Презентация по английскому языку "Great Britain Absolute Monarchy"

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  GREAT BRITAIN
  ABSOLUTE MONARCHY
  

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  ABSOLUTE MONARCHY
  During the Tudor period, from 1485 till 1603, England’s foreign policy changed several times. Henry VII was careful to remain friendly with neighbouring countries. His son Henry VIII was more ambitious, hoping to play an important part in European politics. He was unsuccessful. Mary allied England to Spain by her marriage. Elizabeth and her advisers considered trade the most important foreign policy matter, as Henry VII had done. For them a country which was England’s greatest trade rival was also its greatest enemy. This idea remained the basis England’s foreign policy until the 19th century.
  

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  THE WORDS AND WORD COMBINATIONS TO LEARN
  gentry – [‘d3entri] – мелкопоместное дворянство;
  to ally – [ə’ lai] – вступать в союз, объединяться;
  Netherlands – [‘neðələndz] – Нидерланды;
  claim [kleim] притязание, претензия ;
  to influence [ ‘influəns] оказывать влияние, влиять
  to get rid of избавиться от
  to divorce [di'vo:s] разводиться
  to pinch [pint∫] украсть, стащить
  fortune ['fo:t∫n] богатство, состояние
  riding ['raidiŋ] верховая езда
  archery ['a:t∫əri] стрельба из лука t
  o get one’s own way поступать по- своему
  to annoy [a'noi] досаждать, докучать, раздражать
  to stand out выделяться
  muscle [‘mΛsl] мышца
  attractive [0'træktiv] привлекательный, приятный
  

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  THE NEW MONARCHY
  Henry VII is less known than either Henry VIII or Elizabeth I. But he was far more important in establishing the new monarchy than either of them. He had the same ideas and opinions as the growing classes merchants and gentry, and he based royal power good relations with these classes.
  Henry VII firmly believed that business was good for the state. Only a year after he became king, he made an important trade agreement with the Netherlands, which allowed English trade to grow.
  
  

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  HENRY VII
  Henry understood that England’s future Wealth would depend on international trade. And he built a huge fleet of merchant ships. He also believed that wars ruined a country’s economy, and so he avoided quarrels either with Scotland in the north or France in the south.
  
  

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  King Henry VII
  
  Henry was fortunate. Many of the old nobility had died or been defeated in the recent wars, and their lands had gone to the king. This meant that Henry had more money than earlier kings. In order to strengthen his power, he forbade anyone, except himself, to keep armed men.
  

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  A NEW NOBILITY
  Henry’s aim was to make the Crown financially independent, and the lands and the fines he took from the old nobility helped him do this. Of course it made him unpopular with the old nobility, but he kept the friendship of the merchant and gentry classes. Like him they wanted peace and prosperity. He created a new nobility from among them, and men unknown before now became Henry’s statesmen. But they all knew that their rise to importance was completely dependent on the Crown.
  
  

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  QUESTIONS
  Henry VII established a new type of monarchy, didn’t he? What did he base royal power on? What principle did he believe in? What did he avoid?
  
  Why was the trade agreement with the Netherlands important for England?
  Why did Henry VII build a huge fleet of merchant ships?
  Why did Henry VII have much money?
  What measure did Henry VII take in order to strengthen his power?
  What made Henry VII unpopular with the old nobility?
  Why did Henry VII keep the friendship of the merchant and gentry classes?
  

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  THE WORDS AND WORD COMBINATIONS TO LEARN
  classics [ ‘klæsiks] классика, классические античные языки, античная литература
  heated debates [ hi:tid di'beits] горячие споры
  learned [ l3:nd] ученый
  chancellor [ t∫a:nsələ] лорд- канцлер
  to gaze [geiz] созерцать, смотреть на
  to pray [prei] молиться
  skilled in the arts of war искусный в военном деле
  passion ['pæ∫n] страсть
  mass [mæs] месса
  he is said to have written говорят, что он написал
  Greensleeves [ gri:nsli:vz] Гоинсливз,Зеленые рукава
  folk ['fəuk] народный
  luxury [‘lΛk∫əri] роскошь
  thrifty ['Өrifti] бережливый, экономный
  treasury [‘tre3əri] казна
  edition [I’di∫n] издание
  
  

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  HENRY VIII
  Henry VIII was quite unlike his father. He was cruel and wasteful with money. He spent so much on maintaining a rich court and on wars, that his father’s carefully saved money was soon gone.
  

