ГООУ СПО «Мурманский строительный колледж им.
Н.Е.Момота»
УДК ______________ УТВЕРЖДАЮ
Инв. № Директор
колледжа
________________В.А.Милиев
МЕТОДИЧЕСКАЯ РАЗРАБОТКА
по иностранному языку
«Архитектурные стили»
для специальности «Строительство и
эксплуатация зданий и сооружений»
Разработчик Карпенко
Елена Александровна,
преподаватель английского языка
Мурманск
2012
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
Введение
Основная часть
Тема 1.1
Тема 1.2
Заключение
Список использованных источников
Приложения
ВВЕДЕНИЕ
Изучение иностранного языка
формирует языковую компетенцию. Причем языковая компетенция включает не только
овладение знаниями по иностранному языку, включая грамматический строй языка,
фонетические особенности и лексический минимум, но и умение своевременно
использовать приобретенные языковые знания в той или иной области
специализации. Изучение иностранных языков – важнейшая тенденция современного
профессионального образования, целью которого является воспитание человека,
способного к деятельности в потоке научно-технической информации, умеющего
работать с технической литературой, осваивать новые технологии. Также
необходимо повышать мотивацию обучающихся и студентов к изучению иностранного
языка, чтобы сформировать профессиональные компетенции будущих специалистов.
Поэтому, необходимо нацелить будущего специалиста на овладение
профессиональными знаниями в области иностранного языка.
Опыт работы
показывает, что в течение одного учебного года отношение студентов к различным
видам речевой деятельности на иностранном языке может резко изменяться в
отрицательную или положительную стороны. Это в свою очередь зависит от стиля
работы преподавателя (постоянное использование одного лишь учебника,
однообразных видов упражнений ослабляет положительные эмоции, и учащийся
превращается в пассивного созерцателя). Поэтому, наряду с учебниками мы со
студентами занимаемся по так называемым «ACTIVITY SHEETS». Это листы с заданиями,
текстами, изображениями, которые могут использоваться для всех форм работы со
студентами (фронтальной, парной, групповой, индивидуальной).
В данной
методической разработке представлены тексты и карточки с заданиями по теме
«Архитектурные стили» для специальности «Строительство и эксплуатация зданий и
сооружений».
Цели представленной методической
разработки:
1. Способствовать формированию
уровня самостоятельности студентов через развитие умений находить и получать
информацию, необходимую для развития и формирования лингвистических,
профессиональных компетенций специалистов (работа с профессиональными словарями
и текстами).
2. Способствовать формированию
навыков перевода и монологической речи студентов.
3. Способствовать развитию
эстетических представлений студентов.
4. Способствовать развитию
навыков индивидуальной работы и работы в паре.
ОСНОВНАЯ ЧАСТЬ.
1.1 Architecture. Architectural planning.
1. Write down the definition of the term
“architecture”.
Architecture is____________________________________________________________
.
2. Translate the words and word
combinations into Russian.
Cultural heritage
|
|
Aesthetic appearance of a building
|
|
Sufficient knowledge
|
|
Human activities
|
|
Interior environment
|
|
Quality control and insurance
|
|
Material properties
|
|
Adopt and enforce safety standards
|
|
Moderate the effects of climate
|
|
Clay
|
|
Timber
|
|
Dwelling
|
|
Shelter
|
|
Illustrate
|
|
Architectural style
|
|
Triple
|
|
Principle
|
|
Adapt
|
|
Durability
|
|
3. Complete the spidergram
4. Write down the trends of building
construction.
1)
___________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2)
___________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
3)
___________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
5.
Translate into English
Архитектура – это
искусство строительства. Изменение и повторение очевидно во всех фазах
человеческой истории и они ярко иллюстрированы в любом архитектурном стиле.
Почти две тысячи лет назад римский архитектор Маркус Витрувиус Поллио установил
принципы архитектуры – удобство, прочность и красота. Наследие прошлого не
должно быть проигнорировано. Архитектор должен обладать знанием триединой
природы архитектурного дизайна, достаточным знанием инженерии и строительных
материалов, творческим мышлением.
Одна из
древнейших человеческих деятельностей – это сооружение зданий. Люди начали
создавать убежища, чтобы адаптироваться к климатическим изменениям. После
изобретения сельского хозяйства, люди начали оставаться на одном месте в
течение долгого периода времени. Так появились первые жилища.
