Реферат по теме "Кино и театр"

МИНИСТЕРСТВО науки И ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ

РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение

высшего образования

«Кемеровский государственный университет» (Кем ГУ)

Беловский институт (филиал) федерального государственного бюджетного образовательного учреждения высшего образования

«Кемеровский государственный университет» (БИФ Кем ГУ)

РЕФЕРАТ

ПО УЧЕБНОЙ ДИСЦИПЛИНЕ

ИНОСТРАННЫЙ ЯЗЫК

ТЕМА:

КИНО И ТЕАТР

Работу выполнил

Студент 1 курса группы ПН-201

44.03.01 педагогическое образование

(начальное образование)

Аксенова Наталья Викторовна

                                                                           Работу проверил

ст. преподаватель

Л.В. Кузнецова

Белово, 2021

Оглавление

Introduction. 3

Chapter 1. The Cinema. 5

1.1. Movie history. 5

1.2. The roule of  cinema in our lives. 7

1.3.  Types of movies. 8

1.4. My favorite movie. 9

Chapter 2. The Theatre. 11

2.1. History of the theater 11

2.2. Types of theaters 13

2.3. Theater in our life. 15

The conclusion. 16

References. 17

Introduction

    Cinematography is a branch of human activity that consists in the creation of moving images.

    Theater is a spectacular art form, which is a complete work of art, consisting of different types of art - music, choreography, singing, etc.

    For a long time, since the advent of silent cinema, it was believed that the border between theater and cinema was the border between the art of speech and the art of action. There is no denying the increasing role of the word in modern cinema: narration scoring, dialogues and monologues of characters .

      One of the most important French filmmakers, creator of the musical genre of the film, Rene Clair, argued that "although the blind in the theater and the deaf in the cinema lose much in the spectacle shown to them, they still do not lose the main thing" [1, 26].

    The fallacy of the hegemony of cinema as the most universal and "synthetic" art is manifested in scenarios, which are adaptations of theatrical models. As a result, contact with the audience, which is an integral part of the theater, disappears, and the visual and aesthetic impact of films is weakened under the influence of the theatrical canon.

    The mistake lies in the methods of formal comparison of the means of expression, to which Sergei Mikhailovich Eisenstein drew attention at that time, pointing out the errors that inevitably arise "in any attempt to borrow practical results based on the similarity of the external manifestations of one field of art with another." Cinema would not have been possible without technological advances in the 20th century. It was with the development of technology that the once spectacular appeal of the Lumière brothers turned into art.

    In 1961, an art critic of the "Iskusstvo Kino" magazine in his article "On New Cinema Systems" revealed a simple truth: it was cinematographic technologies that made the "great silent film" talk, colored the white and black silhouettes of the screen, which made it possible to create a "presence effect." However, in order for a technical invention to become art, it requires an appropriate aesthetics, the creation of which through artistic, play and stage components is the task of the filmmaker.

    Theater physically cannot provide the same lighting of space, scenery and special effects as cinema. Therefore, the rejection of costumes and scenery is becoming more and more popular in modern theater. Usually there is one object on the stage (bed, balcony, etc.) that unites all the actors. This method is used to highlight character expressions. Indeed, in scripts for theatrical performances, most of the author's comments are addressed to them, and in film scripts - to body movements.

    Another feature of the theater is the work of the theatrical figure himself. Each performance, even in the same theater, is different from others - there is always something new, a new direction in the performance. Thus, the task of the playwright is to create a literary framework that each time could be reincarnated into something new, corresponding to the phenomena of the present [2, 45].  .

    Thus, the evolution of theater and cinema lies in the embodiment of pressing issues on stage and on the screen. But, despite the fact that the role of words and appeals to the viewer has increased in cinematography, the main component of the film remains the visual. At the same time, contemporary theater retains the title of word art.

 

Chapter 1. The Cinema

1.1.          Movie history

    Cinematography has rather a long story. Owing to the work of the great American engineer Thomas Alva Edison,  thousands of people got an opportunity of enjoying this kind of art. It was he who created a machine to show films and made one of the first cinema films.

    A century ago The Lumiere brothers made their first three-minute films, which were demonstrated to the public on the 28^th of Desember, 1895 in Paris, when a group of  33 people saw a short film about a train coming to a railway station.

Picture 1. The first

    Since then many thousands of films have been shot in different countries. Since then a new era has begun – the era of cinematography. It rapidly spread all over the world and very soon turned into one of the most popular arts and entertainments. The twentieth century may rightfully be called the century of cinematography [1, 17].

