Государственное
бюджетное профессиональное образовательное учреждение
среднего
профессионального образования
«Электромеханический
техникум ж/д транспорта им. А. С. Суханова»
Практикум
по английскому языку
ОГСЭ.03
ИНОСТРАННЫЙ ЯЗЫК
для
специальности «Техническая эксплуатация подвижного состава
железных
дорог»
вид
подготовки: базовый
3курс
Санкт-Петербург
ЗАДАНИЯ
К РАБОТЕ.
ВАРИАНТ
1
I. Дайте развернутый письменный ответ на вопросы: Что
такое артикль? Какие артикли в английском языке вы знаете? Как употребляются
определенный и неопределенные артикли с именем существительного?
II. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание
на разные функции слов с окончанием -ing.
1.Two
or more locomotives are used for pulling trains consisting of 80 freight cars.
2. At the large railway stations information about arriving and departing
trains is announced over public address system. 3. When working out the project
of the Moscow Metro, the Russian engineers made a careful study of the existing
systems abroad. 4. Stopping fuel supply caused serious trouble in the engine.
5. In Russia, many people had doubts about the possibility of using steam
engines in the Russian winter.
III.
Перепишите и переведите текст.
JAPANESE TRANSPORTATION
Modern
transportation facilities link all parts of Japan and provide the swift,
efficient movement of people and goods. Railways are the main form of land
transportation. Railway stations are the hubs of mass-transportation systems,
which also include buses, taxis, subways, and the vanishing trolleys.
The
first Japanese railway was laid in 1872 between Tokyo and Yokohama. By 1930 a
rail network covered the four main islands. Most private lines were
nationalized in 1906 and passed to a public corporation, the Japan National
Railways (JNR), in 1949. The JNR operates about four fifths of Japan's 17,000
miles (27,000 kilometers) of railway lines, including all long-distance trunk
lines.
It
owns about 90 percent of all rolling stock. The private railways operate
commuter lines in the metropolitan areas. Japanese railways use narrow-gauge
track – 3 feet 6 inches – and relatively small and light rolling stock. About
three fifths of the JNR lines are double-tracked or electrified.
Diesel
and electric units have replaced coal-burning locomotives. Postwar population
and economic growth has placed an enormous strain on the carrying capacity of
Japan's railways. The high-speed, broad-gauge New Tokaido Line went into
operation in 1964. Its fastest express trains make the 320-mile (515-kilometer)
run from Tokyo to Osaka in a little more than three hours. An extension known
as the New Sanyo Line was completed from Osaka to Okayama in 1972. The railways
of Honshu are linked to Kyushu and Hokkaido by undersea tunnels and to Shikoku
by ferry service. Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya, Kobe, Sapporo, and Yokohama have
subways.
There
were more than 7,000 vessels carrying passengers and cargo in coastal shipping
in 1990. For passenger service between cities there are jetfoils and
air-cushion vessels. Considering the very large volume of Japanese imports and
exports, most products are carried in oceangoing vessels registered to other
countries.
ВАРИАНТ 2
I. Дайте развернутый письменный ответ на вопросы: Что
такое имя существительное? Какая существует классификация имени
существительного в английском языке? Как образуется
множественное число имени существительного?
II. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание
на разные функции слов с окончанием -ed.
1.
An electric engine is the most ecologically friendly one because it does not
pollute environment with exhausted gases. 2. Refrigerator cars are widely used
for carrying perishable goods. 3. When heated, a magnet loses some of its
magnetism. 4. The steam locomotive called the “Rocket” designed by G.
Stephenson drew a 20-ton train 35 miles in 2 hours. 5. The use of multi-cylinder
engines greatly increased the speed of cars.
III.
Перепишите и переведите текст.
AUTOMATION
IN TRANSPORTATION
The
most sophisticated applications of automation in transportation have been made
in the guidance and control of aircraft and spacecraft. Other applications
include railroad operations and automatic traffic control.
Aviation.
Automated
systems combining radar, computers, and auxiliary electronic equipment have
been developed to control the ever-increasing volume of air traffic. Air
traffic controllers at large airports depend on such systems to direct the continuous
flow of incoming and outgoing airplanes. They can pinpoint the position of
every plane within 50 miles (80 kilometers) of the airfield on a special
display screen of the radar unit. This information allows the controllers to
select the safest route for pilots to follow as they approach and leave the
airport. Many of the systems of the aircraft itself are automated. Oxygen
masks, for instance, automatically drop down from overhead compartments when
the cabin pressure becomes too low. Most modern planes have an automatic pilot
that can take over for the human pilot.
Railroads.
Automation
has become an important factor in railroad operations. The management of rail
yards has been facilitated by computerized systems that integrate the signaling
and switching functions of classification yards, where freight trains are
sorted and assembled. Electronic scanners read color-coded identification
labels on all freight cars entering a classification yard and relay the
information to yard computers that assign the cars to the proper track.
