Russia
Russia is one of the largest countries in the world. The vast territory of the
Russian Federation stretches from the Baltic Sea in the West to the Pacific
Ocean in the East, from the Arctic Ocean in the North to the Black Sea in the
South. Due to the large territory the climate and nature are of various types
in Russia . The climate of Siberia is continental with very cold winters and
hot and dry summers. The climate in the central part of Russia is rather mild.
In the south of Russia the climate is subtropical.
Russia is a country of thick forests, high mountains and long rivers. The
longest rivers are the Volga in Europe and the Ob., Yenissei and the Lena in
Asia. Lake Baikal is the biggest and the deepest in the world. It’s famous for
its crystal clean water.
Russia is rich in natural resources such as gas, oil, coal. Russia has
one-sixth of the world forests. . Russia gave the world such famous writers and
poets as Tolstoi, Dostoevsky, Pushkin. Such composer as Tchaikovvsky, Glinka,
Borodin are admired in the world. The emblem of Russia is a double-headed
eagle, the most ancient symbols. The symbol of Russia is a three-coloured flag.
Is has three horizontal stripes: white, blue, red. White represents peace, blue
represents loyality, and red stands for valour. The capital of Russia is
Moscow.
Great Britain
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland is situated on the British Isles. The British Isles consist of two
large islands, Great Britain and Ireland, and above five thousand small
islands. Their total area is over 244 000 square kilometers. The United Kingdom
is made up of four countries: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.
Their capitals are London, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast respectively.
The British Isles are separated from the European continent by the North Sea
and the English Channel. The western coast of Great Britain is washed by the
Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea. The surface of the British Isles varies very
much. The north of Scotland is mountainous ., while the south has beautiful
valleys and plains. .Mountains are not very high. Ben Nevis is the highest
mountain. (1343)
There are a lot of rivers in GB, but they are not very long. The Severn is the
longest river, while the Thames is the deepest and the most important one.
The UK is one of the world’s smallest countries. The population of the country
is over 87 million and about 80% of it is urban. The UK is highly developed
industrial country. It’s known as one of world’s largest producers and
exporters of machinery, electronics, textile, aircraft and navigation
equipment. The UK is constitutional monarchy. In law, the Head of State is the
Queen, but in practice, the Queen reigns, but does not rule. The country is
ruled by the elected government with the Prime Minister at the head. The
British Parliament consists of two chambers: the House of Lords and the House
of Commons.
The USA
The United States of America is the world’s fourth
largest country. Only Russia, Canada and China have bigger territories than the
USA. There 50 states in the country. Forty eight are in the same part of North
America. The other two are Alaska in the North and Hawaii situated on eight
islands in the pacific. The USA is washed by the Atlantic and the Pacific
oceans. Father east lie the tall peaks of the Rocky Mountains, that run from
Canada to Mexico. Beyond them stretch the Great plains where the Mississippi
River flows. Another mountain chain, the Appalachians, runs down the eastern
part of the USA. The USA borders on Canada in the North, where 5 Great Lakes
situated, and Mexico in the South. The capital of the United States is
Washington, D.C. But the biggest city is New York
English as a world language
Today English is more important than any other
language. It has become the language of the planet, the first global language.
Now it is the language of technology and science, business and sport. English
is the official language of the Olympics, the official voice of the air and of
the sea. People use English as the first language in English-speaking countries
such as Britain, the USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. It has become the
second language in countries like India, Nigeria and Singapore. People teach
and learn English as a foreign language in Europe and Asia, in Africa and South
America, in other words, all over the world
Sport
Sport is one of the most popular pastimes all over the
world. Lots of people watch sports programmes on television, support their
teams at stadiums and go in for different kinds of sports. It is difficult to
find a person who has not heard about such team games as football, basketball
or such athletics as running and jumping. At the same time there are sports and
games that are less common, for example motor races, rock climbing and
parachute jumping are not to everyone’s taste. Going in for sport gives you a
lot of advantages. It gives you physical exercise, you spend a lot of time in
the open air. You meet people who enjoy the same sport. Just think of the
excitement of the moment when your favourite footballer scores a goal at the
last moment of the match
The
Olympic games
The Olympic games are international sports festival
that began in ancient Greece. In those days Greek games took place every four
years. The earliest information about the Olympic games goes back to 776 BC.
