlimited source of resources                3 неисчерпаемый источник ресурсов

to absorb smth                                            4 поглощать

to be closely related                                   5 быть тесно связанным 

to supply the economy with resources       6 обеспечивать экономику ресурсами         

timber                                                         7 лес, древесина 

waste products                                            8 отходы

pollution                                                      9 загрязнение окружающей среды

to damage the resources                            10 нанести вред ресурсам 

to pump waste gases                                  11 выбрасывать отработанные газы

to cause acid rains                                      12 вызывать кислотные дожди

to lead to forest damage                             13 привести к повреждениям

to reduce the resources of                           14 сократить ресурсы

a consequence  of                                        15  последствие чего-либо

water shortage                                             16  нехватка воды

to result from                                               17 быть результатом  чего-либо

abuse of arable lands                                   18  неправильное использование земель   

destroying the ozone layer                           19  разрушение озонового слоя

damage to water and soils                            20  вред водам и почвам

damage to wildlife                                        21  вред дикой  природе

species of animals and plants                       22  виды животных и растений

to arise from                                                 23  возникать вследствие  чего-либо

to suffer an environmental problem             24  сталкиваться с проблемой окружающей     

                                                                                        среды  

Exercise 3.  Read and translate  the text.

                                                  ENVIRONMENTAL  PROTECTION (2)  

        Economists have long thought of the environment as an unlimited  source of resources. They have thought that the atmosphere, forests, rivers and seas are capable of absorbing all the rubbish the economy throws into them. In fact, the economy and the environment are closely related, The environment  supplies the economy with all its resources, such as water, timber, minerals and oil. The environment has to absorb all its waste products.

         Nevertheless, some economies have always argued that pollution damages the resources. For example, pumping waste gases from a power station  does not get rid of them. The waste gases cause acid rain; this leads to forest damage and  therefore  reduces  the resources of forestry industry.

         There are many consequences of damaging the environment. One of the is acid rain.

Another one is water shortage resulting from abuse of arable lands in agriculture. The third one is destroying  the ozone layer of  the Earth through pollution from factories and plants. The fourth problem  is damage to water and soils. The fifth one is damage to wildlife: numerous species of animals and plants can disappear. Lastly, the most serious danger arising from damaging the environment is the result  of the above-mentioned  consequences. This is the danger for the life and health of the man.

       The territories of the former Soviet Union are suffering  many environmental  problems.

Many  of these problems have been caused by economic activities. Apart from the effect of the Chernobyl  disaster,  the worst problem is probably in the area around the Aral Sea. Cotton growing in the region has used huge quantities of water, and the sea’s  level  has fallen by 14 yards. This destroyed  fishing industry and  led to a  damage in soils, crops and wildlife. Many forests in the north of European Russia  and the Far East  are under threat.  A system of dams on the  Volga has caused damage to fish

       If  we are unable to learn to use the environment carefully and protect it from damage caused by man’s  activities, very soon we’ll   have no world to live in.

Exercise 4.  Find  in the text the English equivalents for:

       Вызвать кислотный дождь; защита окружающей среды; загрязнение окружающей среды;  осторожно использовать окружающую среду;  нанести  вред ресурсам; нанести вред водам и почвам; нанести вред дикой природе; нехватка воды; разрушение озонового       слоя; сталкиваться с проблемой окружающей среды.

Exercise 5.  Find in the text the answers  to the following questions:

What have many economists thought of the environment?

Why do some economists think that pollution damage the resources?

 What are the consequences of damaging the environment?

 What could happen if we don’t  learn  to use the environment carefully?

Exercise 6.

There are many consequences of …..   

The  waste  gases cause acid rain: this leads …..

       3   One of the consequences of damaging  the 

environment is water shortage…..

There is damage to wildlife…..

The environment supplies the economy with…..

The most serious danger arising  from

damaging the environment is …

A system of dams on the Volga…....

===============================    

a)      ... resulting  from abuse of arab lands in agriculture .

b)      … all its resources such as water, timber, minerals and oil.

c)      … has caused  damage to fish.

d)      … the  danger for the life and wealth  of the man.

e)      … damaging the environment.

f)       … numerous species of animals and plants can disappear.

g)      … to forest damage and therefore reduces the resources of forestry industry.  

Exercise 7.  Translate into English. ( Review I.)

1 Окружающая среда обеспечивает экономику ресурсами, но она не может поглощать все отходы, которые экономика выбрасывает.

2 Люди изобретают машины и новые технологии, чтобы сделать жизнь легче и лучше, но  иногда их деятельность наносит вред окружающей среде и природе.

3 Машины и заводы загрязняют воздух и разрушают озоновый слой земли.

4 Суда, сбрасывая отходы в моря и океаны, наносят вред рыбной промышленности.

5 Некоторые виды птиц и рыбы не только погибают и мутируют, но и исчезают навсегда.

6 Люди озабочены состоянием воды, воздуха и почвы.

7 Существует серьёзная опасность жизни и здоровью людей.

8 Люди должны научиться  защищать землю, воду и воздух от загрязнения.

9 Мы должны сохранить баланс в природе.

Exercise 8  Translate  into English. (Review II )  

1 Окружающая среда – это не неиссякаемый источник ресурсов.

