English Royal Family. War of The Roses.
Цели и задачи:
1.Практическая: систематизировать и
обобщить знания по теме «Все из истории Британии».
2.Образовательная: формировать интерес к
культуре и истории страны изучаемого языка, расширять кругозор учащихся.
3.Воспитательная: создать положительную
мотивацию к дальнейшему изучению языка.
4.Развивающая: совершенствовать память,
внимание, воображения, логическое мешление.
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Contents
Introduction
………………………………………………….. 3
Chapter
1………………………………………………………4
Chapter
2………………………………………………………6
Chapter
3………………………………………………………8
Conclusion………………………………………...………….11
Appendix………………………………………………..……12
Sources…………………………………..…………………...14
Introduction.
My topic is English Royal Family - War of the Roses. I have chosen this theme
because I`m interested in English history and I want to know more about
English Royal Family. Also I think we should learn the history because all
people mustn`t forget the events of the past for not to repeat those errors.
So I have tried to combine my interests with topic of the session.
I have already read some books about medieval Britain and I was fond of them.
I thought that The War Of The Roses is the most interesting event in the
Middle Ages of Britain. So I wanted to know something more about reasons of
the war started and the changes after the war of Red and White Rose.
My work is divided into 3 parts: in the first part I`d like to tell about the
main situation in England of that time, in the second part I will analyze
some reasons of the war started. In the third part I`m going to explore the
changes happened after the War of Roses.
As I decided the aim of my academic writing is to explore the changes
happened after the war finished…
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Chapter
1.
1.1 - England in 15th
century.
England is a big country
and there are many different regions with different leaders. For many centuries
there were feudal wars. The 15th century is not an exception. In
that time in Britain there were two main generic groups: York and Lancastrian
Houses. They were fighting to each other for the throne.
The 15 century in England was very troubled. There were many wars,
not only domestically but also with its neighbors:
Except war British
rulers engaged in the affairs of the population, they have built:На латинице
Словарь - Открыть словарную статью
- существительное
- освоение
- разрабатывание
- прилагательное
- развивающийся
So
we can see that every 15-20 years there was a war with neighbors. Usually the
war was for the land because England was very rich, beautiful and fertile
that’s why each powerful people tried to take part of the area.
1.2 – House of York and House
of Lancaster
The most powerful royal houses in England in 15th century
were House of York and House of Lancaster. They were swore enemies and both of
them wanted to rule all Britain.
The
House of Lancaster
was a branch of the royal House of Plantagenet. It was one of the opposing factions
involved in the Wars of the Roses, an intermittent civil war which affected England and Wales during the 15th century. The family
provided England with three kings: Henry IV of England, who ruled 1399–1413; Henry V of England, who ruled 1413–1422; and Henry VI of England and (II of) France, who ruled 1422–1461 and 1470–1471.
The House of York was a branch of the English royal House of Plantagenet, three members of which became English kings in the late 15th century. The House
of York was descended in the paternal line from Edmund of
Langley, 1st Duke of York, the fourth surviving son of Edward III, but also represented Edward's
senior line, being maternal descendants of Lionel,
Duke of Clarence, Edward III's second surviving son, and based on these descents they
claimed the English crown.[1][2] Compared with the House of Lancaster, it had a senior claim to the throne
of England according to cognatic primogeniture but junior claim according to the agnatic primogeniture.
Chapter 2.
2.1
- The reasons of the War of The Roses started.
The reasons of War of The Roses started became discontent of
most part of the English society about failures made in the Hundred Year war
and in politics conducted by the wife of Henry 6 – queen Margarita and her
favorites. The king was very craven and sometimes lost memory. Opposition was
leaded by Richard of York. He firstly demanded regency after the king and then
he demanded the English crown. The base of that demand was the fact, that Henry
6 was the grand grandson of John Gont – third son of king Edward 3, but Richard
of York - grand grandson of Lionel – the second son of that king. Also
grandfather of Henry 6 – Henry 4 captured the throne in 1399, by force coerced
king Richard 2 to renounce. That fact made a doubt about all the Lancastrian
Dynasty.
So
the House of York wanted to return the reign back.
The war was not a surprise. The citizens called the war «War of Red and White
Rose» because on the coat of armies there were two roses – red and white.