Only men could compete or watch games. During games there was peace in the
country. The Roman emperor Theodosius ended the Olympic games in 394 AD because
he thought that they were a pagan (языческий)
festival. With the help of the people the French nobleman organized the modern
Olympic Games in 1896. Athletes from thirteen countries came to Greece to
compete in nine sports. Russia took part in them too. Now the number of
countries taking part in the Olympic games is much larger.The International
Olympic Committee heads the Olympic movement. The Olympic games are probably
the most important international sport events. Millions of people watch them,
supporting their favourite teams and athlets.
My
Hobby
My name is Denis. I live in Perm. My hobby is
computers. I got a computer 2 years ago and now I spend a lot of free time in
front of it. Sometimes my friends and I go to the Internet café and surf the
net. I used to play a lot of computer games but now I think they rather boring.
Using the computer helps me with my school as I can get all the information I
need from the Internet.
Hi there! I’m Andy Scott. I come from Sacramento,
California, USA. I think I spend all my free time playing basketball. I play
for the school team and they say that I’m one of the best players. I go to the
stadium to watch basketball games with my dad or with my friends. I support the
LA Lakers, they are the best team in the NBA. If I can ever play for Lakers,
I’ll be the happiest person in the world.
A
visit to a doctor
Last week I caught a bad cold. I felt bad. I had a
running nose, a bad cough and a sore throat. The temperature was 38,5. I also
had a headache and couldn’t sleep. I decided to go to the clinic. The doctor
examined me and said that I had the flue. He told me to stay in bed for a few
days and prescribed some medicine. He put me on the sick list. When I returned
home, I went to bed at once. I had some hot tea with honey and took some
medicine. The treatment helped me. Soon I felt better and few days later I
recovered. My temperature became normal. When I came to the clinic again, the
doctor said, that everything was all right and I could go to school. He advised
me to spend a lot of time in the open air and devote more time to sport
Nature
(8) (10)
There are many different species of wild plants and
animals on our planet. People discover hundreds of new kinds every year. There
are more than 300 000 different species of plants on earth. Some plants grow
very tall and leave very long life. Other plants are so tiny that you can see
them only through a microscope. The same is true about animals. You can find
plants and animals in the oceans and deserts, in mountains and in cold tundra
plains. When people first learned to cultivate plants and domesticate animals,
our civilization began. We can’t live without them. Plants are able to use
sunlight to build themselves up. They use carbon dioxide gas and “breath out”
life-giving oxygen. They support life on our planet
English as a World Language (10)
1). Today English
is the language of the world. .2). In Shakespeare's time it was a «provincial»
language of secondary importance with only 6 million native speakers. 3).
Nowadays over 300 million people speak it as a mother tongue.
4). English is the
official language of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,
of the United States of America, of Australia and New Zealand. 5). It is used
as one of the official languages in Canada, the Republic of South Africa and
the Irish Republic.
6). English is
also spoken as a second language in the former British and US colonies. .
7). English is the
major international language of communication in such areas as science,
technology and business. 8). It is the language of literature, education, modem
music, and international tourism. 9). English is the major language of
diplomacy, it is one of the official languages of the United Nation
organization and other political organizations.
10). Russia is
integrating into the world community and the problem of learning English for
the purpose of communication is especially urgent today.
11). One should say that English is not an
easy language to learn. 12). There is a big problem of spelling, of the large
number of exceptions to any rule. 13). This language is very idiomatic and the
prepositions are terrible. . 14). You will be able to speak to people from
other countries, to read foreign authors in the original, which makes your
outlook wider. 15). To know English today is absolutely necessary for every
educated man, for every good specialist.
Sports
- Спорт (10 класс)
1). They say, "Health is above wealth". 2). Thousands of people
consider sports to be very helpful in gaining good health. 3). That's why every
country pays much attention to developing sports. 4). It is sport that helps to
bring up physically strong, strong-willed, courageous and energetic people.