For a long time there have been disputes whether the cinema is an art or just an entertainment. Nowadays the cinema is considered  one of the main contamporary arts. The cinema combines such arts as painting, literature, theatre, architecture, music.

    Pioneers of the Russian cinema are Yakov Protazanov,  Vladimir Gardin, Franz Bauer and later Sergey Eisenstein, Vsevolod Pudovkin, Alexander Dovzenko. The first films in the West were maily melodramas or comedies, in Russia they were historical films or screen versions of the best novels. At the time when films were silent and black-and-white the world was crazy about Charlie. He was created by the famouse English actor and film director Charles Spenser Chaplin [1, 32].

Picture 2. Beloved Charlie

His Charlie, small and clumsy, yet kind-hearted, generous and brave, has attracted the hearts  of common people in different countries. People  stood in long lines to see a movie with their favorite actor. Later sound and colour  appeared in the film.

1.2. The roule of  cinema in our lives

    Cinema plays an important roule in the life of modern society. Besides entertainment, movies can also educate, inform and influence the public opinion. Some movies make people think and look at their life in a new way. Sometimes movies help people find answers to disturbing questions and to feel happy [2, 35].

    The Cinema is an excellent vehicle of culture. The cinema`s possibilities are unlimited. No theatre could ever hope for so great an audience in tacking artistic problems. Cinema brings culture to homes, schools, institutes and institutions.

The  cinema played a great role during the two World Wars. The best cameramen went to the fronts to make documentary films about heroism of the soldiers. Feature films of that time helped people to survive and overcome hardships of the war.

Picture 3. Military chronicle

    Not so long ago people went to cinemas frequently but now we prefer to stay at home and watch video films and TV. Cinemas may not be as popular as they used to be, but films will always be one of the best entertainments for people all over the world.

1.3.  Types of movies

    The majority of all the films are made with great professional skill. And it`s far from being easy to shoot a good film. The film that we see at the cinema is the product of joint efforts of many people. First, a good screen-play should be written or chosen. Camera work should be  superb. The designer should properly think over the setting. Besides, acting should be excellent. And, of course, everything and everybody is directed by the film producer who is responsible for the artistic side of the film.

    A great number of various films are released every year.  They differ in artistic value as well as in genre. There are different geners of films: thrillers, comedies, dramas, horror films, adventures, action films and so on. There are films based on novels or plays (so-called “screen versions”) and films which deal with historical events. In such films you can see the familiar characters and you feel satisfied if they look exactly as you have pictured them. Epic (such as “War and Peace”) are films depicting heroic events of the past on a grand scale, often with vast crowd scenes. Musicals, the successors of musical comedy, are films with songs and dances. Thrillers are films describing some thrilling events usually connected with crime, especially murder. Horror films are films with misterious and supernatural happenings, ghosts and monsters. Westerns are film with fast action, uncomplicated heroes, clear-cut conflicts between good and evil. Science fiction films offer the viewer flying saucers, extraterrestrial living beings, space battles and explosions of planets [2, 38].

    Many films nowadays raise urgent problems facing contemporary society: ecology, ethnic conflicts, politics and moral, rise incrime and others. Cinema films help us to study these problems, to see our drawbacks and understand our life better.

1.4. My favorite movie

    As far as I am concerned, I am a keen cinema-goer. So, I often catch the latest movie. What can be better than watching an intersting film after a hard working day? Frankly speaking, I don`t like to wait in lines at the box office. That`s why I usually book tickets in advance. Before watching a film I always buy some pop-corn and soft drinks in the lobby. 

    As for me, I like deep thoughtful movies that have an intricate plot and an unexpected ending. Hence, if I am somewhat intrigued by posters of a movie or trailers, it makes no difference whether to watch box-office hits or low-cost films.

As for my favorite film I have watched recently, it is undoubtedly  “The Pianist” by Roman Polanski, starring Adrian Brody.

Picture 4. “The Pianist” by Roman Polanski, starring Adrian Brody.

