Статья "Developing Students' Writing Skills at Higher Level"

                                   N.G. Zherebchenko,

 A.P. Rusinckevich

Donet                                   

DEVELOPING STUDENTS’ WRITING SKILLS AT HIGHER LEVELS

                            “For those, who experienced the delight of creativity,

                               all other pleasures no longer exist” /A.P. Chekhov/

Аннотация. В статье рассматриваются некоторые эффективные способы совершенствования навыков письма студентов старшего этапа обучения. Авторы предлагают примеры творческих заданий, оказывающих стимулирующее влияние на процесс развития навыков письма и создание условий для формирования интереса и мотивации студентов к изучению английского языка. Для повышения качества знаний при обучении письму предоставляется полезная информация и новые педагогические идеи из собственного опыта. 

Ключевые слова: творчество, мотивация, навыки письма, идеи преподавания, мнение, статьи и эссе, эффективные методы.

Summary. The article deals with some efficient ways to improve students’ writing skills.  The authors offer examples of creative tasks that have a stimulating effect on the process of writing skills development and the creation of conditions to increase the interest and motivation of students to study the English language. Useful information and new teaching ideas of own experience are provided to improve the quality of knowledge in teaching writing.   

Key words: creativity, motivation, writing skills, teaching ideas, opinion, articles and essays, effective methods.

Introduction. The concept of innovative learning experience involves making a creatively-developing educational environment in English classes by providing students with the opportunity to create knowledge themselves by saturating the content of education with materials that demonstrate new language tools and contain issues relevant to nowadays learners.

          The desire of creativity is characteristic of modern school. It is still a world of youth and hope where the search for reason and good does not fade away. Everyone knows, that the spirit of creativity arises only if the child has an interest and wish to work hard. Thus, using different methods and forms of education, the teacher contributes to the character of the student, teaches him to see all the colours of the world around, to be not afraid of routine work, since it is labour, based on interest and desire to work, gives him sprouts, of which creativity grows. The development of students’ ingenuity and originative abilities greatly increases the effectiveness of the lesson itself, creates imagination for revealing the identity of every person.

        Writing creative tasks performed in the system is not only a means of control. It is also educational in nature, develops students’ creative abilities and is an effective method of teaching students’ motor memory, affecting the emotional sphere and stimulating their activity. The practice of writing should be given great attention: we write letters of different types to foreign friends, make translations of English poems, fill out questionnaires, write greeting cards for holidays, prepare projects, wall newspapers, write compositions, articles and essays.

         The creative nature of the tasks offered during various contests, games, competitions contributes to better memorization and assimilation of various grammatical phenomena, expanding the vocabulary, opens up wide opportunities for individual work of students.

          The teacher needs to know the techniques for teaching writing skills and should remember that different levels and different styles of writing require different methods.

Objectives. The goal of this research is to share the experience of improving the writing process at the senior level, because the level of language competence of senior students allows us to use the most diverse teaching methods. The authors pay attention to the development of the culture of writing in a foreign language, the deepening of students’ cultural knowledge about life in the countries of the language being studied.  The authors are interested in determining the essence and features of writing and the specifics of teaching at the senior stage, studying theoretical positions on the problem of teaching writing and developing exercises for mastering foreign language written speech.

 Review of literature. The well-known scientists, teachers and psychologists such as examples E.I. Luria, V.M. Filatov, E. I. Passov, N.D. Galskaya, Y. M. Korke and others studied the problem of communicative competence formation that is one of the ways to formulate a thought in written speech. “Externally expressed like oral speech, written speech is secondary being a fixation of our thoughts and association”, this is the opinion of the famous methodist V.M. Filatov. [2] 

E.I. Passov considered that at present, the attitude to writing and teaching students, the ability to express their thoughts in writing has changed a lot. Writing as a learning goal is present in programs for all types of educational institutions, at all stages of foreign language learning.  Writing can enhance students’ thinking skills Writing stimulates thinking, chiefly because it forces us to concentrate and organize.

Gail Herald-Tailor in her book, “Whole Language Strategies for ESL Students” describes the process of writing in the following way:  writing process is an approach, which encourages ESL youngsters and adults to communicate with their written messages while simultaneously developing their literacy. In the writing process, communication is of paramount importance and therefore develops, but inaccurately, attempts at handwriting, spelling, and grammar are accepted until students improve their handwriting, reading, phonetics, spelling, grammar, and punctuation. The writing process as described above can improve students ' writing skills because it encourages them to write regardless of their ability level.