Automation has also been adopted by many passenger rail lines. In a number of
systems, automatic equipment is used so extensively that the function of the
train operator has been reduced to simple on and off operations during station
stops. Since commands from automatic controls are continuously fed to other
automatic mechanisms in response to information collected by sensors
strategically positioned on the engine and track, human control of the engine
is only required in an emergency. An impressive example of automated rail
transportation is the Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) system serving the San
Francisco-Oakland area of California. BART consists of more than 75 miles (121
kilometers) of track and about 100 trains operating between 33 stations at peak
hours. Both the operation of trains and ticketing of passengers are fully
automated. As a train enters a station, it
automatically
transmits its identification and destination to the control center and to a
display board for passengers to see. The control center, in turn, sends signals
to the train that regulate its time in the station and its running time to the
next destination. An ideal schedule is established every
morning
and, as the day progresses, the performance of each train is compared with that
schedule. The performances of individual trains are then adjusted as required.
The entire BART system is controlled by essentially one computer. There is an
identical backup computer that can assume control if necessary.
Notes:(classification)
yard – сортировочная станция
switching – маневровая
работа
ВАРИАНТ
3
I. Дайте развернутый письменный ответ на вопросы: Что
такое имя прилагательное и наречие? Как образуются степени
сравнения имени прилагательного и наречия в английском языке?
II. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая
внимание на разные функции слов с окончанием –ing.
1.
Talking on cellular phones while driving is very dangerous, that is why it is
banned. 2. Around $1.2 billion is being spent on modernizing the 270 km
suburban network of Sao Paolo (Brazil); this includes buying new trains,
refurbishing existing stock, renewing signaling equipment, plus constructing
new railway stations, rebuilding old ones and laying new tracks. 3. Finland has
the same railway gauge as Russia that is why high-speed trains can cross the border
without stopping. 4. The ore is transported from the mine to the processing
plant by the railway. 5. Having worked at the railway for several years, Paul
gained much experience in driving electric locos.
III. Перепишите и переведите текст.
UNDERGROUND
RAILWAYS
The
underground railway is the quickest, safest, most reliable and comfortable
means of city’s transport. Metro can solve the problems of carrying a great
number of passengers in large cities as well as the problems of traffic jams,
air contamination and noise. However, from the technical point of view the underground
railway system is very expensive and complicated constructional work. This
system includes subsurface lines, ground based lines and elevated lines. Ground
based lines are usually used at the terminations of the underground railways.
Besides the underground and surface structures involve stations, tunnels, escalators,
underpasses, ventilation and sanitary engineering as well as a power supply
system.
The
permanent way of underground railways differs from the usual railway track. The
sleepers are only 0.9 m long. They are shorter than those of the railroad track
which are 2.7 m long. The sleepers of the usual track are laid upon ballast
made of broken stone or other materials. The crossties of the underground
railway are laid directly on concrete base. It is more expensive but keeps air
free from dust. If the ballast were made of slag, gravel, sand or even broken
stone, the train would be followed by the dust clouds. All Metro trains are
powered by electricity. The current is obtained from the third rail. This
contact rail is laid along the whole track and transmits the direct current of
825 volts to the train electromotor through the pantograph. The Underground
carrying capacity depends on the number of coaches, which ranges from 2 to 8
per train and the frequency of train running which ranges from 80 seconds to 8 minutes.
Nowadays there are underground railways in 80 cities all over the world. The
first Metro railways lines were constructed in London in 1863. It is the oldest
but not the longest Underground. New York was the second city to build the subway.
The first track was laid in 1868 and nowadays it is the longest Metro in the
world. The shortest Metro line was constructed in Turkey. Its length is only
600 m but Istanbul is very proud of the metropolitan means of traffic.
ВАРИАНТ
4
I. Дайте развернутый письменный ответ на вопросы: Что
такое имя числительное? Какие виды имени числительного в английском языке вы
знаете? Какие существуют правила употребления числительных в английском языке?
II. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание
на разные функции слов с окончанием -ed.
1.
One of the earliest railway bridges in Great Britain called “Britannia” has
survived to our days. 2. The revolution in science and technology affects not
only economically developed countries but also developing countries. 3. If
hardened in fire, steel becomes stronger. 4. In Britain, creosote-treated
wooden sleepers last about 20 years in the main tracks, whereas the life of a
wooden sleeper in India is 15 years. 5. The French military engineer Cugnot constructed
the first three-wheeled machine equipped with a two-cylinder steam engine. This
machine carried two people at a walking pace.
III.
Перепишите
и переведите
текст.
