Страноведческий материал по Австралии и Новой Зеландии

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  Australia's political system.
  Australia is a constitutional monarchy led by the Queen of Great Britain.
  

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  The Queen is represented by the Governor General, who is appointed by the Australian government. The Governor-General appoints members of the Executive Council, his advisory cabinet.
  The main legislative body of the country is the federal parliament. It consists of the Queen, the Senate and the House of Representatives. Senate members are elected
  for a six-year term.
  The Senate has ten senators from each
  state and two from each
  territory. The House of
  Representatives is elected
  by direct ballot for a term
  of three years.
  

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  Executive power belongs to the queen and the government. It is headed by the prime minister. Ministers are elected from among members of Parliament and the Executive Council.
  

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  There are two main political parties in Australia: the Australian Labor Party and the coalition of liberal and agrarian parties. Until the 1930s, Australia was largely dependent on Britain for its political affairs. But in 1931, Australia became completely independent of Great Britain.
  

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  The capital and major cities of Australia.
  

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  The centre of Canberra is a small hill. Several streets run from that hill. Special charm is given to Canberra by an artificial lake in the centre of the city. A fountain more than 100 metres high is in the western part of the lake. At night powerful lights illuminate the water. It is the Captain Cook Fountain, one of the main places of interest in Canberra. Another one is a memorial military museum. The building of the Australian Academy of Sciences is quite unusual in form — it is like a huge overturned bowl.
  The capital of Australia, Canberra, is a young and small city. It was founded in the 20th century and now has a population of about 260 000 people.
  
  

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  Sydney is Australia’s largest and oldest city. It was the first British settlement. Sydney has the oldest in the country botanical gardens and the Zoo.
  One of the main places of interest of the city is the famous bridge over the Bay of Port Jackson. Another one is the Opera House, which resembles large white shells in form. It is surrounded by the sea on three sides. Sydney is the city of three universities.
  

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  Melbourne is the second largest city in Australia. It was the capital of the country till 1927 and now is the centre of Australian business world. It is also one of the largest ports in the country. Melbourne is a beautiful city with numerous skyscrapers, straight boulevards and large parks and gardens. One of Melbourne’s places of interest is the house of Captain Cook, the famous British navigator.
  

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  Sights of Australia
  Royal Botanic Gardens
  Great Barrier Reef
  Sydney Opera House
  

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  Royal Botanic Gardens
  The Botanical Garden is the pride of the city of Melbourne. In the park and its adjoining Domain (The Domain) grow 8900 species of plants that are known far beyond Australia. A large number of small animals and birds live in the garden, including yellow-crested cockatoo, fox-like summons, white Australian ibis and others.
  

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  Great Barrier Reef
  The world's largest coral reef, which is located in the Pacific Ocean. The ridge has more than 2,900 individual coral reefs and 900 islands in the Coral Sea.
  The Great Barrier Reef stretches along the northeast coast of Australia for 2,500 km and covers an area of ​​about 344,400
  square kilometers. The Great Barrier Reef is the largest natural object on Earth formed by living organisms - it can be seen from space.
  
  The structure of this reef is made up of billions of tiny organisms known to science as coral polyps.
  In 1981, UNESCO was selected as a World Heritage Site.
  
  

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  Sydney Opera House
  The outlines of the theater
  resemble a huge sailboat,
  which is ready to sail to the country where fairy tales live.
  Its construction was based
  on the idea of ​​ancient
  architects from China and consisted in abandoning ordinary walls and installing on a huge foundation a number of dazzling white roofs in the form of giant fans.
  
  June 28, 2007 the theater is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
  
  Opened October 20, 1973 by Queen Elizabeth II of Australia. The ceremony was performed by Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony and was accompanied by fireworks.
  
  
  
  
  

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  Geographical location of Australia
  
  Australia is the only country in the world occupying the territory of a whole continent of the same name, as well as about. Tasmania and surrounding islands.
  

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  The country is located in the southern and eastern hemispheres, washed by the seas of the Pacific and Indian oceans. In the north it is washed by the Timor, Arafura seas and the Torres Strait, in the east by the Coral and Tasman Seas, in the south by the Bass Strait and the Indian Ocean, in the west by the Indian Ocean. The coastline is indented weakly.
  