The work by an Assistant Professor of the Wobaita Sodo University in Ethiopia “A handbook of basic writing skills for EFL learners” is written with the intention of making its readers develop their writing skills in all compatible contexts (academic, non-academic and career). The book is a self-teaching guide with examples, self-check writing activities in constructing sentences, writing paragraphs, and composing essays. It’s nice for the readers who are struggling to improve their writing competence.

Content. Writing is one of those skills that deeply requires students to be motivated. If they are not involved in the writing task, in other words, if they don’t have a reason to write, the task you set forth won’t be an effective learning experience. What possible reasons could they have? Adult ESL students need to write letters, emails, faxes in English essays, articles, reports, etc.

The teachers have to decide which teaching strategies, exercises, or activities will help them develop their students’ writing skills. There is a wide variety of writing tasks you may assign your students to help them hone their writing skills, but taking into consideration your students’ needs, you may narrow down your options. For example, your students have to sit for international exams, which require writing essays and articles. The more they practice, the better. As we can read in the work “Sentence Combining: A Composing Book” by William Strong, “Writing skills are best learned through experience – through doing”. Now we are going to focus on developing students’ skills when writing essays and articles at the senior stage of training. [6]

As we get closer to the essay writing, let’s get familiar with the definition of an essay first. So, what is an essay? The word ‘essay” is derived from a Latin word ‘exagium’, which roughly translates to presenting one’s case. So, essays are a short piece of writing representing one’s side of the argument or one’s experiences stories, etc.                                                                                                            

An essay is a short composition based on a particular subject or theme, usually done by students as a part of their workload at school or university. Essays are extremely popular and are given as a task in every college and academic institution, as they are a great tool for developing various skills necessary in life: analytical thinking, research, creative skills, and so on.

Despite the fact that, as Shakespeare said, “the pen is mightier than the sword”, the pen itself is not enough to make an effective essay writing.

Tips for Essay Writing

1.     Give your essay an interesting and appropriate title to draw the readers’ attention and pique their curiosity.

2.     Keep it between 300 -500 words. This is the ideal length, you can take creative license to increase or decrease it.

3.     Keep your language simple and crisp. Do not use complicated and difficult words which break the flow of the sentence.

4.     Do not make grammar mistakes, use correct punctuation and spellings.

5.     Before beginning the essay organize your thought and plot a rough draft.

Writing an essay gives you the opportunity to display your knowledge, but it is important that you get the structure right. In case you aren’t sure about how to put your essay together, here is a helpful breakdown how to write an essay in English.

 There are three sections to focus on your essay: the introduction, body and conclusion. The classic essay structure is 5 paragraphs (1 for introduction, 3 for the body, and 1 for the conclusion), although more advanced essays become much longer and more complex.

 

              

                                      

 

                                                

                                           

                                                                        

Introduction. The introduction should begin with interesting hook that entices readers and make them want to read on. An interesting or controversial quotation or else a surprising statistic might make for a nice essay beginning.  Explain what you are trying to prove and define any terms or concepts that might be important. The introduction should be only a few sentences to prepare the reader for what they can expect.

Body. This section should be split into paragraphs with a different part of your argument to help your reader understand what you are trying to prove. This is the part of your assignment in which you need to explain and develop the main ideas of your topic. Almost always, this is the longest part of the paper. Start each paragraph with a topic sentence, then write down a supportive point for that idea, and end it by elaborating upon that idea (it can be a description, an explanation, or an example).  It’s important that this part of the essay be very well planned and continue in a logical, understandable order. Support your points with examples, details, quotes, or other evidence, and explain why these points confirm your argument.

Conclusion. The conclusion is your final chance to state your case. Conclusions are sometimes the hardest part to write, as you can’t simply copy what you have said elsewhere. Here you summarize the paper, remind the reader of your thesis, and leave them with some final thoughts. Sum up to your audience the major points you’ve made and leave them with something to think about, after they have done the reading. Remind your readers why your arguments are important, end it with a final impression or general statement.

                                               Writing Style of Essays

·        Use formal language – an essay is not the place for slang, casual phrases, or contractions.

·        Write in the third person, using words such as “he”, “she”, “they”, or “it”, and never refer to yourself (“I”, “me”) or the reader (“you”) directly.

·        Write in active speech, as opposed to passive, as this is a much more powerful way to express your points.