2 Загрязнение окружающей среды сокращает ресурсы промышленности.

3 Суда, сбрасывая отходы в моря и океаны, загрязняют воду, поэтому рыба   

   становиться  заражённой и вызывает у людей болезни. 

4 Люди озабочены загрязнением воды и воздуха.

5 Выбросы отходов наносят вред воде, почве и дикой природе.

6 Выбросы отходов в воздух разрушают озоновый слой земли.

 7 Неправильное использование земель в сельском хозяйстве ведёт к нехватке

    водных ресурсов.

 8 Глобальное потепление или  парниковый эффект  -- это самая большая угроза

    стоящая перед миром. 

 9 Мы должны  научиться бережно использовать окружающую среду.

UNIT  FIVE                          

HOW TO HELP OUR PLANET

Exercise 1 .Read and translate the text, using the vocabulary and give your own opinion answering the questions.

Vocabulary

1.environmental 2.issue 3.to do one’s best 4..to survive 5.environment 6.protection 7.to require 8.government 9.to take measure 10.to improve 11.goal 12.to strengthen 13.effort 14.huge 15.support 16.trust 17.charity 18.aware 19.threat 20.destruction 21.to drop litter 22.to dump 23. rubbish 24.to recycle 25.pavement 26.stuff 27.to take care of 28.endangered species 29.attitude 30.disaster

1.экологический 2.проблема, вопрос 3.делать всё возможное 3.выживать 4.окружающая среда 5.защита 6.требовать 7.правительство 8. принимать меры 9.улучшать 10.цель, намерение 11.укреплять 12. усилие, попытка 13. огромный 14. поддержка 15.общество (по охране…) 16.благотворительная организация 17.знающий, осведомленный 18.угроза 19.разрушение 20.бросать мусор 21.выбрасывать 22.мусор 23.перерабатывать 24.тротуар 25.вещество 26.заботиться о ч-либо, к-либо 27.вымирающие виды 28.отношение 29.катастрофа

     Today environmental issues are much spoken about on TV, radio and in newspapers.

If people want to survive, they must do their best to solve these problems. Fortunately, it's not too late to save our planet. We understand that our environment is not just our home town but the whole Earth. The protection of the environment requires the cooperation of all nations. Governments should take measures that will help improve the environment.

     There are a lot of environmental groups and international organizations whose main goals is to strengthen cooperation among environmentalists from different countries. The most famous of them is “Greenpeace”, which combines the people’s efforts for peace with huge movement for nature conservation. “The World Wildlife Fund (WWF)” is the name of another international organization that appeared in 1961. It has created or given support to National Parks in five continents. You may also join “Friends of the Earth Trust”, which is an educational charity set up help people of all ages become aware of the threats to our environment.

     However, there are a lot of simple things we should all do to stop the destruction of the environment. First of all, we must keep our cities and town clean. That means, we mustn’t drop litter in public places. If we see litter on the ground, we must put it into a litter bin. Besides,

we  shouldn’t dump our rubbish without thinking which  things, such as bottles and paper, can be recycled. And of course, we mustn’t draw or paint on pavements, walls and trees.

     We must stop using aerosol sprays because the stuff they contain destroys the ozone layer. We should take care of birds and animals. We can help to plant trees and create parks for endangered species. We can clean rivers and canals and create footpaths. But first of all we must change people’s attitude towards the environment.

     If we take action now, there might be some hope for the future. If we do nothing, we are heading for disaster!

QUESTIONS

1.      How can people protect our planet?

2.      How can we save natural resources?

3.      Should we reject the technological progress?

4.      How can we safeguard the world’s wildlife?

5.      What is the aim of ecological organizations?

6.      What ecological organizations do you know?

7.      Do  you have environmental programmes in your city?

8.      What can you personally do to keep the world healthy?

                                               ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS

Exercise 2. Read and translate the text, using the vocabulary and give your own opinion answering the questions

Vocabulary

1.environmental 2.exceptionally acute 3. protection 4.vital necessity 5. shortage 6.source 7.poisonous 8.to dump 9.variety 10.species 11 to exist 12.to pour 13.supply 14.scarce 15.precious 16. to remain 17.for the sake 18.harmful substances 19.admissible level 20.huge 21.to emit 22.increase 23.to cause 24. acid  rain 25.disastrous consequences

1.экологический 2.исключительно острый 3.защита 4.жизненная необходимость 5.недостаток, 6.источник 7.ядовитый 8.выбрасыать 9.разнообразие 10.вид(ы) 11.существовать 12.сливать,выливать 13. запас(ы) 14.скудный 15.драгоценный 16.оставаться 17. ради 18.вредные вещества 19.допустимый уровень, предел 20. огромный 21.выбрасывать 22.увеличение 23.вызывать 24.кислотный дождь 25.катастрофические последствия

26.to affect 27.drought 28.emission 29.exhaust fumes 30.alarming 31.depletion 32.hole 33.skin cancer 34.disease 35.scientist 36.urgent 37.safety 38.nuclear 39.to endanger 40. weapon 41.disaster 42.to mention 43.issue 44. destruction 45.in pursuit of 46. invention 47.discovery 48. profit 49.to lead 50.edge 51.inorance 52.to worsen

26.влиять 27.засуха 28.выбросы 29.выхлопные газы 30.тревожный 31.истощение 32. дыра 33.рак кожи 34.болезнь 35.ученый 36.неотложный, срочный 37.безопасность 38.ядерный, атомный 39.угрожать 40.оружие 41.катастрофа 42.упоминать 43.проблема, вопрос 44.разрушение 45.в погоне за 46.изобретение 47.открытие 48.прибыль, доход 49.привести 50.грань, край 51. невежество,         незнание 52.ухудшать

    Environmental problems have become exceptionally acute in the modern world and environmental protection has become a vital necessity for all people.