Сооружение зданий
имеет свою историю. Первые строительные материалы были непрочными (листья,
ветки…), позже люди начали использовать более долговечные материалы, такие как
глина, камень, древесина.
В настоящее время
сооружение зданий очень сложный процесс.
6. Write down the definition of the term
“architectural engineering”.
Architectural engineering is__________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________.
7. Translate new words and word
combinations into Russian
Complex discipline
|
|
Properties and behavior
|
|
Foundation
|
|
Environmental system analysis
|
|
Deal with
|
|
Building’s cost
|
|
Heating
|
|
Ventilating
|
|
Air conditioning
|
|
Illumination
|
|
Building power system
|
|
Plumbing and piping
|
|
Storm drainage
|
|
Building communications
|
|
Acoustic
|
|
Fire protection
|
|
Alternate energy source
|
|
Energy conservation
|
|
Construction management
|
|
8. Complete the table
Technological aspects of buildings
9. Complete the sentences with the following words and word
combinations.
Storm drainage, energy conservation, heat recovery, alternate
energy sources, vertical and horizontal transportation, fire protection,
acoustic, building communication, plumbing and piping, illumination, complex
discipline, architectural engineering, properties and behavior of building
materials, technological aspects of buildings, foundation design, construction
management, building operation, environmental system analyses and design,
structural analysis and design, heating, ventilating, building power system.
Engineering is a _________________________________________ .
One of the fields of engineering is an _____________________________________ .
It deals with _________
_________________________________________ . They are ______________________
_________________________________________________,
______________________
________________, ______________________________________________________,
_______________________________________,________________________________,
_________________________________________________________________
. Every engineer knows an environmental system, which may account a building
cost, includes ___________________________,_____________________,
______________________, ___________________________________,____________________________________,
_______________________________________________ ,________________________
_____________________________________ , ___________________
, _____________
______________________________________, _________________________________,
_________________________________________,______________________________,
_________________________________________ .
1.2 Egyptian architecture
1. Translate the following words and word combinations
into English.
править
|
|
уцелевший
|
|
треугольный
|
|
храм солнца
|
|
чудеса света
|
|
торговля и экономика
|
|
процветать
|
|
ремесленник
|
|
художник
|
|
медь
|
|
ржаветь
|
|
впечатляющий
|
|
инкрустировать
|
|
позолота
|
|
расцвет
|
|
поощрять
|
|
достижение
|
|
2. Read the text
During the period when Egypt was
ruled by the kings of the 3rd to 6th Dynasties techniques of working in stone,
wood and metal made tremendous progress, demonstrated by surviving large scale
monuments, such as the pyramids and the sun temples.
The pyramids are large triangular
buildings which were placed over the tombs of Egyptian kings. The pyramids of
the 4th Dynasty are the most spectacular and the only remained wonder of the
world. They link people with the great gods of earth and sky.
This was a time when trade and the
economy flourished. Craftsmen worked in the finest materials which were often
brought great distances. They were able to experiment with stones as well as
new techniques of metalworking. So, craftsmen began to produce large metal
figures. The earliest that survive are the copper statues of Pepi I and his
son, found in Hierakonpolis. Made in 2330 BC (before Christ – до нашей эры)
they are badly corroded but still impressive. The eyes are inlaid, and the
crown and the kilt of the king, now missing, were probably made of gilded
plaster.
The establishment of the 18th Dynasty
marked the beginning of the New Kingdom and a new blossoming of the arts and
crafts. The kings gave encouragement to artists and craftsmen by ordering great
temples and palaces to be built throughout Egypt. The temple walls were covered
with relieves celebrating the achievements of the kings and the powers of the
gods.
3. Write down materials mentioned in the text
_____________
_____________
_____________
_____________
_____________
4. Translate the text into Russian
5. The best known of the pyramids are a group of three
built at Giza south of Cairo (picture 1). Find and write down some information
about them (use any sources you want).
Picture 1
1.3 Ancient Greek Architecture
1. Give Russian equivalents to the following words and
word combinations
Портик (крытая галерея), слоновая кость, золото, фасад
с 8 колоннами, храм (2 варианта), оправа (обрамление).
gold __________________, ivory________________________, an
eight-column façade ________________________________________________, a temple
________________, a frame ________________, a shrine _________________, a porch
_________________ .
2. Match the architect and the
building
3. Read the text and complete the table
The Athenian Acropolis.