2.2 – The course of war
When
|
What
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Armies
|
Died
|
Lancastrian
|
York
|
Lancastrian
|
York
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22 May 1455
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Saint Olbanse
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2000—3000
Edmond Bofor, Somerset
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7000
Richard, Duke of York
Uorvik
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150
Edmond
Bofor
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100
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23 September 1459
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Blor Hif
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6000—8000
James Tachet, John Sattn
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3000—4000
Neville, Solsberry
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2000
James Tachet
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1000
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10 July 1460
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Northemptone
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10000—15000
Henry VI
Hampry Stafford, Bachinham
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20000—30000
Neville, Uorvik
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300
Hampry Stafford, Bachinham
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Unknown
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30 December 1460
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Wakefield
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18000
Henry Bofor, Somerset
Henry Persey, Noterburland
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5000—9000 Richard, Duke of York
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200
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2500
Richard, Duke of York
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2 February 1461
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Mortimer’s Cross
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Unknown
Ouen Tudor
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Unknown
Jasper Tudor, Pembrok
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4000
Ouen Tudor
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Unknown
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17 February 1461
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Saint Olbance
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15000
Queen
Margarita
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10000
Neville, Uorvik
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2000
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4000
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29 March 1461
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Tautone
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42000
Henry
Bofor,
Henry Persey, Noterburland
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36000
Edward
IV
Neville, Uorvik
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20000
Henry
Persey Noterburland
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8000—12000
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25 April 1464
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Hedglymur
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5000
Henry Bofor,
Ralf Persey
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6000
John Neville, Montegue
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Unknown
Ralf Persey
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Unknown
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15 May 1464
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Exgeme
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Unknown
Henry
Bofor
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4000
John Neville, Montegue
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Unknown
Henry Bofor
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Unknown
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29 July 1469
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Egkotmur
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Unknown
Neville, Uorvik
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Unknown
William Gerbert
|
Unknown
|
Unknown
William Gerbert
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12 March 1470
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Loskotfield
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30000
Robert Uels
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Unknown
Edward IV
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Unknown
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Unknown
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14 April 1471
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Barnet
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9000
Neville, Uorvik
John de Ver, Duke of Oxford
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7000—15000
Edward IV
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1000
Neville, Uorvik
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500
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22 August 1485
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Bosword
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11000
Henry Tudor, Richmond,
William Stenly
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10000
Richard III
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100
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1000
Richard III
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16 June 1487
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Stoukfield
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12000
Henry VII
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8000
John de Poul, Lincoln
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3000
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4000
John de Poul, Lincoln
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Chapter
3.
The
changes happened after War of The Roses.
Although
historians still debate the true extent of the impact of conflict on the
medieval English life, there is little doubt that the War of the Roses led to
political upheaval and change the established balance of power. The most
obvious result was the collapse of the Plantagenet dynasty and its replacement
by a new Tudor, who changed Britain over the next few years. In subsequent
years, the remains of the factions Plantagenets left without direct access to
the throne, went to different positions, as monarchs continually pushed them
together.
War of the Roses actually drew a line under the English Middle
Ages. She continued to change in feudal English society, started the Black
Death, which included the weakening of the feudal power of the nobility and
strengthen the position of the merchant class and the growth of strong,
centralized monarchy under the leadership of the Tudor dynasty. Accession of
the Tudors in 1485 is considered early modern English history. On the other
hand, also suggested that the horrific impact of war has been exaggerated by
Henry VII, to extol his achievements in its completion and securing peace. Of
course, the effect of war on traffickers and the working classes was much lower
than in the protracted wars in France and elsewhere in Europe, which were
filled with mercenaries, directly interested in continuing the war. Although
there have been few long siege, they were in a relatively remote and Lightly
populated areas. In heavily populated areas, belonging to both factions,
opponents in order to prevent the collapse of the country looking for a quick
solution to the conflict as a decisive battle. The war was disastrous for the
already declining influence of England, France, and by the end of fighting
there did not have any possessions except Calais, and eventually lost during
the reign of Mary I. Though later the British rulers continued to campaign on
the continent, in England did not
increase. Various European duchies and kingdoms have played an important role
in the war, especially the kings of France, Burgundy, who helped York and
Lancaster in their struggle against each other. Providing them with military and
financial assistance, as well as offering shelter defeated nobles and
aspirants, they thereby would prevent the emergence of a united and strong in
England, would become their enemy. The postwar period was also a funeral march
for permanent baronial armies, which fueled the conflict. Henry VII, fearing
further fighting, the Barons kept under tight control, forbidding them to
train, recruit, equip, and supply the army, so they could not go to war with
each other or the king. As a result, military power barons decreased, and the
Tudor court was a place where baronial quarrels resolved will of the monarch. On
the battlefields, the scaffold and the prison dungeons killed not only the
descendants of the Plantagenets, but much of the English lords and knights. For
example, in the period from 1425 to 1449, before the outbreak of war, there was
a disappearance of many noble lines, which continued throughout the war from
1450 to 1474. The death in battle the most ambitious part of the nobility led
to a decrease in the desire of its residual risk their lives and titles. Richmond, along with
supporters of Margaret of Anjou weaves a web of conspiracy and landed in Wales in
August 1485. The decisive battle took place on August 22 at Bosworth. Devotee
many of his entourage, Richard III was killed. Richard ascends to the throne
under the name of Henry VII, then married Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward
IV and Elizabeth Woodville. House of Lancaster unite with House of York, War of
the Roses ends, and the king built his power on the union of two branches. After
Tudors become the royal dynasty we can clearly say that the Medieval time
finished and there is going to be written a new page in the history of England.