·        Ensure that each paragraph flows seamlessly onto the next. The last sentence of each paragraph should still somehow relate to the first sentence of the next.

                                    Rules for Writing a Good Essay.

1.     It aims to persuade readers of an idea based on evidence.

2.     It should have a thesis statement and an argument.

3.     It should answer the question or a task.

4.     It should present or discuss something.

5.     It should include relevant examples, supporting evidence    

and information from academic texts or other credible sources.

As an example, look at the structure and useful language using while writing a for and against essay.

For and Against Essay
Introduction Introduce your topic. Use a definition, a question, an example, the current state of situation. Advance that you are going to discuss both sides of it.	Useful language: Nowadays, the issue of, is a controversial one, many people say / think / believe that.
Argument for Mention at least 2 or 3 ideas in favour of the topic. Justify them or give examples.	Useful language: On the one hand.., one might argue that.., some people think that..,  more over.., also.., because.., for this reason.., therefore…
Argument against Mention at least 2 or 3 ideas against the topic. Justify them or give examples.	Useful language: On the other hand.., one might argue that.., on the contrary.., however.., other people think that.., furthermore.., in addition.., so.., this is why…
Conclusion Summarize the main ideas of the paragraphs. You can give your own opinion, or ask the readers for theirs, or simply state that there are different points of view/good and bad sides to it.	Useful language: In conclusion…, to sum up.., as we can see.., in my opinion.., as I see it…

Another way of developing students’ creativity is the article writing. An article is a piece of writing written for a large audience. The main motive behind writing is that it should be published in either newspapers or magazine, journals or online blogs. Students may be asked to write on a variety of topics: the Internet, favourite gadgets, health and fitness, sport or music, plays or hobbies, etc. Suppose your students have some opinions regarding a topic and they want to tell people about it.

First of all, they should know the steps of article writing:                 

                                             The Format of Writing an Article

 

                                                                Title of the article

                                                                     Writer’s name

Body (main part of the article)

§  Introductive paragraph

§  Descriptive paragraph

§  Additional paragraph (if needed)

Conclusion (ending part of the article)

Points to keep in mind for the article-writing format

1.     The topics of the articles should be unique and relevant

2.     Find the main goal for writing an article

3.     The article has to get readers’ attention

4.     It has to be interesting

5.     The reader is identified

6.     It has to be easy to read

7.     While writing an article, always use proper grammar, spelling, and punctuation

8.     Keep the introduction of the topic catching, interesting, and short

9.     Discuss the opinion and the matter in an organized and descriptive manner.

Some of the common mistakes are: not using facts or quotes, no use of paragraphs, the language should not be formal, etc. In addition, the article must be in easy language for better understanding.

 In the field of speech development, high school age is the age of general speech culture. Moreover, in this age, written speech can already outstrip the development of oral speech. The improvement of the autonomy of reasoning, pushing a number of topics and the linguistic and semantic richness of high school students is noted. In general, their speech becomes more literary, accurate, and rich in new words. Therefore, English language training at this stage should be professionally oriented.

Students should be able to refer, annotate comment and translate foreign texts of oral and written communication, according to I.A. Zimnyaya.  The forms of written speech tasks in the content of training English writing may include:

-  greeting cards, telegrams;

- notes (to family members, friends, colleagues);

- characteristics, questionnaires, forms;

- diaries (observations, travels);

- dictations, compositions, essays, articles, etc.;

- abstracts, reviews (on books, films, events of the week, works of art);

- reports, summaries, messages.

It is necessary to emphasize the role of exercises for finding the main information. Students choose the thoughts with the greatest information load from the text, learn to express the main idea of the paragraph in short. They must distinguish between the main and secondary parts of the text, as well as conversion and replacement actions. [7] To form actions for expanding the utterance we can recommend such exercises: making a similar story based on the text they read, inventing the beginning and ending of a story, essays in various versions, etc.

Tasks at the senior stage involve the development of the ability to logically comprehend information, critically evaluate events, comment, highlight the main idea, give a personal assessment, and argue your point of view.

The final requirements for teaching writing skills include the formation of students’ practical ability to use foreign language writing as a means of communication, knowledge, and creativity.

Conclusion and perspectives of further research. In conclusion, we can say, that learning to write in a foreign language is a demanding task.  Writing is an important form of communication and a key part of education. When a student learns how to write, he or she becomes more capable of analyzing what they write, interpret and think.  The better results the students get in a quality writing, the better success they will have in their future life, because our world is all about writing (posting, messaging, emailing and other forms of writing communication).

