Задания
для дистанционного урока
Дисциплина Английский
язык
Преподаватель Захарова
А.А.
Группа СД1.9
Дата 26.05.22
Лекционный
материал -
“Внешняя торговля”.
Trade is the buying and
selling of goods and services. The products that are exchanged are things that
people grow or make, like food to eat, machines to work with or clothes to
wear. Services are things that people do for others, like working in bank,
caring for old people or teaching pupils.
Why do we trade?
Trade happens because
people need or want things that they don't have. We also trade for work that we
cannot do ourselves. Trade between countries happens for the same reason. Some
countries, for example, have natural resources, like coal, oil or wood which
other countries might want to buy. They try to sell the goods, products or
services that they have too much of to other countries. They earn money from
these sales and then can buy the things that they themselves need and cannot
produce on their own.
Both producers and consumers
profit from international trade. If countries can produce goods more cheaply
than others because they specialize on them why not let them. They make more
money on one side and consumers in other countries can buy goods that are
cheaper.
Even though many nations
have a lot of different goods to export there are countries that depend only on
one or two products to get money. Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and other countries of
the Middle East depend on oil exports, because it is pretty much the only thing
that they can sell. Poor countries in Africa depend largely on the export of
tropical farm products to get money.
Each year goods and
services worth about 11 trillion dollars ($ 11 000 000 000 000) are traded all
over the world. The biggest exporting nations are The United States, France,
Germany, the United Kingdom, Canada and Japan.
The difference between
what a country exports and what it imports is called the balance of trade. If a
country exports more than it imports we call this a trade surplus. And if a
country pays more for its imports than it gets for its exports it has a trade
deficit.
How trade is limited
In some countries the
government controls all trade and in others it allows companies and firms to
trade freely. However, all governments control trade in some way.
Sometimes a government
forbids companies to buy or sell dangerous or illegal products, or military
technology. When companies expand and get bigger they often take over others
and form a monopoly. Governments pass laws to prevent companies from becoming
too strong and powerful and from controlling the market.
Many governments try to
help their own industries by making it more difficult to import foreign
products. They put import taxes on foreign goods to make products more
expensive and their own products cheaper. A government may also limit the
number of products that it will buy from another nation. European countries,
for example, may limit the number of cars that are imported from Japan or the
USA. They want their people to buy European cars. We call this strategy
protectionism because governments want to protect their companies and
industries.
History of trade
Trading is as old as
mankind. The early civilizations of Mesopotamia or Egypt traded among
themselves and with other people. Gradually, trade routes developed over land
and sea. These were used to transport spices, salt, minerals and jewels over
great distances.
In the 15th century
Europeans started exploring the seas to find new trade routes to Asia. The
Portuguese explored the coast of Africa, the Spanish, English and French set
across the Atlantic and founded colonies in the New World. In the 1700s the
Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain. During the following two
centuries it became the most powerful trading nation in the world. The British
sold goods to its colonies and received raw materials from them.
During this era
governments did not interfere much with free trade. As a result many owners
became very rich. They kept all the money themselves and paid workers badly. In
the first half of the 20th century World War I and the Great Depression led to
the decline of world trade. Many governments introduced new plans to help their
own companies' workers.
After the Second World
War the big countries of the free world tried to improve free trade. Some have
formed trading blocs that trade freely. The biggest of them are the European
Union, NAFTA and South America's Mercosur. About 150 countries are members of
the World Trade Organization, an institution that sets up rules for world
trade.
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