     Our planet is in serious danger. One of the most important environmental problems in the world today is the shortage of clean water. Industrial pollution has made many sources of water undrinkable. Rivers, lakes and even seas have become poisonous. Thousands of fish die every year as a result of the illegal dumping of waste in rivers by factories all over the world.

    Lake Baikal is one of he world’s largest and most beautiful lakes. It contains rich variety of fish and plants, including 1,300 rare species that do not exist anywhere else in the world. However, they are being killed by the massive industrial waste, which some factories still pour into the lake every day. A few years ago people thought that the supply of clean water was limitless. Now clean water is scarce, and we are beginning to respect this precious resource.

We must protect the clean water that remains for the sake of our children and grandchildren

    Air pollution is another important problem. In hundreds of cities and towns the concentration of harmful substances in the air is over ten times the admissible level. Every day a huge number of plants and factories emit lots of harmful substances in the atmosphere of big cities. The great increase in the use of motor cars in the last quarter of the 20^th century has caused an increase in

a new kind of air pollution. Pollution from factories and cars poisons the air we breathe and is the main reason for the greenhouse effect and acid rains.

     The acid rain can damage life in lakes and rivers and destroy forests. Greenhouse effect may also have disastrous consequences for our planet. It is already affecting several areas of the world with unusual weather causing droughts or heavy storms. The world’s temperature is going up and the climate is changing. Cutting down on emissions from large plants and exhaust fumes from vehicles could help to solve the problem. I think we should try and use alternative energy such as solar energy and wind energy, and design plants and cars that run on electricity, a much cleaner fuel than petrol.

     One of the most alarming environmental problems is depletion of the ozone layer, which protects the Earth from the dangerous ultraviolet rays of the sun. Because of the ozone holes the dangerous rays get through the atmosphere, causing skin cancer and other serious diseases. Many scientists think that these ozone holes are the result of air pollution.

     In my opinion, the most urgent ecological problem today is the environmental safety of nuclear power stations. Nuclear pollution can’t be seen but its effects can be terrible. We all know how tragic the consequences of the Chernobyl disaster are. Nuclear waste also endangers people’s lives. People all over the world protest against nuclear tests and nuclear weapons. If we do not take any action, the possibility of a global nuclear disaster is very real.

     Of course, we can’t help mentioning such burning issues as destruction of tropical forests and wildlife, overpopulation and shortage of natural resources. The list of serious ecological problems could be continued.

     In short, people have destroyed our environment by building huge cities and power stations, developing industries, cutting down trees and excavating mountains. In pursuit of new inventions and discoveries, as well as higher and higher profits, man has forgotten about nature, and it has led him to the edge of ecological catastrophe. Ignorance about ecology may lead to further destruction of nature and worsen living conditions for all living beings.

QUESTIONS

1.      Why is our planet in serious danger?

2.      What ecological problems are urgent now?

3.      What is the influence of pollution on people’s health?

4.      What is happening to our forests?

5.      What are the consequences of nuclear disasters?

6.      Was life better a hundred years ago?

7.      What ecological problems exist in your home place?

8.      How can we save our planet?

9.      What can you personally do to help our ecology?

UNIT  SIX

Exercise 1.Read and translate the text, using the vocabulary and give your own opinion answering the questions.

ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION MUST BE GLOBAL

     That the problem of pollution and ecology has become the most important one for mankind is evident to all. The more civilization is developing, the greater the ecological problems are becoming. Air and water pollution by industry is now reaching tremendous proportions. In our era it is changing from a national to an international problem, especially in territories where rivers cross several countries. The seas and oceans are also becoming seriously polluted. A similar situation is developing in the atmosphere. It is known that many cities throughout the world suffer air pollution.

    However, our scientific knowledge and technological advancement  make it possible to eliminate it if people use good will (1) and make considerable investments for that purpose. The development of natural resources on a global scale is already possible from a scientific and technical standpoint.(2) Large-scale experimental work in this area is successfully being carried out.

     At present scientists in industrially developed countries are working on the theory of interaction of all the atmospheric and oceanic global processes that determine the climate and weather of the world. Increasing growth of population, industrialization and the use of resources are slowly but surely changing the global climate and water balance. This can be  described as a great experiment, one that may bring about changes in the environment more serious than ever before.

     The essential feature in the environment protection is that many problems can be solved only on the level of world community.(3) Therefore, the planning of protection against pollution by human society as a whole(4) is imperative today and in the near future. It is necessary to develop an international program to study data on land, forest, atmospheric and oceanic resources, both renewable and non-renewable. It is the joint efforts of many scientists and special public organizations that can deal with the problem and take necessary measures to protect the environment.