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  The total area of ​​the country is about 7.7 million square meters. km
  

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  Canberra is the capital of Australia
  In 1770, the English captain James Cook discovered the east coast of Australia and named it New South Wales. He swam in the Gulf of Botany near the spot where modern Sydney is located. In 1788, not far from modern Sydney, the first English colony arose.
  

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  Climate Of Australia
  
  
  On the continent of Australia there are several climatic zones:
  1)Subequatorial
  2)Tropical
  3)Subtropical
  4)Temperate
  Therefore the climate of Australia depends on its geographical areas.
  In the North of the country the average temperature from 22 to 24 degrees Celsius
  In the East and center of Australia, a humid tropical climate. Temperature from 11 to 25 degrees Celsius.
  In the West, temperatures reach 14-15 degrees Celsius.
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  

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  Atmospheric Circulation
  Australia as compact land mass affects wind regime, but winds bring little rainfall.The Australian mainland is located mainly in the subtropical zone of high pressure.Tropical cyclones (hurricanes) occasionally penetrate. They bring a lot of trouble on the East coast between Brisbane and Cooktown.
  

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  Rainfall
  Almost 40% of Australia receives less than 250 mm of precipitation, and about 70% of the mainland receives less than 500 mm of precipitation per year.
  Only two areas regularly get snow: at altitudes of more than 1,350 m in the Australian Alps in Victoria and New South Wales and at altitudes of more than 1,050 m in the Tasmanian mountains.
  

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  Animals and plants of Australia
  

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  Kangaroo
  First, the kangaroo family is
  very diverse and has more
  than 50 species from the
  smallest, up to 30 cm tall,
  to giant more than 1.5
  meters of animals, reaching
  a weight of 90 kg. the largest representatives of the family, gray and red (red) kangaroos, some males which grow up to 3 meters and weigh up to 100 kg. Appearance determined the characteristic way of movement-springy jumps on the hind legs. Jumping some adults reach 12 meters in length and 3 meters in height, in case of danger kangaroos develop a speed of up to 60 km / h. Thick tail during the jump serves as a balancer, and in a calm state-an additional support, standing on his hind legs and using the tail of the kangaroo keep the trunk in an upright position. In case of danger kangaroos inflict the strongest blows with their hind legs, often breaking the bones of the attacked animal.
  

• 22 слайд

  Golden acacia
  Golden acacia is a tree
  that in its adult state
  can grow up to 12 meters in height. Unlike the familiar to us of the acacia trees, its
  branches hanging down,
  vaguely resembling a
  weeping willow. The bark
  of the tree differs in color variations: it can be either dark brown or gray. One of the interesting features of the thick-flowered acacia is the absence of leaves in the usual sense. Instead, there are phyllodia-these are expanded cuttings that have the same functions as a normal leaf. With the help of phyllodia, photosynthesis and nutrition of the plant take place. This tree blooms in the spring, mainly in March and April. Flowers are yellow, collected in long brushes.
  

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  Capital and major cities of new Zealand
  

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  Wellington
  The capital of New Zealand is a city called Wellington,
  which in this country is the
  second largest. Locals believe this city is very cozy and comfortable to live in, in
  principle, the whole of New
  Zealand is such. A few years
  ago, Wellington was awarded
  the title of the most environmentally friendly city, and this says a lot, this city is definitely worth a visitThe local population is mostly represented by Europeans, although, of course, here you can meet completely different people and, accordingly, completely different speech, But most often, of course, there is English. What is so remarkable about this city and why should you go on a trip here? Most people dream to get to Wellington in order to look at the places where the characters of the famous work "the Lord of the rings" walked, the landscapes of this city really fascinate and leave no one indifferent. There are special tours, which are just the same dedicated to the places where this film was shot.
  

• 25 слайд

  Auckland
  New Zealand's largest city
  with a population of
  approximately 1.3 million,
  with a population of
  approximately 4.1 million
  nationwide. The area
  occupied by Greater Auckland is the largest urbanised area of New Zealand. Geographically and administratively, Greater Auckland includes: Auckland city, the Central and most urbanised part of the city, North Shore city, Manukau City, Waitakere City, and the urbanised parts of Papakura District, Rodney District, and Franklin District. From the beginning, the main stream of European settlers went to New Zealand through Auckland. In the early years, the main part of them were residents of New South Wales in Australia, but in the beginning of 1842, ships began to arrive here with settlers directly from great Britain. From 1853 until the abolition of this administrative unit in 1876, Auckland was the centre Of the province of Auckland.
  