The Acropolis (picture 1),
the Greek for upper town, the gem of world architecture, stands on a low rocky
hill and contains the ruins of several ancient Greek architectural monuments.
The Parthenon (picture 4), a
stately building with an eight-column façade, was built by Ictinus and
Callicrates in 447-38 BC. The temple was designed to serve as an exquisite,
imposing architectural frame for a stupendous gold and ivory statue of Athena,
the goddess in the Greek pantheon watching over the city. This is no longer
extant statue, which stood in the anterior of the shrine, was held in deep
reverence.
Next to the Parthenon is
another shrine, an Ionic temple of Athena, the Erechteum (picture 3), built by
an anonymous architect in 421-06 BC. Its refined loveliness and proportions are
a very bit as enchanting as the monumental grandeur of the Parthenon. It has
the unparalleled portrayal of a contemporary event on the frieze of the
building: the procession of citizens in the yearly festival in honour of Athena
built on an awkward site, it also had to serve different cults, which meant
that its architect had to design a building with three porches and three
different floor levels. Its Caryatid porch, with figures of women for columns,
makes use of an old Oriental motif that had appeared earlier, in archaic
treasures of Delphi. The monumental gateway to the Acropolis, the Propylaea (picture
2) was designed by Mnesicles, who had to adapt the rigid conventions of
colonnade construction to a steeply rising site. In the precision and finish of
their design, these three buildings had no rival in the Greek world.
Picture 1 Picture
2
Picture 3 Picture
4
|
Russian
equivalent
|
description
|
The Acropolis
|
|
|
The Propylaea
|
|
|
The Erechtheum (an Ionic temple of
Athena)
|
|
|
The Parthenon
|
|
|
4. Make up a written story or an oral report on one of
the suggested topics.
- Ancient Greek Town Planning
- Domestic Architecture of Ancient Greece
- Greek Theatre
1.4 Roman architecture
1. Practice in pronunciation of new
words and word combinations.
English
|
Russian
|
English
|
Russian
|
derive
|
происходить
|
spatial composition
|
пространственная композиция
|
remains
|
руины (сд.)
|
surface
|
поверхность
|
preserve
|
сохранять
|
Mediterranean word
|
средневековый мир
|
source of information
|
источник информации
|
recast
|
придавать новую форму
|
survive
|
выживать, сохраняться
|
rear
|
расположенный сзади, задний
|
pervasive predilection
|
распространяющееся повсюду предпочтение
|
rectangular
|
прямоугольный
|
peculiarly
|
особенно
|
excavations
|
раскопки
|
obtain
|
получать, приобретать
|
reveal
|
притолока
|
tenement
|
многоквартирный дом
|
with strict regard
|
показывать, обнаруживать
|
exterior
|
внешний
|
access
|
доступ
|
interior
|
внутренний
|
niche
|
ниша
|
inscription
|
надпись
|
rotunda
|
ротонда
|
dome
|
купол
|
concrete
|
бетон
|
precious marble
|
драгоценный мрамор
|
coffer
|
кессон
|
travertine
|
белый известняк
|
porch
|
портик, крытая галерея
|
2. Read the text and complete the table
Modern knowledge of Roman
architecture derives primarily from extant remains scattered throughout the
area of the empire. Some are well preserved, and other are known only in
fragments and by theoretical restoration. Another source of information is a vast
store of records. Especially important is a book on architecture by the
architect Vitruvius. His De Architectura (c. 27 BC) is the only treatise
survived from the ancient times. It consists of ten books and covers almost
every aspect on architecture.
Pervasive Roman
predilection was for spatial composition – the organization of lines, surfaces,
masses, and volumes in space.
In Roman architecture there
were three types of houses: the domus, the insula, and the villa.
The domus, or town house,
consisted of suites of rooms grouped around a central hall, or atrium, to which
were often added further suites at the rear, grouped around a colonnaded court.
The atrium, a rectangular room with an opening in the roof to the sky, and its
adjoining room were peculiarly Roman elements. There were few windows on the
street, light being obtained from the atrium.
In Rome the chief
examples of domus are the House of Vestals in the Forum in Rome (picture 1) and
that of Livia on the Palatine Hill (picture 2).