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  CLAIM TO FAME
  He had 6 wives and his private life greatly influenced English political history.
  He got rid of the Catholic Church in England and made himself head of the new Church. That gave him the chance to divorce his first wife and also to pinch the riches of the Catholic Church.
  He built the first modern navy, but spent his father’s fortune on foreign wars.
  He liked hunting, eating, riding, eating, archery, eating, music, eating... and getting his own way.
  

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  Those who annoyed him usually had their heads cut off –
  even a good friend like Thomas More.
  

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  YOUNG HENRY
  King Henry VIII was born in 1491. He was handsome, talented, and cruel. In English history he stands out as one of the most colourful kings.
  King Henry had bright red hair, powerful muscles and an attractive laugh.
  He was educated in the classics, and spoke and wrote several languages, including Latin. He studied philosophy and religion and often had heated debates with the learned thinkers of the age.
  
  

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  HENRY'S PASSION
  He studied astronomy, too, and would wake up Sir Thomas More, his friend and chancellor, in the middle of the night so that they could gaze at the stars from the roof of a royal palace. He was an athlete and he was skilled in the arts of war.
  He wrote prose and poetry. But his real passion was music. Henry VIII composed masses (which are now lost) and ballads. He is said to have written Greensleeves which is still one of the most popular folk songs in Britain. He played several musical instruments and liked to experiment with different combinations of those instruments.
  
  
  
  

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  PRODIGAL SPENDER
  Henry VIII loved luxury as well as music, is father, Henry VII, had been a thrifty ruler and left a large treasure behind him. It did not take his son long to spend it. Henry VIII loved balls, women and good food. On his death his treasury was practically empty.
  

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  DEFENDER OF THE FAITH
  Henry VIII was an author of a best-seller (it had 20 editions!). He wrote about how wonderful the Catholic Church was - so the Pope gave Henry the title, ‘Defender of the Faith’... When the Pope refused to allow him to divorce his first wife, Henry left the Catholic Church, but he kept the title. Since then all British monarchs have called themselves ‘Defender of the Faith’. The initials FD still appear on British coins today.
  

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  THE WORDS AND WORD COMBINATIONS TO LEARN
  Reason [‘ri:zn] разум
  Defender of the Faith [di,fendə əv ðə'feiӨ] защитник веры
  monarch [‘monək] монарх
  coin [koin] монета
  capricious [ka'pri∫es] капризный
  to behead [bi'hed] отрубать голову, казнить
  to boil [boil] варить
  to stick (stuck) on a pole насадить на кол
  burial [ ‘beriəl] похороны, погребение
  widow ['widəu] вдова
  Catherine of Aragon [‘kæӨrin əv'ærəgən] Екатерина Арагонская
  consequence [ ‘konsikwəns] последствие, результат
  she failed to give him a son она не смогла родить ему сына
  
  

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  THE WORDS AND WORD COMBINATIONS TO LEARN
  heir [еə] наследник
  meanwhile ['mi:nwail] между тем, как бы то ни было
  Anne Boleyn [,æn bə‘li:n] Анна Болейн
  lady-in-waiting [Jeidi in 'weitiŋ] фрейлина (королевы)
  nevertheless [,nevəðə'les] тем не менее, все же
  he no longer cared for her она его больше не интересовала
  to set up основывать, учреждать
  Church of England англиканская церковь (протестантская церковь Англии, главой которой является монарх)
  Supreme [sju:'pri:m] Head верховный глава
  
  
  

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  THOMAS MORE
  Henry was capricious and cruel. When Thomas More, his chancellor and friend, refused to recognise Henry as head of the Church of England, he was sent to prison and finally beheaded. After Thomas More’s head was cut off, it was boiled and then stuck on a pole over London Bridge. More’s daughter was allowed to have it for burial only after three months.
  