MANUFACTURERS
TAKE OVER TRAIN MAINTENANCE
A
quiet revolution is taking place in train maintenance as major manufacturers
increasingly take over the lifetime care of the vehicles they build. The result
should be better and more reliable trains. There was a time when a train
manufacturer’s responsibility for his product ended after a two- or three-year
guarantee period. Trains were produced to detailed technical specifications
written by the operators, and manufacturers were not expected to show any
initiative regarding the period after the expiry of the guarantee. Maintenance
became the exclusive preserve of the operator. There is a story of a light rail
vehicle manufacturer admitting privately at a conference that if he had to
maintain the vehicles he was supplying he would have to go back to the drawing
board and start again if he was to make money. Railway practice shows that
initial purchase price was just a fraction of the costs incurred during a
30-year vehicle life. After that came privatization with new operators wanting
to concentrate on their core skills and outsource most technical and many
non-technical functions. Indeed, technology is now so advanced and complex that
operators are not easily able to maintain their new vehicles. The changing
nature of the global market, with rolling stock sales expected to remain flat
for the next few years, has also influenced major companies, such as Alstom,
Bombardier, and Adtranz, all of which have been searching for new income streams.
Nowhere has the impact of these changes been more strongly felt than in Britain
where all the major manufacturers are involved in serious long-term care of the
trains they are now building, and in some cases trains built by other
manufacturers. What is more, maintenance experts have become part of the design
process so that cost-effective maintainability and reliability is incorporated
into the initial design. Manufacturers should be responsible for service and maintenance
because it improves the product. The outcome should be more operator-friendly,
passenger-friendly, and reliable trains. Taking a look at train maintenance in
Britain today is to take a look at tomorrow’s railway. Manufacturers are
building new multi-million pound maintenance facilities to maintain new fleets
of trains they are constructing for operators, or pumping millions into
existing building to bring both the fabric and the equipment up to modern
standards.
Notes:
a
(railway) operator - железная дорога;
a preserve – зд.: забота,
проблема;
costs incurred - понесенные издержки.
ВАРИАНТ
5
I.
Дайте развернутый письменный ответ на вопросы: Что
такое глагол? Перечислите наклонения глаголов а английском языке. Какие
существуют особенности употребления глаголов to have/
to has?
Как строятся предложения с конструкцией there is/are?
II.
Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на разные
функции слов с окончанием –ing.
1.
By 1913 the railway network of Russia consisted of 25 state lines and 13
private lines belonging to different companies. 2. Much attention is paid to planning
the rail approaches to the station in order to the departing and arriving
trains interfere each other as little as possible. 3. Cement can be transported
in steel containers having about 960lb capacity. 4. The cost of operating a
railway line depends on the weight of trains, quantity of stops, frequency of
traffic and other factors. 5. Having tested the new locomotive, the engineers
recommended it for series production.
III.
Перепишите и переведите текст.
TEST
OF THE LOCOMOTIVE
The
locomotive is subjected to a series of adjusting tests in the factory which
includes test bed tests of the various machines, assembles and equipment of the
locomotive, tests of the locomotive under rheostatic load, as well as tests on
the Ministry of Railways’ test tracks. The factory tests include tests of the
diesel equipment, cooling devices of the diesel, of the system of hydraulic
drive, of the system of centralized air supply of the electrical machines and apparatus,
rectifier unit, etc. Testbed checks of the diesel generator for stability of
parameters, efficiency and wear of the main units are made, as well as for
stability of the physical and technical properties of the oil and water, made
according to the country’s industrial standards. The tests are carried out for
maximum permissible temperatures of the water and oil. The adjusting tests in
the factory, the rheostatic tests and trial runs of the locomotive facilitate
the establishing of the efficiency of all systems, equipment and the locomotive
as a whole. Factory tests prepare the locomotive for service tests on the railways.
The final stage of the factory tests of the new locomotive is service trial run
with a passenger or freight train. During the period of preparation of the
locomotive a group of specialists from the depot undergoes a special training
course at the diesel locomotive plant and at other plants which manufacture
components for the locomotive. Locomotive and depot repair crews also undergo
training courses organized at the depot. Special groups for the engineers and
technical staff are also organized. A group is organized at the depot called
the Reliability Group whose task is the continuous control of the locomotive
working, its fuel and lubrication consumption and other items of performance.
The depot is supplied with the necessary manuals,
drawings
and spare parts which facilitate the organization of the trial runs and servicing.
Besides the inspection procedure additional tests of various equipment are carried
out, mainly for future improvements of locomotive design.
ВАРИАНТ
6
I.
Дайте развернутый письменный ответ на вопросы: 1.Как
употребляется глагол to be
в настоящем, прошедшем и будущем времени? 2. Какие типы вопросов вы знаете? Как
они образуются?
II. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая
внимание на разные функции слов с окончанием -ed.
1.
A water-powered engine is an ordinary wheel with blades fixed to it and the
current of a river turns it. 2. The new reclining seats with built-up TV-sets
are installed in the modern streamlined carriages. 3. His unexpected arrival
upset all my plans. 4. Rudolf Diesel designed an engine, which was one
of the remarkable engineering achievements of the 20th century. 5. When first
proposed, the project of constructing the Channel Tunnel seemed impracticable.
III.
Перепишите и переведите текст.