     It is still a big job and much remains to be done.(5)  However, scientists are confident that planned actions of all countries can eliminate pollution and achieve successes in purifying air, water and soil and in safeguarding natural resources. At the same time one must realize that social and political circumstances may stand in the way of further progress in this field.

NOTES:

1.good will – добрая воля

2. standpoint – точка зрения

3.community   --  сообщество

4.as a whole – в целом

5. much remains to be done – еще многое предстоит (остается) сделать

Answer the following questions:

1.What is this  text about?

2.What is ecology.

3.How does water (air) become polluted?

4. Why is the problem of water pollution becoming a global problem?

Exercise 2 Make a sentence out of the two parts.

1.At present one of the most important problems for mankind 2. The rivers, seas and oceans 3.That purifying air, water and soil is changing from a national to a global problem 4.Therefore, it is necessary 5. Scientists expect that 6. Large-scale experiments in this area

1. are becoming seriously polluted by industry. 2. are successfully being carried out on a  global scale. 3. it is possible to eliminate air and water pollution by planned actions of human society as a whole. 4.is evident to all. 5. to take measures to safeguard natural resources and the environment on a global scale. 6. is that air and water pollution is reaching very large proportions.

Exercise 3  Answer the questions according to the example

What is one of the most important problems for mankind now? (the problem of pollution and ecology)

The problem of pollution and ecology is one of the most important problems for mankind now.

1.What problem is becoming a global problem? ( the problem of air and water pollution).

2.What makes it possible to eliminate air and water pollution? (scientific knowledge and technological advance, good will and large investments).

3.What are scientists in industrially developed countries currently working on? (the theory of interaction of the atmospheric and oceanic global processes).

4. What factors are slowly changing the global climate and water balance? ( the growth of population, industrialization and use of resources).

5. What actions are necessary to take  to deal successfully with the problem of protecting the environment throughout the world? ( planning, developing international programs to study ecological data, joint efforts of scientists and special public organizations).

Exercise 4 Прочитайте и переведите тексты без словаря.

     It is difficult for mankind to predict (предсказать) changes in the environment accurately. It is known that natural changes in weather and climate may have more catastrophic global effects than human activity. But scientists are developing a new concept that can help make such prediction more accurately. It is based on our understanding that the Earth is an integral system. Its parts – oceans, atmosphere, land or life – cannot be understood in isolation to predict changes in the most accurate way. Modern scientific and technological progress made it possible to use new technologies for that purpose. That satellites can control physical, chemical, biological ad geological changes on a global scale is well-known now. One must also know that the study of environmental problems  with the help of satellites is becoming international. Russia, the US, France, Japan, Canada, India, China and Italy are planning to send their satellites in both polar and geostationary orbits.

Pollution

     The British, like many other Europeans, are becoming more and  more worried about the environment. Here are some of the environmental problems that they face:

      As the population of large cities like London, Birmingham and Manchester continues to grow, pollution problems become worse.

    The air in many towns and cities is being polluted by traffic and industry. The number of cars and lorries is growing all the  time. On the one hand, they bring mobility to millions of people, but on the other hand, they need bigger, better and more expensive roads, which often ruin the countryside (сельская местность).

Traffic in cities is getting worse and worse. Water pollution has become a serious problem in many British rivers. People living near airports suffer from the noise of increasingly larger and more powerful jet airliners taking off and landing.

Ecological Problems of Bit Cities

There are over 150 supercities in the world with population from one to 15 million and more. Tokyo, New York, London, Mexico City, Rio de Janeiro and Moscow are just a few of the cities which have become supercities.

     People in the supercities suffer from polluted environment: bad water, bad air and noise. A new term, urban (городской)  climate, is used now for such cities. It means high temperature, oppressive atmosphere and intensive smog.

     Some experts consider that it is practically impossible to protect the big cities from pollution. The World Health Organization (WHO) studied air pollution around the world for over eight years. It measured two things: the level of sulphur dioxide (SO2) in the air and the level of smoke. Sulphur dioxide and smoke pollute water and have serious effect on forest, buildings and health of people.

     In the WHO report it is shown that the cities with the most considerable level of CO2  in the air are Milan, Teheran, Prague, Santiago. However, some cities with clean air get worse in winter. Helsinki, for example, becomes one of the cities with the largest proportion of it in the air in winter. This must be connected with the heating of houses. One cam also mention Glasgow and Warsaw which suffer in the same way.

UNIT  SEVEN                          

ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY CARS

Read and translate the text.

Many of the world’s cities lie under a permanent blanket of smog. People are concerned about global warming, and fuel prices just keep going up and up. In recent years car manufacturers have been put under pressure to invent a vehicle that is both cheaper to run and better for the environment.

     One of the first ideas which car manufacturers tried, was to replace engines which run on fossil fuels with electric motors. Unfortunately, these vehicles had several drawbacks and they didn’t sell very well. The problems were that the batteries of these electric cars ran out very quickly and took a long time to recharge.