  

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  Sights of New Zealand
  

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  On the territory of the island state there are many places where you can stay away from the bustle of the city. Among them, it is worth noting the following:
  Fjord Milford Sound. It is called the “Eighth
  Wonder of the World” due to the unusual ecosystem that has been created here over millions of years. The bay arose in this place even during the ice age. Now it is one of the most popular tourist pilgrimages due to the combination of clear water, steep coastal cliffs and wooded mountains surrounding the coast.
  Milford Sound is one of
  the wettest places on the
  planet where sea and fresh
  water mix. Therefore, unique
  birds and animals live here,
  not found anywhere else on
  the planet.
  
  

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  Lake Taravera.
  It is famous for its magnificent thermal springs. If you purchase a license, avid fishermen will be ableto go fishing for environmentally friendly trout.
  
  
  
  

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  ●
  Ruakokoputuna cave.
  
  She does not scare even those who are afraid of the dark, because her arches illuminate fireflies around the clock.
  

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  Napier Art Deco is another interesting sight. Napier is a small city in Hawke’s Bay and it is famous for its strikingly beautiful art deco style buildings. The architecture of this city is different from any other city in the world.
  

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  Geographical
  position of
  New Zealand
  

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  New Zealand occupies two large (North and South) and about 700 small islands in the southwestern Pacific. It is included in the composition of Polynesia which, in turn, is part of the global region of Oceania.
  The two main islands of New Zealand are separated by the Cook Strait. The total area of ​​New Zealand is 268,680 km2. The coastline is 15134 km.
  

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  The relief of New Zealand is represented mainly by hills and mountains. More than 75% of the country's territory lies at an altitude of more than 200 m above sea level. The highest point of the North Island is the Ruapehu volcano (2797 m), the South
  Island is more mountainous,
  along it the ridge of the Southern Alps mountains stretches from north to south, the highest peak
  of which is Mount Cook (3754 m).
  

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  In addition to it, there are 18 more peaks on the South Island with a height of more than 3,000 m. The western part of the South Island is famous for its numerous fjords and
  glaciers descending from the slopes of the Southern Alps directly into the Tasman Sea.
  
  

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  Сlimate of New Zealand
  The average annual temperature is from +9°C in the south to +15°C in the north. The coldest month is July, and the warmest months are January and February. In summer, in the northern regions of the country, the temperature rises above 30°C, and in the alpine regions of the South Island in winter it can reach -10°C.Night frosts in winter are not uncommon throughout the country.
  
  
  

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  The highest temperature in the history of meteorological observations in New Zealand reached +42°C and was recorded in Marlborough, Christchurch and Rangiora, located on the South Island. The lowest temperature of -22°C was also recorded on the South Island - in
  Central Otago.
  Therefore, the
  weather in New
  Zealand is considered
  not very stable.
  

• 37 слайд

  Thanks to the clean atmosphere, the weather in New Zealand is great! There is a lot of sun, and it is quite difficult to do without sunglasses, especially in the first days after arrival. Also in the summer it is recommended to wear a hat and use sunscreens, otherwise you risk sunburn. On average, the number of hours of sunshine in the country is at least 2000, and even more in Nelson, the sunniest city in New Zealand.
  

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  Animals and plants of New Zealand
  

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  South MoA. Flightless ratites poultry, vegetarian. It was distributed in the Northern and southern Islands. Preferred forests, plains, overgrown
  with bushes, and meadows. Shared the fate of other large flightless birds
  
  Haast's eagle. A feathered predator
  that lived in the modern historical era. The weight of the bird is estimated at 10-15 kg. the Wings could open at 2.5m. this makes the eagle one of the largest birds of prey. It is assumed that the eagles hunted mainly flightless moas. Shared the fate of their victims-eagles became extinct soon after the settlement of the archipelago by the Maoris.
  

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  Nettle tree (Oskanoga) - tree trunk which can reach a height of 5 meters. Its branches and leaves are covered with many white poisonous lumps, about 6 mm in length, which contain formic acid and histamine. At the slightest touch, they break down and remain on the skin, introducing toxins that cause breathing difficulties, temporary paralysis and impaired vision. The case with a fatal outcome is recorded only once. Most often, people stung by this tree feel unwell for 2-3 days, but then go on the mend.