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  WIFE NUMBER ONE
  CATHERINE ARAGON
  When Henry came to the throne in 1509, his first act was to marry his brother’s widow, Catherine of Aragon, the daughter of the King of Spain. This marriage had important, not to say revolutionary, consequences.
  Catherine was nice and intelligent and was a true friend to her husband, but she failed to give him a son. After ten years of their marriage England had no heir.
  
  

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  FALLING IN LOVE WITH ANNE
  Meanwhile Henry fell in love with Anne Boleyn, Catherine’s lady-in- waiting. Henry’s friends thought that Anne was ‘not one of the handsomest women in the world...’. The ideal of beauty in the 16th century was a pale, fair-haired, blue-eyed woman. Anne Boleyn had dark skin, thick dark brown hair and dark brown eyes which often appeared black. Legend also says that Anne had six fingers on her hand. Nevertheless the king fell madly in love with her. He no longer cared for Catherine and decided to divorce her.
  
  

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  WIFE NUMBER TWO
  ANNE BOLEYN
  Henry asked the Pope to give him a divorce but the Pope refused. So Henry secretly married Anne Boleyn, broke with the Roman Catholic Church and set up the Church of England with himself as Supreme Head.
  Anne Boleyn had only one child who lived, a daughter (later Queen Elizabeth I). Henry wanted a son. He was disappointed.
  
  

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  EXECUTION
  Anne Boleyn was unable to keep the love of the king. Henry suspected her of having affairs with other men. His love turned to hatred and Anne was beheaded when Henry fell in love with another English girl called Jane Seymour.
  
  

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  THE WORDS AND WORD COMBINATIONS TO LEARN
  prolific [рrə’lifik|плодовитый
  disappointed [,disə'pointid] разочарованный
  to suspect [səs'pekt] подозревать
  affair [a'feə] роман
  Jane Seymour [d3ein seimə] Джейн Сеймур
  execution [,eksi'kju:∫n] казнь
  delicate, ['delikit] хрупкий, нежный
  to give birth to родить, рожать
  to mourn [mo:n] оплакивать чью-л. смерть, скорбеть
  Anne of Cleves [,æn av kli:vz] Анна Клевская
  connections [ka'nek∫ənz] связи, знакомства
  Katherine Howard [,kæӨərin hauəd] Екатерина Говард
  to force [fo:s] заставлять, принуждать
  

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  THE WORDS AND WORD COMBINATIONS TO LEARN
  ghost [gəust] привидение
  to fly (fled) бежать, спасаться бегством
  shelter ['∫eltə] укрытие, убежище
  guard [ga:d] охрана, стража
  shortly [‘∫o:tli] вскоре
  Katherine Parr [,kæӨərin pa:] Екатерина Парр
  at court [ko:t] при дворе
  engaged [in’geid3d] помолвленный,обрученный
  to outlive [aut'liv] пережить (кого-л.)
  reign [rein] царствование
  to spread [spred] (spread) распространяться
  eventually [i'vent∫uəli] в конечном счете, в итоге
  
  

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  WIFE NUMBER THREE
  JANE SEYMOUR
  Their wedding took place 11 days after Anne Boleyn’s execution. Jane Seymour was a delicate girl who died giving birth to a son (Edward VI) a year later. Henry mourned her for a few months and then married again.
  

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  WIFE NUMBER FOUR
  ANNE OF CLEVES
  This time he chose a German princess, Anne of Cleves. He married her for reasons of diplomacy. When she arrived in England, he decided she wasn’t pretty enough. He thought of beheading her too, but she had powerful connections so he divorced her and called her “sister”.
  
  

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  WIFE NUMBER FIVE
  KATHERINE HOWARD
  The next wife, Katherine Howard, was very young and very frightened of King Henry but was forced by her family to marry him. She was beheaded when Henry became bored with her. It is said that her ghost is still crying in the church where she fled for shelter when the guards came to take her away.
  