     Car manufacturers have improved the concept so that environmentally friendly cars can now be efficient and economical as well. The hybrid car, which has both an electric motor and

a traditional petrol engine, comes in. The electric motor never needs to be recharged and it is much better for the planet than a traditional car.

     In a hybrid car, the engine is controlled by a computer which determines whether the car runs on petrol, electricity, or both. When the car needs maximum power, for example, if it is accelerating or climbing a steep hill, it uses all of its resources, whereas at steady speeds it runs only on petrol. When slowing down or braking, the electric motor recharges its batteries.

     Hybrid cars are made using materials such as aluminium and carbon fibre, which makes them extremely light. Hybrid cars are better for the environment because they use far less petrol than normal cars, so they produce less pollution.

     Of course, hybrid cars aren’t perfect; they still run on fossil fuel an so pollute the environment to some extent. However, they may be the first step along the road to cleaner, ‘greener’ cars. Car manufacturers are already working on vehicles which run on hydrogen. The only emission from these cars is harmless water vapour. These are still some way in the future, though, as designers need to think of cheap and safe ways of producing, transporting and storing hydrogen, but at last, it looks like we might be heading in the right direction.

VOCABULARY

1.environment 2.environmentally friendly cars 3.blanket 4.global warming, 5.to invent 6.cheap 7.to try 8.fossil fuels 9.drawbacks 10.to run out 11.to improve 12.to determine 13.to accelerate 14.to climb 15.carbon fibre 16.hydrogen 17.emission 18.to store

1.окружающая среда 2.безвредные для окружающей среды автомобили 3.одеяло 4.глобальное потепление 5.изобретать 6.дешевый 7.пытаться, стараться ч-либо сделать 8.ископаемое топливо 9. недостатки 10 работать  (на) 11.улучшать 12.устанавливать, определять 13.ускорять 14.взбираться, подниматься 15.углеродное волокно 16.водород 17.выделение, испускание 18.хранить

EVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY CARS

I.   MATCH  A-L  WITH 1-12

a) environmentally friendly cars b) global warming c) keep going up and up d) have been put under pressure e) fossil fuel f) electric motor g) drawbacks h) the hybrid car i) never needs to be recharged j) carbon fibre k) hydrogen l) harmless water vapour

1.водород 2.углеродное волокно 3.никогда не требует перезарядки 4.ископаемое топливо 5.гибридный автомобиль 6.продолжают подниматься 7.были подвергнуты давлению 8. безвредные для окружающей среды автомобили 9.глобальное потепление 10.безопасный водяной пар 11.недостатки 12.электродвигатель

II   GIVE THE ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS TO THE FOLLOWING WORD COMBINATIONS.

1 -- работать на ископаемом топливе  --

2 -- длительное время для перезарядки --

3 -- традиционный автомобиль --

4 -- при замедленном движении или торможении --

5 -- невероятно легкий --

6 -- гораздо меньше бензина --

7 -- до определенной степени --

8 -- первый шаг на пути к --

III   COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH THE CORRECT VARIANT.

1.Car manufactures are trying to invent a new vehicle because

a)today’s cars produce too much poisonous gas;

b)today’s cars produce too much power;

c)today’s cars moves too fast.

2.Vehicles which ran on electric motors

a)moved too slowly

b)were not very popular;

c)had to have their engines replaced.

3.The electric motor in hybrid cars

a)doesn’t need to recharge its batteries;

b)had its own petrol engine;

c)takes a long time to be recharged.

4.The computer in a hybrid car

a)helps the car to go up hills;

b)keeps the car running at a steady speed;

c)decided how the car should be powered in any given time.

5.Hybrid cars are better for the powered in any given time.

a)they use different fuels;

b)the electric motor is smaller than a normal engine;

c)they produce less harmful gases.

IV   CORRECT MISTAKES IN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES.

1.Car manufacturers are trying invent a vehicle that is better for the enviroment.

2.One of a first ideas was to use electric motors.

3.Cars can now to be efficient and economical.

4.In hubrid cars engines are controlled from a computer.

5.Hybrid cars use far least petrol than traditional cars.

6.Cars with electric motors are harmlesser to the environment than traditional cars.

V   Say why modern cars are considered unfriendly to the environment.

      Do you know any models which could be called environmentally friendly?

UNIT  EIGHT                           THE  GREATEST  KILLER    

Exercise 1.  Read and translate the text, using words given below:

       Air Crashes… Fires… Traffic accidents… Poison… Falls…  The death statistics are frightening. Accidents kill more people than the six deadliest diseases combined.

       The greatest killer is the car. Every year, more than 300,000  people are killed in car crashes throughout  the world. Millions are seriously injured. Many are crippled  for life.

       Every ten minutes, on the average, there is a traffic death. While you are reading this page, cars are crashing into each other and people are dying.

       Most of those who lose their lives on the roads are young people. According to statistics, young drivers are responsible for about two-thirds of all accidents.

       Why do young  drivers crash? They are healthier than older drivers, have better eyesight and quicker reflexes… They have recently got their licences, and they should know the latest traffic regulations. Unfortunately, their lack of experience – and  in some cases, lack  of good judgement – often outweighs  these advantages.

        Very often crashes are the result of making wrong turns, driving in the wrong lane, and following  other cars too closely.