Picture 1 Picture
2
Great block of flats or tenements
were called insulae (picture 3). Excavations at
Ostia, Italy, have revealed the design of these
blocks. Planned on three or four floors with strict regard to economy of space,
they depended on light from the exterior as well as from a central court.
Independent apartments had separate entrances with direct access to the street.
The Latin word villa pertained to an
estate, complete with house, grounds, and subsidiary buildings (picture 4 –
Hadrian’s villa at Tivoly).
The Romans were great
builders and engineers famous for their factories, roads, bridges, grand
thermae and amphitheaters, temples.
The greatest surviving circular temple of
antiquity, and in many respects the most important Roman building, is the
Pantheon in Rome (picture 5). It consists of rotunda about 142 feet in diameter surraunded by concrete
walls 20 feet thick, in which are circular and rectangular niches. Light is
admitted through a central opening about 28 feet across, at the crown of the
dome. The rotunda and the dome are among the finest examples of Roman concrete
work. The interior was lined with marbles, the coffers of the dome was covered
externally with bronze plates.
The largest and most
important amphitheater of Rome was the Colosseum (picture 6), built about AD
70/75-82. Covering six
acres, it had seating for about 50000 spectators, and its 80 entrances were so
arranged that the building could be cleared quickly. The whole is built of
concrete, the exterior faced with travertine and the interior with precious
marbles.
Three types of houses in Roman
architecture.
The domus
|
The insula
|
The villa
|
|
|
|
3. The Romans were great builders and
engineers famous for their factories, roads, bridges, amphitheatres and
temples. The greatest buildings of antiquity are the Pantheon and the Coliseum
in Rome. Write down the main information about these famous buildings.
The Coliseum
|
The Pantheon
|
|
|
1.5 Early Christian and Byzantine
Architecture.
1. Translate into Russian
Art characteristic
|
|
Reign
|
|
Enormous influence
|
|
Basilica
|
|
Long colonnaded nave
|
|
Semicircular apse
|
|
Longitudinal
|
|
Martyr ion
|
|
Brick
|
|
plaster
|
|
Greek cross
|
|
Wooden roof
|
|
marble
|
|
2. Read the text and describe the church
of Holy Wisdom.
The art characteristic of
the developed Byzantine Empire can be traced back to the period just before the
reign of Justinian, AD 500. The style had enormous influence on both the East
and the West. It reached a high point in the 6th century.
The dominant Byzantine art was
architecture/ as in early Christian times, the two chief types of church were
basilican with a long colonnaded nave covered by a wooden roof and terminating
in a semicircular apse.
The outstanding example of basilica with combined
longitudinal qualities of the basilica with the centralized volume of the
martyr ion was the church of Holy Wisdom (Hagia Sophia) in Constantinople
(picture1).
Brick was the main material used for
construction of Byzantine churches. It was covered with plaster and internally
with thin marble ladoes and mosaics above.
By the 9th century, the Byzantine style was
widespread throughout the countries of the Near East and Eastern Europe and was
beginning to appear in Russia (the Cathedral of St. Sophia in Kiev – picture
2).
These Byzantine churches followed the
plan of Greek cross that is central domed space with four short square arms.
This form of churches eventually became almost universal.
Examples are to be seen in the small Metropolitan
Cathedral in Athens (picture 3) and at churches in Daphini, Mistra and
Salonica.
3.
Choose the
right sentence.
1) The Byzantine style influenced both
the East and the West.
2) The church of Holy Wisdom is the
finest model of the circular type.
3) Hagia Sophia was built by Justinian.
4) Brick Byzantine churches were covered
externally with plaster.
5) Sheets of marble and mosaics were
used for decoration of the interior walls and arches.
6) This form of churches became almost
universal.
7) Numerous churches in Byzantine style
were built in Russia.
8) Byzantine churches were widespread in
the countries of the Near East and eastern Europe.
9) Byzantine churches featured a central
domed space with four short square arms.
10)
Stone was the
main material for the construction of Byzantine churches.
4.
Complete
the following sentences using words and word combinations given below.
a wooden roof, appear, a Greek cross, plaster, the
outstanding example, reached a high point, semicircular, marble, architecture,
the reign of Justinian, basilican, the East and the West, longitudinal
qualities, brick.