For example, writing essays and articles is a good tool to test the students’ knowledge by assessing their arguments, analyses, specific examples, as well as the conclusions they draw regarding the material of the module. Students use the appropriate vocabulary, organize their own writing style, try to express their opinion in a more logical way. It’s a great opportunity for them to use their imagination and creativity, logical thinking and intelligence.

          The perspective and further research will be connected with mastering of letter writing. It is also a very important life skill in the age of online communication. Knowing how to write different types of letters can help young people to get a job, form stronger relationships with their partners.

          Writing is a product which demonstrates the quality of students’ learning. All students have particular needs and interests which teachers can take into account to create motivating writing classes and activities. According to Brooks and Grundy (1990, 45) “when feelings are touched, learners are totally involved in the writing and appear at times to be writing above their capability” [1]

          The teachers should apply their knowledge of current theories and effective methods to make writing more interesting and successful.  The ability to express students’ thoughts in the written form in a foreign language must be developed consistently and constantly in order to achieve each person’s literacy and desire to learn.  

Appendix 1. Essay

For and against Essay.

Essay 1. The Importance of the Internet in Our Life

 One might deny that technology has crucially changed the world.  From the antiquity to our days people have been inventing things which are able to ease lives saving time and efforts. There is no stopping for this progress owing to the fact that humanity will require new devices according to their needs.

Yet, the trend nowadays is towards getting isolated down to heavy reliance on the Internet. This raises the issue whether the Internet should be regarded as a beneficial technological advance.

Although most people would generally agree that the Internet proves to be boundless treasury of knowledge, few would deny a day goes by without wasting time on using multiple applications, playing games and running the websites. On the one hand, the introduction of the Internet has made possible those things which people couldn’t even imagine.

 Thanks to them we are allowed to dive into the depths of the oceans and go into space, find information within no time and reach the most distant areas without leaving home. Another fact which has brought the Internet success about is the opportunity of keeping in touch with people, wherever they might be, let alone sharing videos and photos, impression and experiences in social networks.

However, those who object to admit the Internet success often argue that it is due to the Internet that we fail to distinguish between the real and virtual worlds, have trouble building live communication and become isolated from the society.

The situation has been exacerbated by modern children’s being glued to the screens for hours, missing out on live interaction and mistaking complete strangers for the trustworthy friends

From my point of view, the Internet has already become the essential part of our lives, whether we like it or not. Sad as it is, the only thing to alleviate the situation is keeping children occupied with attending sport and art classes, which enable them to catch up on the face-to-face socializing with peers. (Yegor Leva, graduator of School # 9, DPR)

Essay 2. Is it Important to Keep Secrets?

Actually, I feel dubious about the issue due to the fact that a secret from my point of view isn’t supposed to be shared at all. As I see it, it is the sort of information which people make every effort to isolate from the friends, relatives or society. So, contrary to this saying I am inclined to believe that the only way to keep the secret is to hold it back.

However, one might hardly deny that there is an exception – some news is to the one to be gossiped and talkative people can’t help sharing impressions and experiences. It seems to be a double-edged sword: on the one hand, you relieve your negative or positive emotions by sharing events. On the contrary, this brings about the possibility of information “leak”. Furthermore, who are our real friends? And how many are those who pretend to be them?

Unfortunately, these questions have no certain answer. Sad as it is, some of us are surrounded by selfish people who may use you as much as possible to realize their own ambitions. This raises the issue of difference between classmates, acquaintances and real friends. Only if your friend is the one to rely on and your friendship has been “tested” with time, you are able to share your secret without hesitation. In other cases, it would make sense to avoid discussing it so as not to be ashamed or find yourself in a mess.

Finally, it depends on the importance of the secret – there are things which mustn’t be talked wherever and whenever it might be. In this regard, before sharing any information you have to estimate the harm which might be caused as long as your secrets were revealed. (Yegor Leva, the winner of the DPR English Olympiad, 2020)

Opinion Essay

Essay 1 The Best Place for Aliens to Land in Our Country. (a school magazine)

I think that the best place for aliens to land in our country is Lenin Square. Firstly, the area is large and without unnecessary structures, so it is the most wonderful landing strip. Secondly, it’s very difficult to surprise the local population with something, because many of them have seen almost everything in this life. Thirdly, the inhabitants of Donetsk are hospitable and good-natured people, we are always happy to see travellers, because people haven’t come to our city by their own free will because of the Covid pandemia. Fourthly, it will improve our material condition.