       Speeding is another serious problem. It greatly increases  the risk of death or injury in accidents. It is especially dangerous if the road is wet or icy, or if the visibility  is poor. 

       More accidents than usual happen at night. There is a  risk of falling asleep or losing concentration. Distances are more difficult  to judge, and road hazards are harder to see.

       About 40 per cent of traffic deaths are the result of drunken driving.  Alcohol slows

a driver’s  reflexes, reduces concentration, impairs  vision  and clouds judgement.

       Of course, we are making some progress. The cars have become safer, the roads have become better. We double the number of cars and do not double the number of  accidents. But the progress is not  a satisfying one. When so many people  die unnecessarily, something is wrong.   AND  WHAT  DO  YOU  THINK?   

Vocabulary:

1.accident                                   1 несчастный  случай

2  death statistics                        2 статистика смертности

      3  to injure                                  3 ранить, повредить

4  to cripple                                4 калечить 

5  to crash                                   5 разбить(ся)  

6  advantage                               6 преимущество  

7  licence                                    7 водительское  удостоверение 

8  traffic regulations                   8 правила дорожного движения 

9  lack of good judgement          9 неумение принять правильное решение 

10  wrong turn                           10 неправильный  поворот 

11  speeding                               11 превышение скорости 

12  poor visibility                       12 плохая видимость

13  road hazard                           13 опасные ситуации на дорогах 

14  to impair                               14  ухудшать    

Exercise 2. Write down the answers to the questions from the text:

 1 Are the death statistics frightening? Why?

 2 Why do young drivers crash? Give the reasons.

 3 Why do more accidents happen at night?

 4 What is the result of drunken driving?

 5 Why the progress is not satisfying?

 6  Is  the car  the greatest killer? What  is  your opinion? 

Exercise 3. Choose the right  answer and  continue the sentence:  

Accidents  kill  more  people  than …..

The young drivers  crash buy they …..

Very often crashes  are the result …..

Speeding is …..

According to statistics, young drivers are  responsible for …..

Alcohol slows …..

               =================================================

about two thirds of all accidents.

Are healthier than older drivers, have better eyesight, and quicker reflexes.

Greatly increases the risk of death or injury in accidents.

Making wrong turn, driving in the wrong lane, and following other car too

closely

                   e)   the six  deadliest  diseases combined

Exercise 4.  Give  English equivalents for: 

              Несчастный случай;  самые смертельные болезни; автокатастрофы; получить водительское удостоверение; молодые водители погибают на дорогах; мокрые дороги; гололедица; плохая видимость; опасные ситуации на дорогах; количество несчастных случаев удвоилось; 

Exercise 5. Translate into English.  

Каждый год более чем 300,000  людей погибают в автокатастрофах во всём мире.

Миллионы людей ранены и покалечены на всю жизнь.

Большинство людей, которые погибают на дорогах  –  это  молодые люди.

Очень часто автокатастрофы являются результатом отсутствия опыта, неумение принять  правильное решение, превышение скорости, а  иногда  и  вождение  в пьяном виде.

Количество автомобилей увеличивается с каждым годом, но,  к сожалению,  количество автокатастроф не уменьшается.  

Автомобиль друг  или  враг?  А как думаешь  ты?

QUESTIONS TO THE TOPIC (ЗАЧЁТ)

        1.THERE ARE MANY  GROUPS OF  PEOPLE WHOSE  AIM   IS  CONSERVATION  (THE

          PROTECTION OF NATURAL THINGS.) THEY ARE OFTEN REFERRED TO AS 

          “GREENS”,  E.G.”GREENPEACE” AND “FRIENDS OF THE EARTH “

          IN WHAT  WAY DO THEY DEFEND THEIR IDEAS?

          WHAT ARE THEIR METHODS OF STRUGGLE?

          WHAT DO THEY  STRUGGLE  AGAINST?

2.WHAT ARE COMMON CAUSES OF DAMAGE?   HOW CAN WE HELP?

3. PEOPLE ARE MORE WORRIED ABOUT THE ENVIRONMENT AS A RESULT OF THE

    HARMFUL EFFECTS OF HUMAN ACTIVITY. SOME OF THESE ACTIVITIES CAUSE   

    POLLUTION AND SOME ARE DESTROYING THE ENVIRONMENT.

    NAME AND EXPLAIN THESE PROBLEMS.        

4.IF WE WANT TO LOOK AFTER THE ENVIRONMENT, THERE ARE CERTAIN THINGS

   WE SHOULD  AND SHOULDN’T  DO.  PUT DOWN WHAT WE  SHOULD AND 

   WHAT WE  SHOULDN’  DO.

5. NOW PEOPLE BEGIN TO REALIZE THE DANGER OF THEIR ACTIVITIES. PEOPLE

    ARE CONCERNED ABOUT THE AIR AND WATER USED BY EVERYONE. WHAT 

    MUST PEOPLE DO  TO PROTECT THE WATER FROM POLLUTION ?

6. NOW PEOPLE BEGIN TO REALIZE THE DANGER OF THEIR ACTIVITIES. PEOPLE

    ARE CONCERNED ABOUT THE AIR AND WATER USED BY EVERYONE.   WHAT  

    MUST PEOPLE DO TO PROTECT THE AIR FROM  POLLUTION ? 

7. ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION RAISES PROBLEMS OF SEVERAL TYPES.

    WHAT ARE THEY?

8. THERE ARE  SOME  TYPES OF POLLUTION SUCH AS THOSE ARISING  FROM 

   NUCLEAR   EXPLOSIVES.  WHAT IS NUCLEAR POLLUTION? 

   EXPLAIN BY EXAMPLES..

9.PEOPLE HAVE THOUGHT THAT THE ENVIRONMENT IS AN UNLIMITED SOURCE

   OF RESOURCES.  BUT NATURAL RESOURCES ARE BECOMING REDUCED, AIR 

   AND WATER ARE POLLUTED AND THE ENVIRONMENT IS  UNABLE TO ABSORB

   ALL  ITS WASTES. GIVE THE  REASONS  HOW TO SAVE THE PLANET.

10. SOME ECONOMISTS HAVE ARGUED THAT POLLUTION DAMAGES THE

      RESOURCES. THERE ARE MANY  CONSEQUENCES  OF  DAMAGING  THE  

      ENVIRONMENT . WHAT ARE THEY?

11.THERE ARE MANY CONSEQUENCES OF DAMAGING THE ENVIRONMENT. ONE 

     OF THEM IS DAMAGE  TO  WILDLIFE.   WHY CAN MANY KINDS OF ANIMALS 

     DISAPPEAR?   NAME AND EXPLAIN THE REASONS.

12.THE ECONOMY AND THE ENVIRONMENT ARE CLOSELY RELATED. WHY DO 

     SOME ECONOMISTS THINK THAT POLLUTION DAMAGE THE RESOURCES?

13 THE ECONOMY AND THE ENVIRONMENT ARE CLOSELY RELATED. WHAT IS IT 

     NECESSARY  TO  DO  IN ORDER TO  LIVE  IN A HEALTHIER WORLD ?

14  WE MUST LEARN TO USE THE ENVIRONMENT CAREFULLY AND PROTECT IT 

      FROM DAMAGE CAUSED BY MAN’S ACTIVITIES. WHAT   ENVIRONMENTAL    

      PROBLEMS  IS  RUSSIA  SUFFERING?

15. THE PROBLEMS OF ENVIRONMENT ARE VERY SERIOUS AND PEOPLE MUST 

      REALIZE  WHAT  WILL HAPPEN  IF THEY  DON’T DO EVERYTHING POSSIBLE

      TO REDUCE  MAN-MADE ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANT AND SMOG.    

      WHAT  PROBLEMS   DO PEOPLE  FACE?

KEYS   TO   THE  EXERCISES  

Pollution  and  environment

Ex.1  1.ozone; 2 acid; 3.industrial  or human; 4 bin (bank)  5 global  6 exhaust  7 tropical

8 resources.  

Ex 2   1 plants and animals  2 smoke from factories  3 the earth  4 carbon dioxide 

           5 the ozone layer

Ex 3  We should:  recycle paper, bottles and clothes

                              save, keep, protect  tropical rain forests

                              plant  more trees  

                              save  water and energy   

     We shouldn’t:  throw away  paper, bottles and clothes 

                               destroy  the ozone layer

                               waste  water and  energy      

                               cut down  tropical forests

Unit One     Pollution   

Ex. 5  1. People’s activities result in air and water pollution.

          2  Many birds, animals and fish die  of polluted  water; others are getting contaminated and people may get sick from eating them.

          3  Wastes of cars and plants destroy the ozone layer which protects us from  the sun.

          4  We must learn to protect the water, the air and the earth from the pollution.

Ex.6  1-b;  2-c; 3-c; 4-b    

Ex.7  1-3, 2-9,3-7, 4-12, 5-5, 6-15, 7-4, 8-11, 9-13, 10-2, 11-8, 12-6, 13-10,14-14, 15-1.

Ex 8  1 What have  people  designed and  produced  up-to-date  machines and

             technologies  for? 

                2 Why do many birds and fish die? 

         3  What do cars and plants do with their wastes?

          4  What do people begin to realize?  

          5  What must we do  to make our life better  and healthier?

Ex 9   1. People are concerned about water and air pollution. 

           2  Ships putting wastes into oceans  and seas pollute the water. 

           3  Fish  in the polluted water dies or becomes  contaminated.

           4  Cars and plants pollute air and destroy the ozone layer of the Earth.

           5  Forests are dying from acid rains. 

           6  People begin to realize  the danger of their activities. 

           7  People must learn to use the environment carefully.

Unit Two       The problems of environment 

Ex.4  1. The worst environment  pollution caused  by manufacturers who put

              chemical  wastes  into rivers and seas.

          2  Such diseases as eczema and asthma  are linked  to air pollution.

          3   Materials  like paper and glass  can be  reused.

          4   Plastics cannot be reused and cannot be absorbed by the earth again.

          5   People face the problem of preservation of environment.

Ex.6  1-b; 2- a; b,c  3-b,c 

Unit Three               Environmental Protection (1)

Ex.5  -- Unlimited source of resources,  -- under threat, -- water shortage, --some kinds of animals, --to absorb all its wastes, --acid rains, --the ozone layer of the Earth, --damage to wildlife, natural resources are becoming  reduced, -- people’s   activities.