MISTAKEN
IDENTITY
(after
M. Twain)
Several
years ago I arrived in New York, where I was to change trains. There were
crowds of people on the platform, and they were all trying to get into the long
train, which was already packed. I asked the young man in the booking office if
I could have a sleeping-berth and he answered “No”. I went off and asked
another local official if I could have some poor little corner somewhere in a
sleeping car, but he interrupted me angrily saying: “No, you can’t, every
corner is full. Now do not bother me any more!” He turned his back and walked
off. I felt so hurt that I said to my companion: “If these people knew who I
was, they… .” But my companion stopped me there, - “Don’t talk such nonsense,”
he said, “if they knew who you were, do you think it would help you to get a
vacant seat in a train which has no vacant seats in it?”
This
did not improve my mood at all but then I noticed that the porter of a sleeping
car was looking at me. I saw the expression of his face suddenly change. He
whispered to the conductor, pointing to me and I realized I was being talked
about. Then the conductor came forward, his face all politeness. “Can I be of
any service to you?” he asked. “Do you want a place in a sleeping car?’ “Yes,”
I said. “I will be very grateful to you.” The conductor continued: “We have
nothing left except the big family compartment with two berths and a couple of
arm-chairs in it. It is entirely at your disposal. Here, Tom, take these
suitcases aboard!” Then he touched his hat and moved along. The porter made us
comfortable in the compartment and then he said, bowing and smiling: “Is there anything
you want, sir? You can have just anything you want.” “Good. This lamp is hung
too high above the berth. Can I have a better lamp fixed just at the head of my
bed below the luggage rack, so that I can read comfortably?” I asked. “Yes,
sir. The lamp you want is just fixed in the next compartment. I will get it
from there and fix it here. It will burn all night. Sir, you can ask for
anything you want, the whole railroad will be turned inside out to please you.”
And he disappeared. I smiled at my companion and said: “Well, what do you say
now? Did their attitude
change
the moment they understood I was Mark Twain?” My companion did not answer. As I
was saying this, the porter’s smiling face appeared in the door way and this
speech followed: “Oh, sir, I recognized you the minute I set my eyes on you.”
“Is that so, my boy?’ I said, handing him a good tip. “Who am I?” “Mr.
McClellan, Mayor of New York,” he said and disappeared again.
ВАРИАНТ
7
I.
Дайте развернутый письменный ответ на вопросы: 1.
Как употребляется оборот to be going to
в настоящем, прошедшем и будущем времени? 2 Что такое местоимение? 3.Какие виды
местоимений в английском языке вы знаете?
II. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая
внимание на разные функции слов с окончанием –ing.
1.
Detecting an object in front of a car in the dark is the purpose of the “night
vision system”. 2. Having come to the terminal David bought the ticket and
seeing that he had enough time left before boarding the train, went to look at
the new theatre built near the station. 3. Remote control is a system for
controlling machinery from a distance by radio signals. 4. The railway tunnel
linking Great Britain and France was officially opened for traffic on May 7, 1994.
5. Fences and other devices are built for protecting the tracks against snow
and for keeping the livestock away from the railway.
III. Перепишите и переведите текст.
OLD
COUNTRY ADVICE TO THE AMERICAN TRAVELLER
(after
W. Saroyan)
One
day my uncle Melik was going to travel to New York. Before he got on the
train his uncle Garro paid him a visit and told him about the dangers of
travel. “When you get on the train,” the old man said, “choose your seat
carefully, sit down and do not look about.” “Yes, sir,” my uncle said. “Several
moments after the train begins to move,” the old man continued, “two men
wearing uniforms will come to your compartment and ask you for your ticket.
Ignore them. They will be imposters*.” “Yes, sir,” my uncle said. “Before you
have traveled twenty miles, a young man will come to you and offer you a
cigarette. Tell him you do not smoke. The cigarette will be doped.” “Yes, sir,”
my uncle said. “On your way to the dining-car a very beautiful young woman will
run into you**. She will be very attractive, and your natural wish will be to
become friends with her. Don’t do this; the woman will be an adventuress.” “A
what?” my uncle asked. “An adventuress,” the old man shouted. “If the beautiful
woman sits at your table in the diner***, do not look into her eyes. If she
speaks, pretend to be deaf.” “Yes, sir,” my uncle said. “On your way back to your
seat from the diner,” the old man said, “you will pass through the smoker****.
There you will find a game of cards in progress. The players will be three young
men. One of them will invite you to join the game. Tell them you don’t speak
English.” “Yes, sir,” my uncle said. “One thing more,” the old man said. “When
you go to bed at night, take your money out of your pocket and put it in your
shoe. Put your shoe under the pillow, keep your head on the pillow all night
and don’t sleep. I have traveled. I know what I am talking about.” The old man
went away and the next day my uncle Melik got on the train and went to New
York. The two men in uniforms were not imposters, the young man with the doped
cigarette did not appear, the beautiful young woman did not sit at his table in
the diner, and there was no card game in progress in the smoker. My uncle put
his money in the shoe, put his shoe under the pillow, put his head on the
pillow, and did not sleep all night the first night, but the second night he
decided to sleep. The second day he himself offered another young man a cigarette,
which the other young man accepted. In the diner my uncle went to sit at a
table with a young lady. He stared a card game in the smoker, and long before
the train got to New York my uncle knew everybody aboard the train and
everybody knew him. The journey was a very pleasant one. When my uncle came
back from New York, his uncle Garro visited him again. “I see you are
looking all right,” he said. “Did you follow my instructions?” “Yes, sir,” my
uncle said.