5). Unfortunately, it is very difficult to find time for going in for sports
regularly. 6). People have become too busy nowadays. 7). There are quite a
number of people who prefer watching sporting events rather than taking part in
them. 8). They are so-called sportfans. 9). They pack stadiums during sport
matches and competitions, they sit glued to the TV, and they are ready to give
every moral support to their favourite sportsmen or teams.
10). In the meantime thousands of people devote their spare time to going in
for sports. 11). They play indoor and outdoor games: volleyball, basketball,
table-tennis, hockey, law-tennis. 12). The number of participants and
spectators show that the most popular games are basketball, hockey and, of
course, football. 13). A lot of people go in for track-and-field athletics,
cycling, boxing, wrestling, gymnastics and so on.
14). Hockey, figure skating, skiing and skating are among the most popular
winter sports. 15). In summer swimming is enjoyed by millions of people. 16).
There are also many indoor swimming pools, which make swimming possible all the
year round. 17). Cycling is useful exercise, too, because it takes you out into
the fresh air and gives much work to all the muscles. 18). So if you arrange
your day correctly you can find an opportunity for sports.
19). Physical training is an essential part of young people's development.
20). All pupils and students have regular training at PT lessons. 21). These
classes are enjoyed by everybody as they give a lot of energy, develop muscles,
make pupils strong, quick and healthy. 22). From time to time different kinds
of competitions are organized at school or between schools. 23). The most
popular sports at school are basketball, football and volleyball. 24). Besides,
pupils and students attend a lot of sports clubs and sports sections after
classes, where they take up their favourite kind of sport. 25). So if you think
that physical fitness and health are important you are to go in for sports.
My future profession (10)
Choosing an Occupation (1)
One of the most difficult problems a young
person faces is deciding what to do about a career.
There are individuals, of course, who from
the time they are six years old "know" that they want to be doctors
or pilots or fire fighters, but the majority of us do not get around to making
a decision about an occupation or career.
Choosing an occupation takes time, and
there are a lot of things you have to think about as you try to decide what you
would like to do.
You may find that you will have to take
special courses to qualify for a particular kind of work, or may find out that
you will need to get some actual work experience, to gain enough knowledge to
qualify for a particular job.
Fortunately, there are a lot of people you
can turn to for advice and help in making your decision. At most schools, there
are teachers who are professionally qualified to counsel you and to give
detailed information about job qualifications.
And you can talk over your ideas with
family members and friends who are always ready to listen and to offer
suggestions. But even if you get other people involved in helping you to make a
decision, self evaluation is an important part of the decision-making process.
I originally became interested in the law
during my 9th form when I realized that my skills as a writer, speaker, and
leader — as well as my powers of logic — would probably serve me well in a
legal career.
That is why I entered an optional class
where I could have lessons on law twice a week. All that I have done and
experienced in my studying of the basic aspects of the law has further
stimulated and reinforced my interest in the law, especially international
obligations and public law, and my determination to pursue a legal career.
Studying to be a lawyer represents the
fulfilment of one of my longest held dreams.
Whatever I could do as a lawyer to help
people who are victimised by unscrupulous businessmen, as well as their own
ignorance of the law, would give me a great satisfaction.
The duty of the lawyer is not only to punish
people for various crimes: from espionage to serial murder and terrorism, but
they must do their best to prevent crimes, to fight against evil in our
society.
The lawyers should help those people, who
committed an error (broke the law) to find the right road in their life. Judges
can hand down a death sentence for murder in our country. I feel strongly that
the death sentence should be abolished. The lawyers protect the rights and
legal interests of citizens, institutions and organisations.
I want to help people, businesses to solve
their problems, I want to help everybody to know the rules that we all have to
get along. I think that the profession of a lawyer is one of the most important
in the law-governed state, which we are creating now.
There are many interesting and useful
professions, and it is really not an easy task to choose the right one.
I began to think about my future
profession at the age of 15. My favourite subjects at school were mathematics
and English. My teachers were well-educated people with deep knowledge of the
subjects. They encouraged me in my desire to become an economist. Now I know
well what I'm going to do after leaving school. I didn't make a blind choice.
It was not a sudden flash either.
