Kidney Stones in Adults and Ways of Their

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  Kidney Stones in Adults and Ways of Their Treatment
  

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  Who gets kidney stones?
  The persent of people in the Russian Federation with kidney stones - 10-15%
  The prevalence of kidney stones rises in people from 20 to 50 years
  
  

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  Introduction to the Urinary Tract
  The urinary tract, or system, consists of:
  kidneys
  ureters
  bladder
  urethra
  

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  What is a kidney stone?
  It is a hard mass developed from crystals that are made from the urine within the urinary tract.
  The most common type of stone contains calcium in combination with either oxalate or phosphate
  

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  What causes kidney stones?
  Hereditary factors(hypercalciuria)
  Urinary tract infections
  Metabolic disorders (cystinuria, hyperoxaluria)
  
  

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  Foods and Drinks Containing Oxalate
  
  High-oxalate foods—higher to lower
  spinach
  beets
  peanuts
  chocolate
  black Indian tea
  potatoes
  
  Medium-oxalate foods
  grits
  grapes
  celery
  green pepper
  strawberries
  marmalade
  liver
  
  

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  What are the symptoms of kidney stones?
  
  Sudden extreme pain in the back and side in the area of the kidney or in the lower abdomen
  nausea and vomiting (sometimes )
  blood in the urine
  burning sensation during urination
  If fever and chills accompany any of these symptoms
  

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  How are kidney stones diagnosed?
  X-rays, ultrasound
  Computerized Tomography(CT)
  Intravenous pyelogram (IVP)
  
  

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  Preventing Kidney Stones
  urine and blood tests
  history taking
  stone analysis
  Proper treatment
  

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  Medical Therapy
  A doctor may prescribe certain medications to help prevent and to treat calcium and uric acid stones.
  Allopurinol
  Diuretics(hydrochlorothiazide)
  Thiola and Cuprimine
  Acetohydroxamic acid (AHA) with long-term antibiotic medicines
  

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  Surgical Treatment
  does not pass after a reasonable
  period of time and causes constant pain
  is too large to pass on its own or is caught in a difficult place
  blocks the flow of urine
  causes an ongoing urinary tract infection
  damages kidney tissue or causes constant bleeding
  has grown larger, as seen on follow-up x rays
  
  may be needed to remove a kidney stone if it:
  

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  Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy
  It is the most frequently used procedure for the treatment of kidney stones. In ESWL, shock waves that are created outside the body travel through the skin and body tissues until they hit the denser stones. The stones break down into small particles and are easily passed through the urinary tract in the urine.
  
  

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  Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy
  In this procedure, the surgeon makes a tiny incision in the back and creates a tunnel directly into the kidney. Using an instrument called a nephroscope, the surgeon locates and removes the stone.
  

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  Ureteroscopic Stone Removal
  It may be needed for mid- and lower-ureter stones. The surgeon passes a small fiberoptic instrument called a ureteroscope through the urethra and bladder into the ureter. The surgeon then locates the stone and either removes it with a cage-like device or shatters it with a special instrument that produces a form of shock wave.
  

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  Lifestyle Changes
  drink more liquids
  avoid products with high calcium content
  eat less meat, fish, and poultry
  

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  Points to Remember
  A person with a family history of stones may be more likely to develop more stones.
  Drink plenty of liquids—water is best.
  Blood and urine tests.
  Some people will need medicines to prevent stones from forming.
  People with chronic urinary tract infections and stones will often need a stone removed if the doctor determines that the stone is causing the infection.
  
  

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  Thank you for attention!
  The presentation was made by Petrova A.I., student of 240 gr.
  Supervisor: Galfanovich I. L.