Notes:
*imposter
– обманщик, самозванец
**to
run into smb. – сталкиваться с
кем-либо
***diner
= dining car – вагон-ресторан
****smoker
= smoking car – вагон для
курящих
ВАРИАНТ
8
I.
Дайте развернутый письменный ответ на вопросы: 1.
Что такое предлог? Перечислите основные виды предлогов в английском языке. 2 Как
употребляются предлоги места и времени, направления и движения?
II. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая
внимание на разные функции слов с окончанием -ed.
1.
Some of the arch bridges constructed by the Romans 2,000 years ago are still
being used. 2. The electric power is transmitted from the powerhouse to the
trains either by means of a third rail or by means of an overhead system of
wires. 3. When packed in strong cases, the goods arrived in good condition. 4.
New track machines purchased from Great Britain by Mozambique will be used for
upgrading the Limpopo line in that country. 5. After the war the government
granted great sums of money to renew the equipment and the roadbed of all the railways.
III.
Перепишите и переведите текст.
IN
THE COACH YARD
(after
A. Saxton)
In
the spring of that year, Pledger McAdams returned to his old job as car
repairman in the coach yard of the Great Midland Railway. Through the long
afternoons, he and his partner worked down in the wheel pit, fixing the axles
and wheels of the damaged cars. Their young assistant gave them tools looking
down and trying to follow the work. Pledger was glad to return to his
trade again after three years. He was singing to pass the time, and as he
worked, he looked forward to supper hour to eat the cake and sandwiches his
wife had given him. When the eight o’clock whistle blew, Pledger went out of
the pit, stretching and yawning. He and his assistant poured water on their
hands, trying to wash the grease off. Pledger’s partner walked off into the
coach yard, and returned after a few minutes with a bottle of coffee. They sat
down on the bench outside the wheel pit house* to eat their sandwiches. In
front of them, the workers’ gang was making up the midnight express. The coach
cleaners scrubbed the sides of the cars with their long-handled brushes, while
the Pullman commissary men** pushed along trucks loaded with bedding and food.
From the rear of the train, Pledger saw the little car knocker*** going
along the train, tapping the wheels with his hammer and flashing his lantern at
the coupling connections. When the car knocker reached the head end of coaches
the diesel locomotive arrived, and the car knocker eased it**** towards the
train with motions of his lantern until the coupling knuckles***** clanged
together. Then, setting his lantern on the ground, he crawled between the
engine and the cars to hook up the air hose****** and safety chains*******. In
the cab window, Pledger saw the engine driver leaning on his elbow
smoking a pipe, while the night yard foreman stood around beside the engine, waving
his arms and yelling. The car knocker came out from between the cars, blew out
his lantern, and walked over to the bench by the wheel-pit house, where Pledger
was waiting for him.
Notes:
*wheel
pit house – ремонтная мастерская
**Pullman
commissary man – экипировщик спальных
вагонов
***car
knocker – осмотрщик вагонов
****to
ease smth to smth – осторожно подвести что-либо к чему-либо
*****coupling
knuckle – коготь автосцепки
******air
hose – рукав (шланг) для сжатого воздуха
*******safety
chain – предохранительная (запасная) цепь
ВАРИАНТ
9
I.
Дайте развернутый письменный ответ на вопросы: 1.Как
образуются дроби, проценты, степени в английском языке? 2. Перечислите основные
математические действия на английском языке. 3. Какие способы словообразований
вы знаете?
II. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая
внимание на разные функции слов c окончанием -ing.
1.
Engineers are trying to find the ways of reducing the cost of electrifying
railways. 2. The Moscow railway junction, the largest terminal in our country,
is equipped with up-to-date devices providing coordinated operation of all the
services. 3. A fax machine is used for sending and receiving copies of original
documents via a phone line. 4. When using continuous welded rails, we provide a
smoother running of trains. 5. The car was moving very fast and a traffic cop
stopped it for speeding.
III.
Перепишите и переведите текст.