I opted for a career in business
economics. I came to this decision little by little. It was my father who
aroused my interest in that field. You see, he is a chief economist at a large
plant and I often saw him work at home and discuss business matters with his
colleagues.
To become a good specialist in economic
matters and business one must know many sciences, such as business economics,
finance and credits, statistics, history of economic theory and philosophy,
mathematics, as well as economic management, trade business and, of course,
marketing, which is a modern philosophy of business.
It is very important for a specialist in
business matters to be a skilful user of computers and to speak at least one
foreign language. It should better be English as it is the most popular
language of international business communication.
You'll be able to follow business
developments in the world by listening to radio and TV news, by reading
newspapers or magazines, or by getting in contact with your business partners
abroad.
If I pass my entrance exams successfully
and enter the University, I'll try to study to the best of my abilities to
achieve my life's ambition and to justify the hopes of my parents. I also hope
that I'll never regret my choice and get a well-paid and interesting job
afterwards.
Maybe I should consider a job in a world
of banking. There's a surprisingly wide range to choose from, in the financial
world.
For example, I could work for a big
international company, run my own company, write about economics as a financial
journalist, run my own International Business Research Agency, raise money for
charities or just sell famous paintings.
Diana
- the People's Princess . (10)
Diana Spencer was born on the first of July 1961 in Sandringham in England.
She had two older sisters and a younger brother. In childhood she liked games,
swimming, running and dancing. She wanted to become a dancer. Besides she loved
children very much and at the age of sixteen she worked in schools for very
young children.
Diana became princess, when Prince Charles, the Queen's son, asked her to be
his wife and they got married. They seemed to be a happy couple at first. They
had two sons. They travelled a lot they worked a lot, they visited many
countries together. But Diana was not quite happy because they did different
things and Charles didn't understand her.
Why was Diana the most famous, the most beautiful, the most photographed
woman in the world?
Why did she win the hearts of millions and millions of people in many
countries? Why did so many people come to London to remember her when she died?
Why did the car accident which took her life, become such a total shock to
crowds of people? Why did people feel the need to be in London at the funeral?
Why did the tears and love at the funeral move the world?
The answer is so simple. Matthew Wall, a student at St. Michael's College in
Burlington said: "She was such a lovely lady. She did so much for those
people less fortunate that herself".
She was a kind woman. Hundreds of people talked about Diana's kindnesses.
She liked ordinary people, though she was rich and had many rich friends.
Wherever she was, she was always ready to lend a hand. She was devoted to the
sick and the poor. She visited hospitals for people with AIDS and for lepers
and wasn't afraid to touch them, talk to them, listen to them.
She worked on children's charities, and had teamed up with Hillary Clinton
in an effort to ban landmines. And it's not only money, that she wanted to give
people. She wanted to give them a part of her soul, to make them happy because
she was unhappy herself. She wanted to give them love, because she needed love
herself.
Rock stars (Sting, Elton John), pop singer George Michael, film stars and
producers (Tom Hanks, Steven Spilberg, Nicole Kidman, Tom Cruise) and other
famous people were among her friends. But she had more friends among ordinary
people.
Diana was seen many times in floods of tears, because of the pressures of
her loveless 15-year marriage. It is not a secret that Diana was hounded and
humiliated to the point of mental breakdown and was able to pull through only
because she knew she had the love of the people to buoy her in her darkest
hours.
She was, indeed, the People's Princess.
Travelling
(10)
People on our planet can't live without
travelling now. Tourism has become a highly developed business. There are
express trains, cars and jet-air liners all of that provide you with comfort
and security.
What choice to make? It's up to you to
decide. There is a great variety of choice available for you.
Those who live in the country like going
to a big city, visiting museums and art galleries, looking at shop windows and
dining at exotic restaurants. City-dwellers usually like acquired holiday by
the sea or in the mountains.
Most travellers carry a camera with them
and take pictures of everything that interests them — the sights of a city, old
churches, castles, mountains, lakes, waterfalls, forests, trees, flowers and
plants, animals and birds. Later, perhaps years later, they will be reminded by
the photos of the happy times they have had.