Scientists, military men, tourists and UN representatives will come to us. We will finally have a good attraction, a platform for scientific research and naturally the stage will be set for mass media. But now it’s better for them to wait because our air borders are closed and they cannot be allowed to pass. First, we need to defeat the virus and only then establish all these unique contacts. (Zlata Gnativ, Form 10, School #9, DPR)

Appendix 2. Article

Article 1. My Favorite Movie.

Perhaps my favorite movie genre is the psychological thriller. There is a sea of interesting films in this genre. Among them, one of my favorite films is “Fight Club”. This is the great movie with a very strong idea and promise.

In this film, perhaps, literally everything is ideal, from shooting and musical accompaniment (which I am listening to while I am writing this article), ending with meaning and acting. Brad Pitt in this film played great, I do not know a man, who would play this role better than him.

This film appeals to people with the thought that it is enough to spin in the wheel, like a squirrel, you need to grow your personality, you need to get rid of the systematic way of life. And this is done as filigree as possible. This movie should be watched by everyone in the world.

Such films give a lot of food for thought, and it is simply incredibly interesting to watch them, because the plot is far from typical and gives an incredible pleasure. (Alim Zanibekov, Form 10, School #9, DPR)

Article 2. My Favorite Gadgets

Like a great deal of other teens, I am a complete techno freak, so it’s hard for me to pick just three things I couldn’t live without.

First of all, I guess my favorite gadget is a smart phone. In addition to a standard voice function of a mobile phone, a smart phone may support a lot of different services and accessories, such as SMS for text messaging, email, gaming Bluetooth, the Internet, infrared camera with video recorder and MMS for sending and receiving photos and video, MP3 player, radio and GPS.

The second thing I really love is my Personal Computer and this is not surprising at all. I can do anything I like with its help. The third thing is headphones with Bluetooth as I can listen to music wherever and whenever I want.

To sum up, it is clear that gadgets make our life comfortable, full of an incredible experience and, in addition, save our time and money. (Artem Lysyuk, Form 10, School #9, DPR)

Article 3. The Movies’ Relish  

I like to watch movies, because it is remarkable fun. That’s why when I watch them, my soul rests. I watch a comedy and always laugh. I think and try to imagine: "What would happen if I became a superman?" I always watch movies at night and eat candy. And why not? TV has been invented for us that we would watch it and relax. For example, on Mondays it is accepted in my family to watch the collection of family comedies that I and my mom choose.

I love the movie "1000 Words" because it is my favorite genre, and a very good actor is being filmed there. It is not just a comedy and not just a zombie, and the like, but it is an incredible story of love, courage and willpower! How I wish that people could watch TV both in school and at work, sorry that it cannot be ... But it still would be nice to come home, change clothes there and sit down to watch TV with the whole family.

My advice to everyone is: choose the movies together and even watch them on certain days! Many adults believe that TV corrupts children, but I believe it is not so! You can watch documentaries instructing something, and learn a lot of new and interesting things.

What adult bores! They believe that television is a waste of time! I love some relaxing reading and watching movies with my parents. “No” adults say, and what’s so wrong with that? A comedy makes a person laugh, and as the saying goes, " Laughter prolongs life." That's it. Watch comedies, laugh and relax not only the body but the soul! (Nikita Maksimenko, Form 10, School #9, DPR)

Article 4. My favorite Hobby

My favorite hobby is Formula 1 racing. I know nothing more exciting, not a single film can be compared to the battles in F1. I am a fan of the German driver Sebastian Vettel who is a racing driver for Scuderia Ferrari. From his merits: 4 champion titles, 53 wins, 120 podiums and 57 pole positions. He is among the best racers in the history of Formula 1, in my opinion he is the best. Despite the crazy fame around the world, he remains the simplest guy, the husband of his wife and the father of three children. Recent seasons do not add up due to the team’s mistakes that by their pressure also affect Sebastian’s results.

You can recall the best seasons of Formula 1 over the past decades - 2010 and 2012, in which Vettel won. The title was played in the last races of the seasons; the competition was stunning! In 2010, for the first time since the late 80s, 5 racers fought for the title! Moreover, Vettel was a dark horse all season as he had never led in the championship until victory in the last race - Abu Dhabi GP, after which the German was crowned for the first time.