- The style had influence on _________________________________________________
.
- The art characteristic can be traced back to the period
before _____________________ .
- The style _________________________________________________
in the 6th century.
- The dominant Byzantine art was ____________________________________________
.
- The two chief types of churches were ________________________________________
.
- They have a long colonnaded nave covered by ______________________________
and terminating in a ___________________________ apse.
- The church of Holy Wisdom is _____________________________________
of basilica.
- Hagia Soghia has combined ______________________________ of
the basilica with the centralized volume of the martyrion.
- ___________________________________ was the main material
used for construction.
- Brick was covered with __________________ and internally
with thin ______________ ladoes.
- By the 9th century the Byzantine style was
beginning to __________________ in Russia.
- These Byzantine churches followed the plan of ________________________________
.
1.6 Lancet architecture. Gothic
cathedrals.
1. Translate new words and word
combinations into Russian
advent of the Renaissance
|
|
a ribbed vault
|
|
a pointed arch
|
|
a flying buttress
|
|
sophisticated architectural
plan
|
|
skills and precision
|
|
division
|
|
a choir [kwáiə]
|
|
flowering
|
|
a fan vault
|
|
a chapel
|
|
2. Read the text about Gothic
architecture
The architecture of the central
Middle Ages was termed Gothic. Now this term is used to describe the important
international style in most countries of Europe from the early 12th century to
the advent of the Renaissance in the 15th century.
Gothic architecture is characterized
by the ribbed vault (picture 1), the pointed arch (picture 2) and the flying
buttress (picture 3).
One of the earliest
buildings in which these techniques were introduced in a highly sophisticated
architectural plan was the abbey of Saint-Denis in Paris (picture 4).
The proportions are not large. But the skills and precision
with which the vaulting is managed and the effect of the undulating chain
windows around the perimeter have given the abbey its traditional claim to the
title “first Gothic building”.
In France and Germany this style is subdivided into the
Early, High and Late Gothic. The French middle phase is called Rayonnant, the
late – Flamboyant.
In English architecture the usual
divisions are Early English, Decorative and Perpendicular.
Early English Gothic developed from
1180 to 1280. The most influential building was the choir of Canterbury cathedral (picture 5).
English architects for a long period of time liked
heavy surface decoration. (1280-1350). This style was called English Decorative
and the example of this style is the choir at Lincoln Cathedral (picture 6).
English Gothic came to an end with
the final flowering of the Perpendicular style. It was characterized by
vertical emphasis in structure and by elaborate fan vaults (the Chapel of Henry
VII at Westminster Abbey (picture 7), King’s College Chapel).
Gothic was essentially the style of
the Catholic countries of Europe. The forms were often of great beauty and
complexity. They were used for all secular buildings: cathedrals, churches,
monasteries.
3. Give the definition of the term
“Gothic”
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Complete the spidergram
5. Complete the table
The usual divisions of English Gothic
Early English
|
Decorative
|
Perpendicular
|
|
|
|
6. Speak about and write down a short
story about Gothic architecture using the plan given below
-
the definition of
style
-
main
characteristics
-
the usual
divisions of English Gothic and their description
-
examples of
building
1.7 Orders of architecture.
The Renaissance.
1. Read the text and complete the table
given below.
The 1st step
in architecture was simply the replacement of wooden pillars with stone ones,
and the translation of the carpentry and brick structural forms into stone
equivalents.
The Greeks invented the
Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian Orders. The Romans added the Tuscan and the
Composite.
The oldest order, the
Doric, is subdivided into Greek Doric and Roman Doric. The 1st is
the simplest and has baseless columns. Roman Doric has a base and was less
massive.
The Ionic order involved
later, in eastern Greece. About 600 BC the 1st intimation of the
style appeared in stone columns with capitals carved in floral hoops. The Ionic
temples of the 6th century exceed in size and decoration.
The Corinthian order
originated in the 5th century BC in Athens. It had Ionic capital elaborated
with acanthus leaves. In its general proportions is very like the Ionic.
A simplified version of
the Roman Doric is the Tuscan order. It has a less decorated frieze and no
mutules in the cornice.
The Composite order is
also a late Roman invention. It combines the elements from all the Greek
orders.
The Doric Order
|
Greek Doric:
|
Roman Doric:
|
The Ionic Order
|
|
The Corinthian Order
|
|
The Tuscan Order
|
|
The Composite Order
|
|
2. Translate the following words and
word combinations into Russian.
The Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian and Composite orders
|
|
Linear perspective
|
|
Arcade
|
|
Measured expression and definition of architectural style
and space
|
|
Classical pediments
|
|
Knowledge of the classical arts
|
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To be represented by works of Italian masters
|
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An immediate and full comprehension
|
|
The proportions of the human body
|
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The basic element of architectural design
|
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To differentiate
|
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Manner
|
|
3. Read the text and answer the
questions given below.
The Renaissance began in
Italy. Knowledge of the classical style in architecture was derived during the
Renaissance from two sources: the ancient classical buildings and De
architectura by the Roman architect Vitruvius.
For the Renaissance the
basic element of architectural design was the order, which was a system of
traditional architectural units. During the Renaissance five orders were used:
the Tuscan , Doric, Ionic, Corinthian and Composite.
On authority of
Vitruvius, the Renaissance architects found a harmony between the proportions
of the human body and those of their architecture.
The concern of these
architects for proportion caused that clear, measured expression and definition
of architectural space and mass that differentiates the Renaissance style from
the Gothic and encourages in spectator an immediate and full comprehension of
the building. In the early 15th century an Italian architect Filippo
Brunelleschi formulated linear perspective (a basic element of the Renaissance
art), investigated ancient Roman architecture and acquired the knowledge of
classical architecture and ornament that he used as a foundation
for Renaissance architecture.
The Ospedale degli Innocenty (built by an Italian architect Filippo
Brunelleschi) is the 1st building in the Renaissance manner. It is a
very graceful arcade, it was designed with Composite columns, and windows with
classical pediments were regularly spaced above each of the arches (picture 1).
In Russia the Renaissance is represented
by works of Italian masters (the Moscow Kremlin (picture 2), the cathedral of
the Assumption) (picture 3).
1)
Where and when did the Renaissance
begin?
2)
Who was the 1st
architect of this style?
3)
Name the example
of the building built by Filippo Brunelleschi. What knowledge did he use in
constructing of his building?
4)
Describe the
Ospedale degli Innocenti.
5)
What did Filippo
Brunelleschi formulate?
6)
What was the
basic element of architectural design?
7)
How did the architects of the Renaissance
find a harmony between the proportions of the human body and those of their
architecture?
8)
Whose works of
the Renaissance are represented in Russia? Name the works of these architects.
1.8 Baroque and rococo.
1. Translate into English
Яркие цвета
|
|
Роскошные материалы
|
|
Скрытые источники света
|
|
Эпоха Просвещения
|
|
Различные направления
|
|
Искусно сделанные контрастные текстуры поверхностей
|
|
Препятствие в схематической логике
|
|
Происходить
|
|
Жемчужина
|
|
Декоративный ансамбль
|
|
Сокращать
|
|
Иллюстрированный
|
|
Грубая архитектура
|
|
Статика, устойчивое и определенное пространство
|
|
Лепное украшение
|
|
Неуравновешенные интервалы
|
|
Влияние
|
|
Пастельные оттенки
|
|
Запутанность и тонкость
|
|
2. Read the text and complete the tables
Baroque and late Baroque
(Rococo) are terms applied to European art of the period from the early 17th
century to the middle of the 18th century.
“Baroque” was probably
derived from the Italian word barocco. This term was used by philosophers
during the middle ages to describe an obstacle in schematic logic. This word
also described an irregular or imperfectly shaped pearl.
During the Baroque period
(1600-1750) architecture was integrated into decorative ensembles. Architecture
became pictorial. Baroque art was concerned with vivid colours, hidden light
sources, luxurious materials and elaborate, contrasting surface textures.
Baroque space, with directionality,
movement, positive molding contrasted with the static, stable and defined space
of the High Renaissance and with the frustrating conflict of unbalanced spaces
of the preceding Mannerist period. Mannerism is the term applied to certain
aspects of artistic style in the period between the high Renaissance of the
early 16th century and the beginning of Baroque art in the early 17th.
Hardouin-Mansarts’s Dȏme
des Invalides, Paris (1675) (picture 1) is generally agreed to be the finest church of the last half
of the 17th century in France. The correctness and precision of its
form, the harmony and balance of its spaces make it a landmark not only of the
Paris skyline but also of European Baroque architecture.
