Конспект к уроку грамматике английского языка "Времена английского языка"

Verb

The verb is a notional part of speech , which denotes a process developing in time, Verbs can denote actions (to work, to build), states (to be, to become, to lie), feelings (to love, to appreciate), etc.

The verb has  the grammatical categories of person, number, tense, voice, mood.

Verbs may also combine with nouns and adverbs, adjectives.

Verbs are divided into regular and irregular

Regular V-s form the past tense by means of   –ed  ( work – worked )

Irregular V-s form the past tense according  to the fixed  pattern.  (swing-swung-swung)

The are about 250 irregular verbs

They  are divided into:

1)     V which form the past tense by means of –t ( keep—  --

2)     Mixed Verbs-- form the past tense with the help of  culverted  morpheme & by mean of –ed

Some Mixed Verbs form the past tense like  regular & irregular ( show-shew –shown)

3)     Unchangeble Verbs – they have ( zero) morpheme  ( Cut- -

The category of tense

The category of tense in English shows the relation of  the time of the action  to the moment of speach. The time of action can be expressed lexically  by the  words  f.e. yesterday, Now, tomorrow. ) and grammatically by category of tense. There are three tenses in English - the present tense, the future tense and the past tense.

The past tense- is marked member. It`s marked  by –ed or by covered morpheme It is Used to Express actions in the past.

The none past isn`t marked in form . It is characterized  by zero  morpheme. It can denote a present action, future action and an action without any time limits.

Ps    + ed ( did/ didn`t)( third  form in singular + s) do/ don`t

Pc ( was/were + ing)

PP  -had + V3

PPC -had  been  V+ ing

The present tense may denote  the moment of speech  or period of the time with the word combination

Ps   ( third  form in singular + s) do/ don`t

Pc ( am/is/are + ing)

PP  -has(ve) + V3

PPC –have(has)  been  V+ ing

The future tense is marked by the  auxiliary verb  WILL. Used to Express actions in the future.

Ps   will + V ( won`t)

Pc ( Will + be  +V  ing)

PP  -will   +have + V3

PPC – will   +have been + V+ ing

Present Simple

It is used to Express regularly repeated actions, habits and facts. 

 In third   person in the singular, verbs have the ending -s (- es).

An auxiliary verb  DO- is used to form negative and interrogative sentences

Positive form: He writes/ I work

Negative form: He does not write/ I do not work

The interrogative form: Does he write?/ Do I work?

Present Continuous

is used to Express actions that are still ongoing in the present. And used for actions that are taking place over a fixed period of time.

The present continuous is formed with the auxiliary verb “to be” and the infinitive with ‘-ing’ added to its end. ( -ing-form)

Positive form: He is playing football now./ I'm writing letter.

Negative form: He is not playing football now./ I'm not writing letter.

The interrogative form: Is he playing football?/ Are you writing now?

Present Perfect

Present perfect is used to show  that a finished action and  has a connection with the present or has a result in the present, it is   recent action.

Present Perfect is formed with the auxiliary verb

have / has + verb 3 (past participle)

Affirmative: have / has + verb 3 (past participle)

Negative: haven’t / hasn’t + verb 3 (past participle)

E.g. Positive form: I have already cooked the dinner/ They have come.

Negative form: Не has not seen the new film.

The interrogative form: Has he seen the new film?

Present Perfect Continuous

Present perfect continuous  is used to talk about an action or event that started in the past and is still happening now.

To form Present perfect continuous - we use the construction:

have/has + been + present participle (verb + ing)

Affirmative: have/has been + present participle (verb + ing)
Negative: haven’t/hasn’t been + present participle (verb + ing)

Positive form: I have been playing/ We have been playing

Negative form: I have not been playing/We have not been playing

The interrogative form: Have I been playing? /Have we been playing?

Past Simple

Past Simple is used to talk about finished actions in the past.

For its formation, a verb in the second form is used.

If the verb is regular , we add the ending –ed to it.  F.e. played ,  worked,   laughed

 For irregular verbs we take the second form( V2)

 The auxiliary verb "did" is used to form negative and interrogative sentences .

Positive form: I worked/ He wrote

Negative form: I did not work/ He did not write

The interrogative form: Did I work?/ Did he write?

Past Continuous

Past continuous is used to say that an action was in progress at a particular time in the past or an action in the past was temporary.

To form Past continuous- we use the construction:

 was/were + present participle  (verb + ing)

Affirmative: was/were + present participle (verb + ing)
Negative: wasn’t/weren’t + present participle (verb + ing)

Positive form: He was playing yesterday at 9 o’clock/ I was writing yesterday from 6 till 7.

Negative form: He was not playing when you came/ I wasn’t writing yesterday

The interrogative form: Was he playing football yesterday from 6 till 7?/  Were you writing when I came?

Past Perfect

Past perfect is used to talk about finished actions that happened before a certain time in the past.

To form Past perfect - we use the construction :  had + verb 3 (past participle)

Affirmative: had + verb 3 (past participle)

Negative: hadn’t + verb 3 (past participle)

Positive form: When I called her, she had already left/ We had made some sandwiches before we went to the picnic

Negative form: I had not worked/He had not written

The interrogative form: Had I worked?/Had he written?

Past Perfect Continuous

Past perfect continuous is used to talk about longer actions  that happened before or up to another action in the past.

To form Past perfect continuous- we use the construction : had + been + present participle( V +ing)

 Affirmative: had + been + present participle( V +ing)

Negative: hadn’t + been + present participle( V +ing)

Positive form: I had been playing/We had been playing

Negative form: I had not been playing/ We had not been playing

The interrogative form: Had I been playing? /Had we been playing?

Future Simple

Future Simple refers to a time later than now, and expresses facts or certainty. And also, for promises, threats, warnings .  When we want  To predict a future event.

We make the Future Simple with the auxiliary verb “WILL” + the infinitive without to.

Affirmative: will +  V

Negative: will not+  V/ won`t + V

Positive form: I will work/He will write

Negative form: I won’t work/He won’t write

The interrogative form: Will I work?/ Will he write

Future Continuous

Future continuous is used to say that an action will be in progress at a specific time in the future

We form the Future Continuous with the modal verb will, the auxiliary verb be and the present participle of the main verb.

To form Future continuous- we use the construction : will be + present participle  (-ing form of the verb)

Positive form: He will be playing tomorrow at 3 o’clock/ I'll be writing when you come.

Negative form: He won’t be playing football tomorrow from 6 till 7/ I will not be writing when you come.

The interrogative form: Will I be writing tomorrow?/ Will he be playing

football tomorrow from 6 till 7?

Future Perfect

Indicates that the action will end at a certain point in the future.

We form the Future Perfect with with the modal verb will , the auxiliary verb "have" and past participle.

will + have + V3 (past participle)

Positive form: I will have worked/He will have written

Negative form: I won’t have worked /He won’t have written

The interrogative form: Will I have worked?/Will he have written?

Future  Perfect Continuous

We use the future perfect continuous to talk about situations happening between one point in future and continuing up until another time in the future.

To form Future Perfect Continuous:  we use "will"  + "have" + "been" + -ing form of the main verb.

Negative form : “won’t"  + "have" + "been" + -ing form

Positive form: I will have been playing/ We will have been playing

Negative form: I will not have been playing /We will not have been playing

The interrogative form: Will I have been playing? /Will we have been playing?