    This film is based on the autobiography of the famous Polish pianist of Jewish origin Vladislav Shpilman. The director, the talented Roman Polanski, himself experienced everything that he talks about in The Pianist - the struggle for survival in the ghetto for Jews, the loss of loved ones, hunger, humiliation - and, probably, this is one of the reasons why he managed to film so convincingly this picture. The film touches absolutely all the strings of the soul. It is an incredible cocktail of pain, grief, suffering, despair, hope, love, friendship, betrayal, mercy and compassion. This film makes you look at the Second World War from the other side, and it is as difficult, painful as the heroic page in the history of the Russian people at that time. I highly recommend everone to watch this movie. It is unquestionably a masterpiece.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Chapter 2. The Theatre

2.1. History of the theater

    The ancient Greek theater arose from ritual games dedicated to the gods - the patrons of agriculture, primarily Dionysus. They sang songs in goat skins. The word "tragedy" (literally - "song of the goats") also comes from the chorus of satyrs. The year of the birth of the world theater is considered to be 534 BC, when the Athenian poet Thespides, together with the choir, used one actor. He entered into a dialogue with the choir, portrayed various characters in myths, and thus elements of acting were mixed into the dialogue. Later, Aeschylus added a second actor to the chorus, and Sophocles a third. Later, the "hypocrites" could communicate not only with the choir, but also among themselves. The dramatic action arose independently of the chorus; the choir of satyrs turned into a drama [3, 31].

Picture 5. Theater in Ancient Greece

    It included acting, musical and dance performances, poetry and prose, design and painting. Most often, the performances were shown right in the open air. The audience was placed on small hills, and the actors played on a flat area. The curtain and decorations began to be used during performances in Rome [3, 72].

Plays, as a rule, were shown only once. This stimulated authors to create relevant, interesting works. The playwright not only wrote the play, he was a full-fledged participant in the performance, played the roles: director, composer, choreographer and even an actor. Naturally, these were extremely talented people.

The actors played their roles without the help of their own facial expressions. She was replaced by all kinds of masks. The actor paid much attention to body movements and clothing. The actors were men. They occupied a privileged position in society and were exempt from taxes.

2.2. Types of theaters

    Theater includes various types: drama theater, opera, ballet, puppet, pantomime theater, musical, operetta, etc.

     Drama theater.  A performance in a drama theater is based on the staging of a literary work - this is an improvisation or a pre-prepared staging. For an artist of a drama theater, speech, stage costume, and make-up play an important role. Drama theater can also include vocals, dance, and pantomime as full-fledged elements. An important role in the drama theater is played by the director, who, based on his own interpretation of a literary work, directs the work of the entire team, and also edits the play.

     Opera is a type of theatrical art in which dramatic action is closely associated with vocals and orchestral music. There is often dance in the opera. It originated in Italy at the turn of the 16-17 centuries.

There are such genres as grand opera, comic opera, romantic opera, opera-ballet, etc. The genre of comic opera influenced in the twentieth century the formation of such genres as operetta, musical, musical comedy.

    Opera performances are usually performed in specially equipped opera houses.

In opera, music is the main vehicle for action. The literary basis of the opera is the libretto, original or based on a literary work [3, 69]. The opera is an ensemble of solo episodes - arias, duets, trios, quartets, ariosos, recitatives, as well as ensembles, choirs, ballet scenes and is subdivided into acts and pictures, scenes and numbers; at the beginning of the opera, there is a prologue before the acts, and at the end there is an epilogue.

     Ballet is a performance, the content of which is embodied in musical and choreographic images. The basis of a classical ballet performance is a certain plot, a dramatic concept, a libretto; in the 20th century, a plotless ballet appeared, the drama of which is based on the development inherent in music.

There are three main positions in ballet: soloists, corps de ballet (representing a group of dancers) and musicians (orchestra) [3, 85]. The basis of the ballet is some kind of literary work, according to which the libretto is written. The author revises the work, introducing some editing into it, without violating the meaning and preserving the main characters, the composer writes the music to which the choreographer then choreographs the dances [4, 18]. There are main types of dance in ballet: classical dances and character dance, as well as pantomime, with the help of which the actors convey the feelings of the heroes, their conversation with each other.

     Puppet theater is one of the types of puppet art, which includes animated and non-animated animated films, stage and television puppetry. Actor puppets are usually controlled and propelled by puppeteer actors and sometimes by automatic mechanical devices. It is correct to say: "puppet theater", as all professional animation theaters are called.

     Pantomime is the art of creating an artistic image using facial expressions and plasticity of the human body without using words.

Pantomime originated in Ancient Greece, where it was part of the mime repertoire. In ancient Rome, in the era of Augustus, it became a full-fledged theatrical genre.

During the Middle Ages, the church banned pantomime, but itinerant actors continued to use elements from it. In France, the harlequinade has become a favorite genre of balagan theater.