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  WIFE NUMBER SIX
  CATHERINE PARR
  Shortly after Katherine Howard’s execution Henry decided he wanted to marry Katherine Parr, an older woman at court and engaged to a nobleman, Thomas Seymour, uncle of his third wife Jane Seymour. The last Katherine was luckier than the other wives, as she outlived Henry and finally married Thomas Seymour.
  

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  THE FINAL
  King Henry VIII’s reign was the start of a new direction for Britain. The new religion spread and eventually caused great changes in England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland.
  King Henry died in 1547 and left the throne to his son Edward VI.
  
  

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  THE PROTESTANT-CATHOLIC STRUGGLE
  Henry left three children. Mary, the eldest, was the daughter of Catherine of Aragon. Elizabeth was the daughter of his second wife, Anne Boleyn, whom he had executed because she was unfaithful. Nine-year-old Edward was the son of Jane Seymour, the only wife whom Henry had really loved but who had died giving birth to his only son.
  

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  EDWARD VI
  Edward VI was only a child of 9 years old when he became king, so the country was ruled by a council. All the members of the council were representatives of the new nobility created by the Tudors. They were keen Protestant Reformers because they had benefited from the sale of monastery lands. Indeed, all the new landowners knew that they could only be sure of keeping their new lands if they made England truly Protestant.
  Most English people still believed in the old Catholic religion. Less than half the English were Protestant by belief, but these people controlled religious matters. In 1552 a new prayer book was introduced to make sure that all churches followed the new Protestant religion
  

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  MARY I
  Mary, the Catholic daughter of Catherine of Aragon, became queen when Edward, aged sixteen, died in 1553. Mary was unwise and made mistakes in her policy. For political, religious and family reasons, she married King Philip of Spain. It was a bad choice. The English people disliked the marriage. They were afraid that this marriage would place England under foreign control.
  

• 34 слайд

  BLOODY MARY
  Parliament agreed to Mary’s marriage unwillingly and made a condition that Philip would be regarded as King of England only during Mary’s lifetime. Mary’s marriage to Philip was the first mistake of her unfortunate reign. Then she began burning Protestants. Three hundred people died in this way during her five-year reign. For these mass executions she was called Bloody Mary.
  

• 35 слайд

  QUESTIONS
  How many children did Henry VIII leave after his death? Who were they?
  How old was Edward VI when he became King of England? Did he rule the country himself?
  Whom did Mary marry? Why did the English people dislike this marriage? What were they afraid of? On what condition did Parliament agree to the marriage?
  What was Mary’s second mistake? Why was she called Bloody Mary?
  
  

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  THE WORDS AND WORD COMBINATIONS TO LEARN
  parish ['pæri∫] — приход
  the unit of state administration — административная единица
  a book of sermons ['sз:mənz] — сборник проповедей
  hatred [heitrid] – ненависть, отвращение;
  to persuade – [pə’sweid] убеждать
  merchant – [mз:t∫ənt] - купец, торговец;
  

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  ELIZABETH I
  When she became queen in 1558, Elizabeth I wanted to find a peaceful answer to the problems of the English Reformation. She wanted to bring together again those parts of English society (Catholic and Protestant) which were in disagreement. And she wanted to make England prosperous. As a result, the Protestantism in England remained closer to the Catholic religion than to other Protestant groups. But Elizabeth made sure that the Church was still under her authority, unlike politically dangerous forms of Protestantism in Europe. In a way, she made the Church “part of the state machine.”
  
  

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  ELIZABETH I
  The parish, the area served by one church, usually the same size as a village, became the unit of state administration. People had to go to church on Sundays by law and they were fined if they stayed away. Elizabeth also introduced a book of sermons to be used in church. Besides containing, texts of the sermons based on the Bible, this book also taught the people that rebellion against the Crown was a sin against God.
  
  

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  MARY, THE QUEEN OF SCOTS
  The struggle between Catholics and Protestants continued to endanger Elizabeth’s position for the next thirty years. There was a special danger from those Catholic nobles in England who wished to remove Elizabeth and replace her with the queen of Scotland, who was a Catholic.
  Mary, the Scottish queen, usually called Queen of Scots, was the heir to the English throne because she was Elizabeth’s closest living relative, as Elizabeth had no children. Mary quarreled with some of her nobles and had to escape to England, where Elizabeth kept her as a prisoner for almost twenty years.
  