BEWARE
OF SUBWAYS
(after
G. Mikes)
New
Yorkers have built a huge intricate subway system with the sole aim that you
should not know how to get from one place to any other place. Last year I came
to New York for the first time. I decided to use the subway instead of driving
a car because so many people used cars that traffic was unbearably slow, and
there were often jams on the roads. At Pennsylvania Station I boarded a subway
train marked: 49th Street. It was exactly what I wanted. I started
reading my newspaper and did not notice that at the next stop, at 42nd
Street, all passengers got out, leaving me alone, in the whole train. The train
started moving again but stopped in the tunnel and stayed there for about forty
minutes. The conductor walked through the carriage 3 or 4 times, saw me but
said nothing. On his next appearance I asked: “When do we reach 49th
Street?” He laughed “49th Street? But we aren’t going to 49th
Street.” “Excuse me, sir, but I saw a board on this train saying that it was
going to 49th Street and it gave me the foolish idea that it might
be going to 49th Street.” The conductor became indignant: “Everybody
knows that you have to change trains at 42nd Street”, and he turned
away from me with contempt in his heart. On another occasion, I asked the
subway official* at the station called 8th Avenue how to get to
Columbus Center. “Get on the train here,” he smiled “and get off at Columbus
Center”. I took the train, reached the 50th Street and as Columbus
Center is at 59th Street, I thought everything was going well. But
then some irregularities occurred. We reached the station called 7th
Avenue, then 5th Avenue. Then we did not stop for 15 minutes and
finally reached 23rd Street. There I got out and told my story to an
official. He laughed and explained to me that I should take an A train instead
of F train or an E train instead of an A train. “But how could I know that?” I
asked in despair. “Everybody knows that,” he retorted with a superior smile on
his lips.
Notes: *subway official –
работник метрополитена.
ВАРИАНТ
10
I.
Дайте развернутый письменный ответ на вопросы: 1.
Что такое модальный глагол? 2. Перечислите основные модальные глаголы и дайте
им краткую характеристику. 3. Какие эквиваленты существуют у модальных
глаголов?
II. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая
внимание на разные функции слов с окончанием -ed.
1.
Before each flight, pilots ask for the information about the weather expected
during the planned route. 2. Automatic block systems and centralized traffic
control are widely used on the railways. 3. When mass-produced, the electric automobile
will help solve ecological problems of big cities. 4. James Watt invented
the first stationary steam engine in 1763 and installed it in a machine pumping
out the water at a large mine. 5. Kerosene is a fuel used in jet engines.
III.
Перепишите
и переведите
текст.
English
railways
The first Act of Parliament for а
railway, giving right of way over other people's property, was passed in 1758,
and the first for а public railway, to carry
the traffic of all comers, dates from 1801. The Stockton and Dailington
Railway, opened on 27 September 1825, was the first public steam railway in the
world, although it had only one locomotive and relied on horse traction for the
most part, with stationary steam engines for working inclined planes.
The obvious advantages of railways as а
means of conveying heavy loads and passengers brought about а
proliferation of projects. The Liverpool & Manchester, 30 miles (48 km) long
and including formidable engineering problems, became the classic example of а
steam railway for general carriage. It opened on 15 September 1830 in the
presence of the Duke of Wellington, who had been Prime Minister until earlier
in the year. On opening day, the train stopped for water and the passengers
alighted on to the opposite track; another locomotive came along and William
Huskisson, an МР and а
great advocate of the railway, was killed. Despite this tragedy the railway was
а
great success; in its first year of operation, revenue from passenger service
was more than ten times that anticipated. Over 2500 miles of railway had been
authorized in Britain and nearly 1500 completed by 1840.
Britain presented the world with а
complete system for the construction and operation of railways. Solutions were
found to civil engineering problems, motive power designs and the details of
rolling stock. The natural result of these achievements was the calling in of
British engineers to provide railways in France, where as а
consequence left-hand running is still in force over many lines.
ВАРИАНТ
11
I.
Дайте развернутый письменный ответ на вопросы: 1.
Что такое действительный или активный залог? 2. Как образуются настоящее,
прошедшее и будущее время в активном залоге в английском языке? 3. Что такое
пассивный или страдательный залог? Укажите как образуются времена в этом
залоге в английском языке.
II. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая
внимание на разные функции слов с
окончанием -ed.
1.
A water-powered engine is an ordinary wheel with blades fixed to it and the
current of a river turns it. 2. The new reclining seats with built-up TV-sets
are installed in the modern streamlined carriages. 3. His unexpected arrival
upset all my plans. 4. Rudolf Diesel designed an engine, which was one
of the remarkable engineering achievements of the 20th century. 5. When first
proposed, the project of constructing the Channel Tunnel seemed impracticable.
III. Перепишите и переведите текст.
RAILROAD
MODERNIZATION
Like
their younger competitors, the railroads have become specialized carriers that
concentrate on the types of transportation for which they are best suited.
Railroads are particularly efficient at moving large volumes of bulk
commodities such as coal or ore over long distances and transporting marine
containers and piggyback highway trailers. Railroads are also efficient at
carrying commuter passengers between suburbs and city centers and providing
comfortable, fast intercity passenger services.
New
technologies – in design, materials, and methods – have helped railroads become
still more efficient. After World War II, for example, strong concrete
crossties replaced wooden ties on many railroads, especially in Europe. Rail
welded into long sections became the standard for most busy main lines. By the
1960s high-speed passenger trains were introduced.