If you travel for pleasure you would like
all means to enjoy picturesque areas you are passing through, you would like to
see the places of interest in the cities, towns and countries. Travelling gives
us a good opportunity to see wonderful monuments, cultural and historical
places, to learn a lot about the history of the country you visit, about the
world around us, to meet people of different nationalities, to learn a lot
about their traditions, customs, culture. In other words, you will broaden your
mind.
Nowadays people travel not only for
pleasure but also on business. You have to go to other countries ., to sign
contacts, to participate in different exhibitions, in order to push the goods
produced by your firm or
company . Travelling on business helps you to get more information about
achievements of other companies» which will make your own business more
successful.
There are a lot of means of travelling: by
sea, by plane, by car, on foot. Tastes differ. That is why it is up to you to
decide which means of travelling you would prefer. All means of travelling have
their advantages and disadvantages. And people choose one according to their
plans.
No wonder that one of the latest means of
travelling is travelling by plane. It combines both comfort and speed and you
will reach the place of destination very quickly.
Before boarding the plane you must check
in at the airport. You are required to have your baggage weighed. Each
passenger is allowed 20 kilograms of baggage free of charge. But if your
baggage is heavier you must pay an extra charge.
Before the plane takes off the stewardess
gives you all the information about the flight, the speed and altitude. She
asks you to fasten the belts and not to smoke. She will take care of you during
the flight and will help you to get comfortable in your seat. Inside the cabins
the air is always fresh and warm. During the flight you can take a nap or have
a chat, you can read and relax. In some planes you can watch video or listen to
the music.
When the plane is landing or taking off
you have an opportunity to enjoy the wonderful scenery and landscapes. While
travelling by plane you fly past various villages and cities at the sight of
which realize how majestic and tremendous our planet is. No doubt, travelling
by air is the most convenient and comfortable means of travelling.
But if you are airsick the flight may seem
not so nice to you. Unfortunately sometimes the flights are delayed because of
unfavourable weather conditions, and one more inconvenience is jet-lag.
Travelling (2)
I like to travel. First of all, the
members of our family usually have long walks in the country. Such walks are
called hikes.
If we want to see countryside we have to
spend a part of our summer holidays on hikes. During such hikes we see a lot of
interesting places, sometimes we meet interesting people.
It's useful for all members of our family.
We take our rucksacks. We don't think about tickets and there is no need to
hurry up.
As for me, it's more comfortable to travel
by train and by plane. But it's difficult to buy tickets for the plane. That's
why we buy our tickets beforehand.
When I travel by plane, I don't spend a
lot of time going from one place to another, I like to fly. If I travel by
train or by plane my friends see me off at the railway station or in the
airport.
I like to travel by car. It's interesting
too, because you can see many things in a short time. When we go by car, we
don't take tickets. We put all things we need in a car. We don't carry them.
Sometimes we go to the seaside for a few
days. As usual the weather is warm and we can swim. It's a pleasure to watch
white ships.
So I can say that I enjoy all kinds of
travelling very much.
About Myself (10)
I was born on the 3rd of July 1990 in
Moscow. Like many other children I went to a kindergarten. At the age of 6 I
went to school. My school was next to my house. Many pupils of our primary
school were my neighbours. I was very proud when I became a pupil.
But very soon I realized that this was not
a game, and I had to work hard if I wanted my parents to be pleased with me.
Now, when the school years have passed so quickly I see clearly that sometimes
I succeeded and sometimes I failed in my intention.
I am an outgoing person. I think I took
after my father. As a matter of fact my parents are friendly and hospitable.
They like to invite our friends and neighbours.
I like to go to discos, to parties with my
friends. We like to dance, have coffee and soft drinks. I like when somebody
plays the guitar or the piano. But I myself don't play any musical instrument.
Certainly we talk a lot about life, our problems. But now I cant afford to
spend much time for entertainment.
Sometimes I like to stay home alone,
especially when I need some relaxation. Then I listen to music, watch
television or read books. 1 am fond of reading. I prefer historical novels.
Some detective stories are very interesting too. It is considered that detective
stories can t be regarded as the real literature. I don't agree with this.
Everything depends on the skill and gift of the writer.
I don't go in for sport regularly. But if
I have a possibility, I go to the swimming pool. I also like to play different
ball games such as volleyball, basketball.