  

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  MARY'S EXECUTION
   
  During that time Elizabeth discovered several secret Catholic plots aimed at making Mary queen of England. Finally Elizabeth agreed to Mary’s execution in 1587.
  Many people approved of Mary’s execution. The Catholic plots and the dangers of a foreign Catholic Invasion had changed people’s feelings. By 1585 most English people believed that to be a Catholic was to be an enemy of England. This hatred of everything Catholic became an important political force.
  

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  QUESTIONS
  When did Elizabeth I become Queen of England?
  How did she want to settle the problem of disagreement between the Catholics and Protestants? What was the result of her efforts?
  How did Elizabeth ensure that the Church of England was “part of the state machine”? What is a parish? How did Elizabeth make the parish a unit of state administration? How were people punished if they did not go to church on Sunday?
  What book did Elizabeth introduce for using in church? What did this book teach the people?
  What did some Catholic nobles plan to do?
  Why was Mary the Queen of Scots the heir to the English throne?
  Why did Mary come to England? Why did Elizabeth keep her a prisoner?
  Why did Elizabeth finally agree to Mary’s execution?
  Why did many people in England approve оf Mary’s execution?
  
  
  

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  The words and word combinations to learn
  reign [rein] царствование
  to keep a watchful eye следить за
  suspicious [səs’ pi∫əs] подозрительный
  to have good reason иметь веские основания
  to employ [im’ploi] нанимать
  to invade [in’veid] вторгаться: захватывать
  enemy [‘enəmi] враг
  to bankrupt [‘bæŋkrΛpt] oneself обанкротиться
  to execute [‘eksikju:t] казнить
  to keep secret [‘si:krit] держать в тайне
  
  
  
  

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  The words and word combinations to learn
  to replace [ri’pleis] заменять
  Mary, Queen of Scots (Mary Stuart) Королева шотландская (Мария Стюарт)
  spymaster [ ,spai’ma:stə] мастер шпионажа, знаток сыскного дела
  Francis Walsingham [,frænsis ‘wo:lsiŋəm] Фрэнсис Уолсингем
  cunning [‘kΛniŋ] хитрый
  huge [hju:d3] огромный, громадный
  network [‘netw3:k] сеть
  to report back докладывать, доносить
  to pay off расплачиваться
  
  
  
  
  

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  The words and word combinations to learn
  cipher [‘saifə] шифр
  correspondence [,kəris'pondəns] переписка
  supporter |sə’po:tə] сторонник
  to smuggle [‘smΛgl] тайно переправлять
  barrel [ bærl] бочка, бочонок
  to set up «подставить» (кого-либо)
  to devise [di'vais] выдумывать; изобретать
  Anthony Babington [,æntəni bæbiŋtn] Энтони Бабингтон
  plot заговор
  to overthrow [,əuvə’Өrəun] (overthrew, overthrown) свергать
  to decipher [di'saifə] раскодировать, расшифровывать
  

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  ALL THE QUEEN’S SPIES
  You had to be very careful about what you said and did during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603)! She had spies everywhere — in England and abroad. These spies kept a watchful eye on anyone who seemed suspicious.
  Elizabeth had good reason to employ spies. France and Spain were planning to invade England, and she had lots of enemies in her own country. Elizabeth was a Protestant Queen, and many Catholics wanted to replace her with her cousin, Mary, Queen of Scots, who was a Catholic and the next in line to the throne.
  

• 46 слайд

  The Queen’s Spymaster
  
  Elizabeth’s first secretary, Sir Francis Walsingham, was also her spymaster. He was intelligent and cunning. He had a huge network of spies, in England and in other countries, who reported back to him about anyone who might act against the Queen. Although Elizabeth didn’t like him much, Walsingham was loyal to her and hated her enemies, including Mary, Queen of Scots. He spent a lot of his own money on paying off his ‘secret agents’. In the end he actually bankrupted himself.
  

