Лекция по иностранному языку на тему "Perfect continuous tenses"

 Тема 16. 

Грамматическая тема: Perfect continuous tenses 

THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (настоящее совершенное длительное время)

I.                    Образование. Настоящее совершенное длительное время образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола “have”, употребленного в форме Present Perfect (have been, has been)  и причастия I смыслового глагола.

+	-	?
I have been working We have been working You have been working They have been working	I have not been working We have been working You have been working They have been working	Have I been working? Have we been working? Have you been working? Have they been working?
He has been working She has been working                It has been working	He has been working  She has been working It has been working	Has he been working? Has she been working? Has it been working?

II.                 Употребление.

1)      Настоящее совершенно-длительное время употребляется для выражения действия, которое началось в прошлом, продолжалось некоторое время и все еще продолжается в момент речи. На русский язык эта форма переводится глаголом настоящего времени. Часто это значение реализуется с помощью предлогов for и since и с вопросительным словом how long. We have been watching TV since two o’clock.

How long has he been working for DP-Trade company?

2)      Данная форма также выражает действие,  которое началось в прошлом, продолжалось некоторое время и закончилось непосредственно перед моментом речи. В данном случае глагольная форма переводится с помощью глаголов прошедшего времени.

Janet doesn’t feel well. She has been working on a new advertising project.

I’m glad to see you. I’ve been waiting for you.

3)      Важно помнить, что группа глаголов, не употребляющихся в Continuous (см.выше), не употребляется в Present Perfect Continuous. Вместо этой временной формы употребляется Present Perfect.

4)      Необходимо также помнить о том, что основная разница в употреблении Present Perfect и Present Perfect Continuous (второй случай употребления) состоит в том, что первое время всегда акцентирует результат,  законченность действия к моменту речи, в то время как употребляя второе говорящий не заинтересован в результате действия (в том, закончено ли оно или нет), а говорящего интересует длительность, процесс самого действия. Ср: I’ve been reading a book. (я читал книгу, неизвестно и неважно, дочитал ли я ее до конца)

                                I’ve read a book. (я прочитал книгу до конца, важен результат)

THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (прошедшее совершенное длительное время)

Образование. Прошедшее совершенное длительное время образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола “to have” в Past Perfect (had been) и причастия первого смыслового глагола.

+	-	?
I had been working He had been working She had been working It had been working We had been working You had been working They had been working	I had not been working He had not been working She had not been working It had not been working We had not been working You had not been working They had not been working	Had I been working? Had he been working? Had she been working? Had it been working? Had we been working? Had you been working? Had they been working?

                I.          Употребление.

1)      Прошедшее совершенное длительное время употребляется для выражения длительного прошедшего действия, начавшегося ранее другого прошедшего действия (выраженного Past Simple) и еще продолжающего в момент совершения второго действия. В данном случае Past Perfect Continuous употребляется с указаниями периода времени совершения действия с предлогом for. На русский язык это время переводится глаголом прошедшего времени несовершенного вида.

We had been talking for an hour when somebody knocked on the door.

2)      Данная форма употребляется для выражения длительного прошедшего действия, которое закончилось непосредственно перед моментом осуществления второго прошедшего действия (выраженного Past Simple). Период времени, в течение которого проистекало первое действие, может быть указан или не указан.

I  was tired because I had been doing some work in the garden.

3)      Глаголы, не принимающие форму Continuous, ставятся в Past Perfect Tense.

I  was happy to go to Jamaica. I had wanted to go there for a very long time.

Общие Сведения Future Tenses

	Simple/ Indefinite	Progressive / Continuous		Perfect		Perfect Progressive / Perfect Continuous
	Однократное или повторяюще-еся действие,	процесс, незаконченное действие, которое		результат, завершенность определенного	до	действие, которое будет продолжаться уже некоторое время до
	последовательность действий	будет происходить определенный момент времени	в	момента времени или другого действия в будущем		определенного момента времени или другого действия
+	will                       V I, we   shall	will             be V-ing shall		will             have V3 shall           (V-ed)		will            have been V-ing shall
-	will            not       V I, we shall	will        not be V-ing shall		will              not have V3 shall           (V-ed)		will           not have been V-ing shall

Вспомогательные глаголы shall и will в разговорной речи обычно употребляются в краткой форме:

+	-
We’ll go home soon. He’ll be here tomorrow.	We shan’t / won’t go to the country soon. He won’t be there tomorrow.