Appendix
English
rulers:
Plantagenet
/ Lancastrian
Henry
IV, Bolingbroke (1399-1413)
Henry
V (1413-1422)
Henry VI (1422-61, deposed, 1470-1471, deposed)
Plantagenet / York
Edward IV (1461-1470, deposed, 1471-1483)
Edward V (1483, deposed, uncrowned)
Richard III, Crookback (1483-1505)
Princes
in the Tower
The restoration of Edward
IV in 1471 is sometimes seen as marking the end of the Wars of the Roses
proper. Peace was restored for the remainder of Edward's reign. His youngest
brother, Richard, Duke of Gloucester, and Edward's lifelong companion and
supporter, William Hastings, were generously rewarded for their loyalty,
becoming effectively governors of the north and midlands respectively.[10]
George of Clarence became increasingly estranged from Edward, and was executed
in 1478 for association with convicted traitors.
When Edward died suddenly
in 1483, political and dynastic turmoil erupted again. Many of the nobles still
resented the influence of the queen's Woodville relatives (her brother, Anthony
Woodville, 2nd Earl Rivers and her son by her first marriage, Thomas Grey, 1st
Marquess of Dorset), and regarded them as power-hungry upstarts and parvenus.
At the time of Edward's premature death, his heir, Edward V, was only 12 years
old and had been brought up under the stewardship of Earl Rivers in Ludlow. On
his deathbed, Edward had named his surviving brother Richard of Gloucester as
Protector of England. Richard had been in the north when Edward died. Hastings,
who also held the office of Lord Chamberlain, sent word to him to bring a
strong force to London to counter any force the Woodvilles might muster.[11]
The Duke of Buckingham also declared his support for Richard.
Richard and Buckingham
overtook Earl Rivers, who was escorting the young Edward V to London, at Stony
Stratford in Buckinghamshire on 28 April. Although they dined with him
amicably, they took him prisoner the next day, and declared to Edward that they
had done so to forestall a conspiracy by the Woodvilles against his life.
Rivers and his nephew Richard Grey were sent to Pontefract Castle in Yorkshire
and executed there at the end of June.
Edward entered London in
the custody of Richard on 4 May, and was lodged in the Tower of London.
Elizabeth Woodville had already gone hastily into sanctuary at Westminster with
her remaining children, although preparations were being made for Edward V to be
crowned on 22 June, at which point Richard's authority as Protector would end.
On 13 June, Richard held a full meeting of the Council, at which he accused
Hastings and others of conspiracy against him. Hastings was executed without
trial later in the day.
Princes in the Tower,
painted by John Everett, the Archbishop of Canterbury, then persuaded Elizabeth
Woodville to allow her younger son, the 9-year-old Richard, Duke of York, to
join Edward in the Tower. Having secured the boys, Richard then alleged that
Edward IV's marriage to Elizabeth Woodville had been illegal and that the two
boys were therefore illegitimate. Parliament agreed, and enacted the Titulus Regis,
which officially named Gloucester as King Richard III. The two imprisoned boys,
known as the "Princes in the Tower", disappeared and were possibly
murdered; by whom and under whose orders remains controversial. There was never
a trial or judicial inquest on the matter. Having been crowned in a lavish
ceremony on 6 July, Richard then proceeded on a tour of the Midlands and the
north of England, dispensing generous bounties and charters and creating his
own son Prince of Wales.
Sources.
·
http://historyjournal.narod.ru/Roseswar.htm
·
http://www.warsoftheroses.com/,
written
by Larry Gormley. 2010
·
http://encyclopedia.farlex.com/Lancastrian,
written
by Farlex, Inc. 2011
·
http://www.answers.com/topic/richard-duke-of-york,
written
by Answers
Corporation 2011
·
Nicola
Barber, Andy Langley. British History Encyclopedia. Parragon Books Ltd. Printed
in 1999. P. 86-88
·
Philip
Brooks. Knights and Castles. Kingfisher Publications Plc. Printed in 2001. P.
38-39
·
Deborah Murrell. Knights and Castles. Kingfisher Publications Plc.
Printed in 2005. P. 14-15
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