      Ex.6 1-a; 2-a; 3-b; 4-c.

Ex.7  1.The environment  is an unlimited source of resources.

         2   People are concerned about water and air pollution.

         3  Pollution in the air destroys the ozone layer of the Earth. 

          4  Pollution reduces the industrial resources.  

          5  We must learn to use the environment  carefully. 

Ex  8.     Недавние научные исследования полагают, что защитный слой озона вокруг нашей планеты находится под серьёзной угрозой. В 1922 году научные исследователи в Антарктике впервые установили зияющую дыру над Антарктикой, где озоновый слой является самым тонким. Это было первым знаком дыры. Пять лет спустя

было заявлено, что  дыра разраслась по площади сравнимой с Соединёнными Штатами

Главнвя причина ослабления озонового слоя – это возрастающий объём вредных химикатов, которые выбрасываются в атмосферу. Нужно международное соглашение, которое полностью  остановит их производство.

Unit  Four                  Environmental Protection (2)                   

Ex.4  To cause acid rains; environmental  protection;  pollution; to use the environment carefully; to damage the resources;  damage to water and soils; to reduce  the resources of..;

Ex.5 1.Economists have long thought of the environment as an unlimited source of resources.

         2. Some economists think that pollution damages the resources.It reduces th natural resources; the resources of forestry and fish industry and leads to a damage in soils and wildlife.

         3. There are many consequences  of damaging the environment .One of them is acid rain. Another one  is water shortage resulting from abuse of arable lands in agriculture. The third one is destroying  the ozone layer of the Earth through pollution from factories and plants. The fourth  problem is damage to water and soils. The fifth one is damage to wildlife; numerous  species of animals and plants can disappear. This is the  danger for the life  and health of the man.

         4  If we are unable to learn to use the environment carefully and protect it from damage caused by man’s  activities, very soon we’ll  have no  world to live in. If we want  our children to live in a better and healthier world, we must learn to protect the water, the air and the earth from pollution.

Ex.6  1-e; 2-g; 3-a; 4-f; 5-b; 6-d; 7-c.

Ex 7.  (Review  1)

          1.Environment supplies the economy with resources, but it is unable to absorb all the wastes the economy throws into it.

           2 People invent machines and new  technologies to make their life easier and better, but sometimes  people’s  activities damage  the environment and nature.

           3 Cars and plants  pollute air and destroy the ozone layer of the Earth.

           4  Ships  putting wastes (waste products)  into the oceans and seas  damage  the fishing industry.

            5 Some species of birds and fish  not only die  and mutate but disappear for ever.

            6  People are concerned  about water, air and soil.

            7  There is a serious danger to the life and health of the man.

            8  People should learn to protect the soil, water and air from pollution.

                  9  We must keep the balance of nature.

Ex.8 (Review 2)   

              1.The environment  is an  unlimited  source of resources.

              2  Pollution reduces the industrial resources.

              3  Ships putting wastes into oceans and seas pollute the water, therefore, fish                 

                        becomes contaminated and causes peoples’   diseases.

               4 People are concerned about water and air pollution.

               5 Pollution damages water, soil and wildlife.

               6 Pollution in the air destroys the ozone layer of the Earth

               7 The abuse of arable lands in agriculture result in water shortage.

               8 Global warming or the greenhouse effect is the greatest threat facing the world.

               9 We must learn to carefully use the environment.

Unit  eight                        The  Greatest  Killer  

Ex.2   1 The death statistics are frightening. Every year more than 300.000  people

              Are killed in car crashes  throughout the world.

           2 Young drivers crash and they are responsible for about two-thirds of all accidents.

               Unfortunately, their lack of experience --  and in some  cases, lack of good

               judgment;  making wrong turns, driving in the wrong lane, following other

               cars too closely; speeding,  road hazards  and drunken driving.

           3  There is a risk of falling asleep or losing concentration. Distances are more

               difficult to judge, and  road hazards  are harder to see.  

           4  Alcohol slows a driver/s  reflexes, reduces  concentration, impairs vision and

               clouds judgment.

           5  The progress is now satisfying when so many  people die unnecessarily.

           6  The car is the greatest  killer.

Ex.3  1-e, 2-b, 3-d, 4-c, 5-a, 6-f.

      Ex.4.     Accident, deadliest diseases, car crashes, to get the driver’s licence, young drivers           

      are dying on the roads,  wet roads, icy roads, poor visibility,  road hazards, the  number of  .

accidents are doubled.

Ex 5    1. Каждый год более чем 300,00  людей погибают в автокатастрофах во всём

               мире.               .

            2  Миллионы людей ранены и покалечены на всю жизнь.

            3  Большинство людей, которые погибают на дорогах – это молодые люди.

            4  Очень часто автокатастрофы являются результатом  отсутствия опыта,           

                неумение принять правильное решение, превышение скорости, а, иногда, и    

                     вождение в пьяном виде.

 5   Количество  автомобилей увеличивается с каждым годом, но, к сожалению,     

   количество  автокатастроф не уменьшается.

              6 Автомобиль  друг или враг?  А как думаешь ты?