Лексическая тема: Wonders of the modern world

There are so many wonders of the world. But all of them are different in their nature. In the Ancient times there were seven wonders of the world: the Pyramids of Egypt, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, the Statue of Zeus, the Temple of Artemis, the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus, the Pharos of Alexandria, the Colossus of Rhodes. They were created by people to glorify beauty and entreat gods or emperors. Nowadays most of the ancient wonders are destroyed but the existing ones still remind us of the man's power and wisdom.

But wonders of the modern world are different from the ancient ones which were all buildings and statues. In the last centuries there was a time of unprecedented technical and scientific achievements. That's why the modern wonders are mainly the product of science and technology. And these wonders made our life easier, more efficient and convenient.

The achievements of science can be easily seen in the material level modern. These are of course the modern conveniences and appliances. We can't imagine our life today without telephone, television, fax, cars, planes, computers, space rockets etc.

Nowadays modern industry is fulfilled with the help of robots which replaced man in some hard or dangerous labour and run by computers. Robots provide people with all necessities/They have vision systems and work at a very high speeds. And today they are used fore skilled work like welding, spray painting and assembling components. Although robots have got some disadvantages their main benefits are the quality of work and also that they never get bored with their tasks.

Modern agriculture is based on scientific weather and harvest predictions. It depends heavily on engineering and technology and on the biological and physical sciences. Irrigation, drainage, conservation, and sanitation are some of the fields requiring the specialised knowledge of agricultural engineers today. Mechanisation, the outstanding characteristic of late 19th- and 20thcentury agriculture, has eased much of the backbreaking toil of the farmer. More significantly, mechanisation has enormously increased farm efficiency and productivity. Planes and helicopters are employed in agriculture for such purposes as seeding, transporting perishable products, and fighting forest fires, and in spraying operations involved in insect and disease control. Radio and television disseminate vital weather reports and other information that is of concern to farmers. Agriculture supplied with greenhouses and chemical fertilizers produces a huge amount of food which can be stored for a long time and transported to different places.

In the 20th century, many infectious diseases have been conquered through vaccines, antibiotics, and improved living conditions. Cancer has become a more common illness, but treatments have been developed that effectively combat some forms of the disease. Basic research into life systems was also begun in the 20th century. Important discoveries were made in many areas, especially concerning the basis for the transmission of hereditary traits and the chemical and physical mechanisms for brain function. The advance of medical knowledge enables people to perform the most complicated operations with the help of modern equipment and to keep people alive with the help of implanted parts. And I think the best way to show the advance of medical service is to say that average life expectancy in Europe has risen dramatically from 50 years to about 75 years.

The modern world of high technology could not have come about except for the development of the computer. Different types and sizes of computers find uses throughout society in the storage and handling of data, from secret governmental files to banking transactions to private household accounts. Computers have opened up a new era in manufacturing through the techniques of automation, and they have enhanced modern communication systems. They are essential tools in almost every field of research and applied technology, from constructing models of the universe to producing tomorrow's weather reports, and their use has in itself opened up new areas of conjecture. Database services and computer networks make available a great variety of information sources. The same advanced techniques also make possible invasions of privacy and of restricted information sources, but computer crime has become one of the many risks that society must face if it would enjoy the benefits of modern technology. Computer networks have become increasingly important in the development of computer technology. Networks are groups of computers that are interconnected by communications facilities. The public Internet is an example of a global network of computers. Networks enable connected computers to rapidly exchange information and in some cases, to share a workload, so that many computers may cooperate in performing a task. New software and hardware technology is being developed that will accelerate both of these processes.

The achievements of space exploration have surpassed the wildest expectations of men and have overturned so many notions made by reputable scientists who could hardly foresee satellites and long-term stations and international crews working in space for months and astronauts walking in outer space. It is a real wonder, isn't it?

We have invented many things but we should remember that not all of them are peaceful, because there are such inventions as nuclear weapons, atom bombs, etc. The ecology is also harmed by our inventions. Many species are dying out. Forests are destroyed by acid rains and cut out for farming. Natural resources are being exhausted. So before inventing something we should thing about the consequences first otherwise all of us may disappear one day. But anyway there are so many amazing things have been made in the world today.