I am a school leaver now. I have good
marks. I am going to enter the university. Our teachers say I am good at
Literature. It seems to me that in fact I have some attitude for it.
My parents think that after graduating
from the university it will be difficult to find a job I'll be trained for. But
as for me it's early to discuss this question. The most important thing now is
to pass the entrance exams well and to enter the university.
My family is not very big, just a typical family: Dad, Mom,
me, my brother and sister and our cat. My Mummy is forty-one, she is a teacher
of Spanish at the University. She is a born teacher. She has teaching
abilities. My Dad is forty-two, he is a professional painter, he works for a
design company. My parents both like their work very much.
My elder sister Natasha is nineteen, she goes to the University,
she wants to be a teacher of history. She is fond of reading books on history
and fiction. My younger brother Igor is only six years old, he goes to the
kindergarten. He is very funny, I like to spend my free time teaching him
something. Igor likes to play with our cat.
My grandparents are retired. They like gardening. They
spend a lot of their time in the garden. They grow vegetables and fruits. We
enjoy having fresh vegetables and green on our dinner table. I love my family
very much. We always help each other. Everyone in my family is my best friend.
Computers
in my life .
. Computer studies is a subject in many schools and many young people have
personal computers. About one in three hundred computer owners spend almost all
their time using computers. Ninety six per cent of them are males of all ages.
All of them spend about twenty hours per week on home computers. The majority
of the adults also use computers at work. All the computer addicts are very
intelligent. They have been interested in science and technology from a very
early age and they are usually very shy people who like being alone.
A survey in a school showed that fewer girls are interested in computers
because girls are less likely to have a computer. Even if they have one, they
use then less frequently than boys. .
Computer addicts are usually very shy people. Using computers gives them
confidence. They love solving problems, develop programs and love learning programming
languages. They learn to communicate with other users through computer networks
and the people they met in school. Very few computer addicts play computer
games, but many people use a computer exclusively for games.
Some parents worry about computer games because they think their children
won't be able to communicate with real people in the real world. But parents do
not need to worry. According to research computer addicts usually do well after
they have left school. Parents also do not need to worry that computer
addiction will make their children become unfriendly and unable to communicate
with people.
It is not the computer that makes them shy. In fact, what they know about
computers improves their social lives. They become experts and others come to
them for help and advice.
If we didn't have these computer addicts, we wouldn't have modern
technology. They are the inventors of tomorrow.
My Favourite
Book (10)
I've recently read a book, which has
made a very deep impression on me. It is named "Gone with the Wind"
The author of the book is Margaret Mitchell. She was born in Atlanta, Georgia,
in a family of the president of the Atlanta Historical Society.
All the family was interested in American
history and she grew up in an atmosphere of stones about the Civil War.
After graduating from the college Margaret
Mitchell worked for a time for the Atlanta Journal. In 1925 she got married. In
the following ten years she put on paper all the stories she had heard about
the Civil War.
The result was Gone with the Wind. It was
first published in 1936 and became the talking point of all America.
In 1939 the book was made into a highly
successful film. Vivien Leigh and Clark Gable played the leading roles. Vivien
Leigh won the Oscar. Everyone loved her high-spirited and beautiful heroine,
Scarlett O'Hara.
The story is set around the time of the
American Civil War (1861-1865), when the Southern states went to war with the
North to defend their way of life.
It was a way of life in which rich gentry
lived in large houses and owned huge areas of land, cultivated by black slaves.
Scarlett O'Hara was born in one of those rich houses.
But "Gone with the Wind" is also
about a love triangle. While Scarlett loves the quiet, gentlemanly Ashley
Wilkes, the wild and decidedly ungentlemanly Rhett Butler is in love with her.
Not so long ago, in 1991, a publishing
company asked Alexandra Ripley, a historical novelist, to write the continuation
of the story. Her novel "Scarlett" was not in the same class as the
original. Critics have been writing very bad reviews of "Scarlett"
but the book is popular with the public.
My Favourite Book (2)
My favourite book is "Robinson
Crusoe" by Daniel Defoe. D. Defoe (1660—1731) was a great master of
realistic detail. The novel "Robinson Crusoe" was written in 1719.