The pantomime genre is developed in classical Indian musical theater and in Japanese theater.

     Musical is a kind of musical theater where dialogues, songs, music, dances are combined. To play a play, you need to write a play. The plot is mainly taken from famous literary works of world drama and is realized by a stage director, choreographer, singing specialists, special effects directors, etc. In form, a musical is, as a rule, a two-act performance.

    Operetta is a kind of musical theater, translated from Italian means "little opera". The operetta school originated in Vienna (Austria) [4, 23] in the 60s of the XIX century.

2.3. Theater in our life

    People live a very busy life nowadays, so they have little time to spare. Still they try their best to make use those rare hours of leasure. Some people find it a pleasure to go to the theatre. The theatre is one of the most ancient kinds of arts. For centuries people have come to the theatre for different aims: to relax, to de amused and entertained, to have a good laugh, to enjoy the acting of their favourite actors and actresses.

    Some people like drama, others are fond of musical comedy. The most subtle theatre-lovers prefer ballet and opera. In our country there are a lot of theatres: big and small, new and old, famous and not very well known. The Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow is among the most famous theatreas in the world. Wondeful operas and ballets are staged in this theatre.  The names of Ulanova, Plisetskaya, Maximova, Vasiliev, Arkhipova, Sotkilava and others are known worldwide. The other most popular Moscow theatres are the Maly Theatre, the Satire Theatre, The Vachtangov Theatre and others. Young spectators attend the Children`s Musical Theatre and the Puppet Theatre more willingly. All these and lost of other theatres present a great variety or shows. That makes a spectator feel somewhat at a loss what theatre to choose. In this case it may turn out useful to consult a billboard  and find out what where is on.

    Theater is the art that first of all teaches to be human, to feel and empathize. Nothing more than theater has a strong emotional impact on people. And only theater can give an interested person a vivid perception of reality. He endows his viewers with true feelings and emotions.

Theatrical art gives a person, first of all, development and striving for excellence in working on himself, his weaknesses and habits.

The theater heals a person from the inside, placing before him all possible situations in life, directing him towards solving the problem.

The conclusion

    Both cinema and theater are wonderful art that conveys to people emotions and fantasies, dreams and thoughts. It is in our life and always will be, because we need it!

In the case of theatrical performances, the performances take place on stage and are performed by live actors.

    When we watch a movie on a big screen in a cinema, we are just watching staged images, there is no live action. In cinematography, there are some special effects that are realized through editing (explosions, fights, etc.), which are impossible in a cinema. In the movie, many takes are done for some scenes, while in the theater, all the action can take place in real time, and you cannot repeat some of the scenes [1, 43].

    Cinema is the end result of a certain script, but theater is a creative process in which actors can improvise. In the theater, each piece is performed only once, in all repetitions it will be different. The reason for this is the mood of the actor, the mood of the audience, and the emotional connection between the actors and the audience, which changes from game to game. In cinema, with multiple views, the image does not change at all, the emotional connection between what is happening on the screen and the viewer is practically absent. But cinema is superior to theater. Theater is perceived by the soul, while cinema is perceived mainly through the eyes [5, 102].

 

References

1.     История театра и кино : учебное пособие / Н. А.  Леготина;  М-во образования и науки Российской Федерации, Федеральное агентство по образованию, Курганский гос. ун-т. - Курган : [Изд-во Курганского гос. ун-та], 2008. - 116 с.

2.     История театра и кино : практическое пособие для вузов / А. И. Бураченко. — 2-е изд. — Москва : Издательство Юрайт, 2020. — 47 с

3.     Драма и театр: Сборник научных трудов / М-во образования Рос. Федерации. Твер. гос. ун-т. - Тверь : Твер. гос. ун-т, 1999-.Вып. 8 / [отв. ред. Н. И. Ищук-Фадеева]. - 2012. - 236 с.

4.     История русского драматического театра от его истоков до конца XX века [Текст] : учебник / [И. Л. Вишневская и др.] ; отв. ред. Н. С. Пивоварова ; ГИТИС. - 4-е изд., испр. - Москва : ГИТИС, 2016. – 619 с.

5.     Театральная педагогика : принципы, заповеди, советы / Л. В. Цукасова, Л. А. Волков ; ред. С. В. Цукасов ; предисл. В. И. Михеева ; вступ. ст. А. С. Тимофеевой. - Изд. 3-е, доп. - Москва : ЛИБРОКОМ, 2009. - 191 с.