Japan's
so-called “bullet train” was in the forefront of the new technology. It began
operating on Oct. 1, 1964, to mark Asia's first Olympic Games, which were held
in Tokyo. The first section of the fabled Shinkansen (New Trunk Line, known as
the New Tokaido Line) was a 320-mile (515-kilometer) stretch between Tokyo and
Osaka. A 100-mile (160-kilometer) extension from Osaka to Okayama was completed
in 1972, and the final segment – a 244-mile (393-kilometer) run to the
Hakata
station in Fukuoka, northern Kyushu – opened in 1975. Other lines, completed in
1982, radiate north of Tokyo to Niigata and Morioka. The Shinkansen was
privatized in 1987.
France's
TGV became the supertrain of the 1970s and 1980s. It set a new world speed
record of 320 miles an hour in 1990. The newer ten-car TGV trains are powered
by front and rear electric locomotives. Computerized controls provide on-board
signalization and fail-safe braking.
Some
of the other countries where superspeed trains are running or planned are Great
Britain, Germany, Italy, Sweden, Finland, Ireland, Australia, Canada, and the
United States. High speed train called Metroliners make
daily three-hour trips between New York City and Washington, D.C.; although the
trains are capable of faster runs up to 160 miles (260 kilometers) per hour,
drawbacks on the existing line hold speeds to a maximum of 100 miles (160
kilometers) per hour.
Several
American railroads operate trains of RoadRailers,
vehicles that have both rail and highway wheels. On the railroad they run
coupled together in trains pulled by locomotives, then are separated and moved
by highway tractors to their final destinations.
Among
the more advanced systems proposed is the magnetic levitation, or maglev,
train. Instead of wheels or steel rails, the system uses coils in the surface
of the track, or guide way, to create a magnetic field that lifts the vehicles
and propels them forward. By the late 1980s only short test systems had been
built in Germany and Japan. Successful experimental runs were first made in the
early 1990s using locomotives powered by environmentally friendly natural gas.
Notes:
bulk commodities – бестарные грузы,
грузы
насыпью
piggyback
highway trailers – автополуприцепы или
прицепы
to
weld – сваривать
fail-safe
braking – гарантированно надёжное торможение
to
couple – сцеплять
magnetic
levitation – магнитная левитация (поднятие)
ВАРИАНТ
12
I.
Дайте развернутый письменный ответ на вопросы: 1.
Что такое инфинитив ? 2. Как образуются причастия первого и второго вида в
английском языке? 3. Что такое герундий в английском языке?
II. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая
внимание на разные функции слов с окончанием -ing.
1.
Two or more locomotives are used for pulling trains consisting of 80 freight
cars. 2. At the large railway stations information about arriving and departing
trains is announced over public address system. 3. When working out the project
of the Moscow Metro, the Russian engineers made a careful study of the existing
systems abroad. 4. Stopping fuel supply caused serious trouble in the engine.
5. In Russia, many people had doubts about the possibility of
using
steam engines in the Russian winter.
III. Перепишите и переведите текст.
Train
dispatcher
At every
railway division there is always a train dispatcher. From every station he
receives reports of passing trains. He knows at any time the location of every
train on his division. When a train becomes late, or when an extra train is
started, it is his business to give the orders which will permit the trains to
pass over his division with as little delay as possible. He directs the
movement of trains. His work requires quick acting, and above all absolute
accuracy. The slightest mistake on the part of the dispatcher may cause a
terrible accident. Each dispatcher makes a complete record of the movement of
trains on his division. He has to keep traffic moving freely. He provides the
best possible utilization of locomotive and train crews, the running of special
trains. Train control is carried out from special offices which are equipped
with different devices.
extra train - дополнительный поезд
Elevated Railways
At the end of the 19-th century the street traffic in big towns
became heavy because of rapid development of public transport. After careful
studies of the problem some American cities decided that it would be cheaper to
build elevated railway carried by high supports above the streets with busy
road traffic. Although these elevated railways produced much noise they became
popular because they saved people much time. The project of the "EL"
(a shortened form of "elevated railways") was put forward by Charles
Harvey. The designer believed that his railway would be a convenient passenger
transport in big cities. Indeed, the experiments with the newly designed system
were a success, and soon main parts of New York were linked by the elevated
railway. The cars were drawn along the track by means of a cable and attained a
high speed.
The "EL" was so popular that at one time over one
million passengers were travelling on it each day. In later years, however, the
underground lines, buses and motor cars took away the traffic from
"EL" railway and it had to be closed down.
Elevated Railways - железные дороги на
эстакаде
Тексты по специальности для письменного
перевода:
DENMARK’S
NEW ROYAL COACH
Queen
Margarethe II of Denmark has been presented with a new royal coach by Danish
State Railways (DSB) on the occasion of her 60th birthday. With a maximum speed
of 200 km/h, it can be used in locomotive-hauled trains in most European
countries. The coach is a conversion of a 26.4m-long coach built by
Linke-Hofmann-Busch, Germany, in 1987. It was originally used as a dining car
but fell into disuse with the increasing use of multiple unit trains in
Denmark. The Queen, who is a talented artist and stenographer, has taken an
active part in the design of the coach in cooperation with DSB’s designers. The
coach incorporated a delicate blend of classical Danish design and perfect
furnishings. The new royal coach replaces a coach built in 1937 which was used
during the same year at the opening of the Storstroms link on the direct line
to Germany.