All Formula 1 fans remember the last race of 2012 - GP Brazil. The race was the greatest ... Fernando Alonso fought for the title on Ferrari and Sebastian Vettel on Red Bull. In qualifying Alonso stepped forward, starting the race from a higher position. It was Sunday morning and heavy rain was flooding the track. Starting the race, Vettel’s partner closed the line of the turn, thereby substituting a partner, who, unlike him, was fighting for the title. Sebastian unfolded the car behind, breaking the front wing and damaging the side elements of the car. Despite all the subsequent horror of that race, Sebastian was able to climb to the 6th position and score the right amount of points to win the season. It was also the last race of Michael Schumacher.

 Formula 1 is a real adrenaline rush for me, even through the screen you feel all the tension and all responsibility that is assigned to the drivers. I advise you to watch F1 races, but now no one is chasing, no sporting events are being held all over the world because of the coronavirus pandemic. (Alim Zanibekov, Form 10, School #9, DPR)

Review Article 1

Gadgets Improve Everyone’s Life

There are many useful gadgets nowadays which do many things that were impossible before. We have many of them at home and use them every day. Why do we need them? Can modern society go without them? Let's take a closer look at the situation and learn some fine samples.

 Firstly, it’s a smartphone. Today telephones consist of a photo camera, an audio-recorder, a MP3-player. They even have access to the net and, of course, can call and send messages. It’s like a small computer in your hand because you can check your emails, chat with your friends, watch series and not need any computer. You can even connect to the printer using your phone!

Secondly, it’s a smart watch. It’s the controller of your phone on your hand. Especially, it is useful during exercising or running when you have to answer the phone or turn over the music. It’s also helpful in fitness to know about your results during some time. Also it’s really perfect on the tests when you can easily find the information you need and the teacher won’t see anything. ;)

I hope you liked my review on the gadgets. Which ones do you want? (Alina Ostapets, Form 10, School #9, DPR)

Advert leaflet 1

Visit Donetsk and Have Fun!

Having a weekend in Donetsk and don't know how to take a rest? We've got a huge number of decisions for you!

·        Eating out

o   The best place to sit in restaurant listening to lounge music and eating delicious meals is the Pushkin Boulevard. Numerous amounts of different cafes and food courts will amaze you! There are all kind of dishes for everyone: from traditional Russia food to extraordinary meals. Prices are not so cheap but it’s all worth it if you like eating out.

·        Nice stroll

o   There are many beautiful places to walk in our city. Many people like Pushkin Boulevard stated above and they are right – it’s full of wonderful lights and gossoons, picturesque buildings and alleys to tour along. But there is another great and popular place for those who like a journey on two feet and it is the Kalmius embankment. Water and trees, quite sounds of birds and a breathtaking view from every bridge makes it the best place for romantic meeting of lovely couples.

·        What about attractions?

o   The best place to have fun with attractions is the Funtura in the Donetsk City Shopping Centre. It’s all about computer games and technological entertainment. For those who like “old school” there is another decision – the Scherbakov Park – trampolines, panoramic wheel, shootings, etc.

I hope you’ve found the best way to have a kickback in Donetsk. (Alina Ostapets, Form 10, School #9, DPR)

References

1.     Brook S. A., Grundy P. Writing for study purposes: A Teacher guide to developing individual writing skills. / S.A. Brook, Grundy P. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. – p. 45 

2.       Filatov V.M. Methods of Teaching Foreign languages /V.M. Filatov. – Rostov -on-Don: Phoenix, 2004, - 314 c.

3.      Galskova N.D., Gez N.N. Theory of Teaching Foreign Languages.   Linguodidactics and Methodology. / N.D. Galskova, N.N. Gez. – M.: Academy, 2008. – 336 c.

4.     Herald-Taylor, Gail. Whole Language Strategies for ESL Students. / Gail Herald-Taylor. Toronto: OISE Press,1986. – 48 c.

5.     Passov E.I. Learning to write. Textbook / E.I. Pasov. – Voronezh: NOY ”Interlingua”, 2002. – 2-30c.

6.     Strong William. Sentence Combining and Paragraph Building / William Strong New York: Random House, 1981, - 64 c. 

7.     Zymnyaya U.A. Psychology of Teaching a Foreign Language at School / U.A. Zymnyaya. – M.: Prosveschenie. – 2007. – 235 c.