The novel is praise to human labour and the triumph of man over nature.
Defoe shows the development of his hero.
At the beginning of the story we see an inexperienced youth, a rather frivolous
boy, who then becomes a strong-willed man.
Robinson Crusoe's most characteristic
trait is his optimism. His guiding principle in life become "never say
die" and "in trouble to be troubled is to have your troubles
doubled".
He had confidence in himself and in man.
He believed it was within the power of man to overcome all difficulties. Crusoe
was an enthusiastic worker and always hoped for the best.
Defoe is a writer of the Enlightenment. He
teaches people how to live, he tries to teach what's good and what's bad. His
novel "Robinson Crusoe" is not only a work of fiction, an account of
adventures, a biography and an educational pamphlet.
It is a study of man, a great work showing
man in relation to nature and civilization as well as in relation to labour and
private property.
.
Christmas in Great Britain (10)
For most British families, this is the
most important festival of the year. This is the day when many people are
travelling home to be with their families on Christmas Day. If you try to catch
a train on 24th December you may have difficulty in finding a seat.
There are a lot of traditions connected
with Christmas but the most important one is the giving of presents. Family
members wrap up their gifts and leave them at the bottom of the Christmas tree
to be "bound on Christmas morning.
At some time on Christmas Day the family
will sit down to a big turkey dinner followed by Christmas pudding.
In the afternoon they may watch the Queen
on the television as she delivers her traditional Christmas message to the
United Kingdom and Commonwealth. Then they enjoy a piece of Christmas cake or
eat a hot mince pie.
On the Sunday before Christmas many
churches hold a service where special hymns are sung. Sometimes singers can be
heard on the streets as they collect money for charity.
Most families decorate their houses with
brightly-coloured paper or holly, and they usually have a Christmas tree in the
corner of the room, glittering with coloured lights and decoration. 26th
December is also a public holiday, called Boxing Day.
This is the time to visit friends and
relatives or be a spectator at one of the many sporting events.
Everyone in Great Britain is waiting and
enjoying this holiday very much!
Christmas in Great Britain (10)
(1) Christmas Day, December 25, is
probably the most popular holiday in Great Britain. It is a family holiday.
Traditionally all relatives and friends give each other presents. So, before
Christmas all the department stores and shops are crowded, everybody is
choosing a present.
In general, people get prepared for this
holiday very carefully. They decorate their houses in the traditional way.
Christmas trees are set up in houses, in the streets and churches. They are
always decorated with fairy lights, angels and small toys. In addition, little
packets with nuts, candies and special biscuits are hung on the tree. Presents
are put around the tree and artificial «frost» is scattered over the branches.
The Germans are believed to be the first
to use the Christmas tree in their celebrations and Martin Luther was the first
to place a star on the top of the tree. This star represents the star appeared
over the stable in which Christ was born.
(2) In
Great Britain, the Christmas tree became popular while Queen Victoria ruled the
country.
On the eve of Christmas children hang
their stockings, so that Santa Claus could put presents into them: oranges,
sweets, nuts and if the child didn't behave properly Santa Claus can put there
a piece of coal as punishment.
Santa Claus got his name from a man known
as St. Nicolas, who lived in the fourth century. He gave his wealth to the poor
and often to children. After he died, the Dutch brought this legend to colonial
America. Soon the Dutch name Sinter Klaus became Santa Claus.
Carol singing is an essential part of
Christmas. No church or school is without its carol service. Carols may be
traditional or with some variations that express different feelings. Carols
were used for the first time during Christmas in the fifteenth century.
Usually children come around in the evening to the front doors
and start singing carols and people who live in these houses give children
candies, nuts, pies and so on, to thank them for carol singing.
A typical Christmas lunch includes turkey
with cranberry sauce and pudding. Every young woman in each household helps to
stir the Christmas pudding, if she wishes to be married that year. Usually a coin or two are hidden inside the
pudding and part of the fun is to see who finds it.
After the lunch they go to the sitting
room to listen to the Christmas speech of the Queen, shown on TV.
So, Christmas is a merry family holiday
for all the people of Great Britain. Christmas comes but once a year.
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