RAILWAYS
The
railroad is a form of land transportation that is found in almost every country
in the world.
Railroads
serve many thousands of communities, from big cities in highly developed
nations to tiny villages in remote areas. Railroads carry travelers to and from
neighboring communities or on trips across whole continents. They carry raw
materials and farm products to manufacturing and
processing
plants, and they carry the finished products from those plants to warehouses
and stores.
Railroads
were designed to move large numbers of passengers or large amounts of freight
over long distances. The railroad is the most efficient method of land
transportation because it requires the least amount of fuel and human labor and
is the least damaging to the environment. Railroads carry about 40 percent of
the total volume of freight transportation in the United States. The world has
a total of more than 738,000 miles (1,187,000 kilometers) of railroad line.
Almost all the railroad systems carry both freight and passengers. A railroad
is much like a manufacturing business whose sole product is transportation service.
To produce that product it requires tracks, cars, locomotives, repair shops,
communication systems, and skilled workers.
The
Stourbridge Lion, The Bluebell Railway
One
day in 1830 people came from miles around the small Pennsylvania town to see the
first run of the steam locomotive, the Stourbridge Lion. The engineer
refused to let anyone ride with him – perhaps because the engine had not been
tested before. As the signal to start was given, there was a moment of
suspense. Then, slowly, the wheels began to turn. Cheers went up as engineer
Allen opened the throttle wide and began his historic trip. All along the
route, men were waving their hats, small boys were shouting, and women were looking
in amazement as the Lion thundered past at the fantastic speed of ten
miles an hour. Who would have believed that anything so big could move so fast
without a horse to pull it!
The
Bluebell Railway is a private railroad. About 500 men and
women work on the railway in their free time. They don’t get any money – the
railway is their hobby. They have old steam engines and carriages – one of them
is 120 years old. Passengers can have lunch or dinner in the lovely old
restaurant carriage. The Bluebell Railway goes from Sheffield Park to Horsted
Keynes and back again. That is about 14 kilometers. The journey there
and back takes an hour. The tickets cost three pounds for a single and six
pounds for a return. The trains move at a speed of about thirty km per hour.
Over two hundred and fifty thousand passengers travel on the Bluebell Railway
every year.
СПИСОК
ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ
Основная
1.Агабекян, И. П. Английский
язык [Текст]: учебное пособие для средних специальных учебных заведений./ И.П.
Агабекян. – Ростов-на-Дону: «Феникс», 2010.
2.Англо-русский словарь
[Текст] / В.К. Мюллер. – Москва : ДОМ. 21 век, 2010. − 1018 с.
3.Английский язык [Текст]:
учебно-методическое пособие для студентов железнодорожных специальностей
дневной формы обучения. Составитель М.В. Жесткова, С.Я. Никитина. Самара:
издательство СамГАПС, 2003. – 36с.
4. Английский язык [Текст]:
методические указания для студентов 2 курса специальности «Локомотивы».
Составитель С.Я. Никитина. Самара: издательство СамГАПС, 2003. – 51с.
5. Английский язык [Текст]:
методические указания для студентов 2 курса специальности «Вагоны».
Составитель С.Я. Никитина, С.В. Кирищева, Т.А. Филоненко. Самара: издательство
СамГАПС, 2004. – 51с.
6.Английский язык [Текст]:
методические указания и контрольные задания для студентов 2 курса
железнодорожных специальностей заочной формы обучения. Составитель М.В.Жесткова.
Самара: издательство СамГАПС, 2004. – 65с.
7.Голубев, А.П. Английский язык [Текст]: учебное пособие для
студентов средних профессиональных учебных заведений/А.П. Голубев. − М.:
Издательский центр Академия, 2004. − 336 с.
Дополнительная
8.Высотова, И.Е. Английский язык для средних специальных учебных
заведений (негуманитарные профили)[Текст]: учебное пособие для студентов негуманитарных
профилей / И.Е. Высотова, Ю.А. Зеремская, И.С. Медникова, Н.В. Полякова. −
Томск: Ветер, 2009. − 132 с.
9.Карпова, Т.А. Английский для
колледжей [Текст]: учебное пособие/Т.А. Карпова. -6-е
изд., перераб. и доп.- М.: Дашков и Ко, 2008. – 320 с.
10.Тихонов, А.А. Английский язык. Теория и практика перевода
[Текст] : учебное пособие / А.А. Тихонов. – М. : ТК Велби, издательство
Проспект, 2005. – 120 с.
Интернет-ресурсы
11.Словарь Яндекс. - Режим
доступа http://lingvo.yandex.ru, свободный.
12.Cambridge International Dictionary of
English, Cambridge University Press 2004; - Режим доступа Iittp://dictionary.cambridge.org/, свободный.
13.Webster's Online Dictionary with
Multilingual Thesaurus Translation, 2006; - Режим доступа http://www.webster-online-dictionary.org, свободный.
14.Webster// словарь. - Режим
доступа: http://www.amazon.com, свободный.
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