• 47 слайд

  Codes and Ciphers
  
  Walsingham’s men used codes and ciphers to keep their communication secret. One code they used involved replacing an important word or a person’s name with a number. For example, in one secret message, France was 54, Scotland was 70, and Mary was 23. They also used invisible ink made of milk and lemon juice.
  
  

• 48 слайд

  Codes and Ciphers
  Mary used a cipher, too, when sending secret messages to her supporters. At Chartley, one of the castles where Mary was kept prisoner, she had a secret mail system — messages written in code were smuggled in and out hidden inside barrels of beer. What Mary didn’t realize was that she had been set up by Walsingham. The secret code she used had been devised by the spymaster himself!
  
  

• 49 слайд

  Babington plot
  
  In 1586, Walsingham discovered that Anthony Babington, one of Mary’s many supporters, was plotting to overthrow Elizabeth and put Marv on the throne. When Babington sent Mary a secret letter with, the details of the plot, Walsingham’s men easily deciphered it, arrested the plotters and: executed them. Mary, too, lost her pretty head.
  

• 50 слайд

  A SCOTISH KING FOR ENGLAND
  Elizabeth I never married and had no children. Her closest relative was Mary’s son, the Scottish king James I, and after Elizabeth’s death in 1603, he inherited the English throne. So, after a long struggle the two countries were united, but, ironically, under a royal dynasty which came from Scotland.
  

• 51 слайд

  The death mask of Mary Queen of Scots
  

• 52 слайд

  Tudor Parliaments.
  The Tudor monarchs did not like governing through parliament. Henry VII used Parliament only for introducing new laws. Henry VIII used it to raise money for war and for his struggle with Rome.
  The Tudor monarchs were certainly not more democratic than the kings that had ruled the country before them. In the early 16th century Parliament only met when the monarch ordered it. Sometimes it met twice in one year, but then it might not meet again for six years. Henry VIII assembled Parliament to make the laws for Church reformation. In forty-five years of Elizabeth’s reign she only let Parliament meet fourteen times.
  

• 53 слайд

  TUDOR PARLIAMENT
  Only two things persuaded the Tudor monarchs not to get rid of Parliament altogether: they needed money and they needed the support of the merchants and landowners, whose representatives sat in Parliament. But by using Parliament to support their own policy, the Tudors actually increased Parliament’s authority.
  

• 54 слайд

  TUDOR PARLIAMENT
  During the 16th century real power in Parliament moved from the House of Lords to the House of Commons. The reason for this was simple. The Members of Parliament (MPs) in the House of Commons represented richer and more influential classes than the Lords. In fact, the idea of getting rid of the House of Lords, a question which is still discussed in British politics today, was first suggested in the 16th century.
  

• 55 слайд

  TUDOR PARLIAMENT
  Parliament did not really represent the people. The monarchy used its influence to make Parliament support royal policy. In order to control discussion in Parliament, the Crown appointed a Speaker. Even today the Speaker is responsible for good behaviour during debates in the House of Commons.
  The growing authority of Parliament led to the question about the limits of its power. MPs were beginning to think that they had a right to discuss more and more questions. By the end of the 16th century, when the gentry and merchant classes realized their strength, it was obvious that sooner or later Parliament would challenge the Crown. Eventually it resulted in war.
  

• 56 слайд

  QUESTIONS
  Did the Tudor monarchs like governing the country through Parliament? What did Henry VII and Henry VIII use Parliament for?
  Did Parliament meet regularly in the 16Ul century? How many times did it meet during the forty-five years of Elizabeth’s reign?
  If the Tudor king did not like governing the country through Parliament, why didn’t they get rid of it altogether?
  Why did the House of Commons play a more important role in Parliament than the House of Lords? Whom did the MPs in the House of Commons represent?
  Why did the Crown appoint a Speaker in Parliament? What is the Speaker responsible for in today’s Parliament?
  What question did the growing authority of Parliament lead to? What were the MPs beginning to think? What was obvious by the end of the 16th century?
  
  

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  THE END OF PART THREE