During the period of the
Enlightment (about 1700 to 1780), various currents of post-Baroque art and
architecture involved. A principle current, generally known as Rococo, refined
the robust architecture of the 17th century to suit elegant 18th-century
tastes. Vivid colours were replaced by pastel shades. Interior and exterior
space retained none of the bravado and dominance of the Baroque but entertained
and captured the imagination by intricacy and subtlety.
Rococo architects
obtained unifined spaces, emphasized structural elements, created continuous
decorative schemes. And reduced column size to a minimum. (Church of the
Carmine, Turin, Italy,1732, by Filippo Juvarra) (picture 2).
Baroque
The period of time
|
Definition
|
Description
|
The examples of the buildings
|
|
|
|
|
Rococo
The period of time
|
Definition
|
Description
|
The examples of the buildings
|
|
|
|
|
3. Write down a short report about the
works of one of these architects
-
Sir Christopher
Wren
-
Inigo Johns
-
Sir John Vanbrugh
1.9 Neoclassicism
1. Translate the following words and
word combinations into Russian
To flourish
|
|
To distinguish
|
|
Search
|
|
Intellectual and architectural truth
|
|
Onslaught
|
|
Emphasis on illusion and applied ornament
|
|
New taste for classical serenity and archeologically
correct forms
|
|
Strict geometric organization
|
|
Simplicity of geometric forms
|
|
Articulation of interior spaces
|
|
Creation of urban landscapes
|
|
Preference for blank walls
|
|
Contrast of formal volumes and textures
|
|
2. Read the text and complete the
spidergram given below
The classicism that
flourished in the period of 1750-1830 is often known as Neoclassicism, in order
to distinguish it from the classical architecture of ancient Rome or of the
Renaissance.
The search for the
intellectual and architectural truth characterized the period. Stylistically
this began with an onslaught on Baroque architecture, which - with its emphasis
on illusion and applied ornament – was felt to be untruthful.
18th century
classicism was a new taste for classical serenity and archeologically correct
forms.
The centre of
international Neoclassicism was Rome, but the centre of activity was the French
Academy. The projects produced by its winners are characterized by their strict
geometric organization, simplicity of geometric forms, Greek or Roman details,
dramatic use of columns, articulation of interior spaces and creation of urban
landscapes, preference for blank walls and the contrast of formal volumes and
textures.
3. There are a lot of representatives of
Neoclassicism in England.
Find the examples of buildings of
each representative and complete the table.
Architect
|
Examples of his works
|
Robert Adam
|
|
George Dance the Younger
|
|
Henry Holland
|
|
James Wyatt
|
|
1.10 The architecture of the 20th
century.
Charles Edouard (Jeanneret) Le
Corbusier.
1. Translate into Russian
Dominant figure
|
|
System of proportions
|
|
Famous definition of architecture
|
|
The masterly correct and magnificent play of masses brought
together in light
|
|
Comparison
|
|
Oft-misunderstood
|
|
Capacity for serial production
|
|
Pilotis
|
|
Roof terraces
|
|
Terrain
|
|
Double-height rooms
|
|
Reflection
|
|
Endow
|
|
Evoke the spirit of the epoch
|
|
Endure
|
|
2. Read the text about Charles Edouard (Jeanneret) Le
Corbusier.
3. Write down Le Corbusier’s famous definition of
architecture
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4.
Complete
the table
Le Corbusier’s points of a new
architecture
|
|
|
|
|
|
5. Complete the sentences
1) Le Corbusier was the
_______________________________ in modern architecture from 1920 to 1960.
2) He proposed a
__________________________________ using the
____________________________________________ .
3) This architect formulated the famous
definition of architecture as
“____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________“.
4) His comparisons with engineering
constructions were formulated into _______________________ postulates as “the
house is a _____________________________________”.
5) By this Le Corbusier meant
______________________________________, _______________________________________
and ____________________.
6) His five points for a new
architecture: ______________________, _______________________,
____________________________________, ___________________________________,
___________________________.
7) Le Corbusier’s works have become
____________________________________________________ .
8) Le Corbusier’s long period is a
__________________________ to endow architecture with an expression which
evokes the _______________________.
9) Among his works are
____________________________________________ ,
________________________________________________________________
,
____________________________________________________.
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