Исследовательская работа Loanwords in "Irgiz" by H.Davletshina

                                                        Ministry of Education

                                                  The Republic of Bashkortostan,RF

                                               The Ishberda school,Baymak region

                            The Loanwords in “Irgiz” by H.Davletshina

                          Scientific adviser:YunusovaN.N.

                                                                Were written by: Davletkildina Kamila

                                                .Form 9

Ishberda,2018

Content

1,Introduction  ---------------------------------------------------------3

2. Literal Significance of H. Davletshina. -------------------------4

3  The significance of loanwords  -----------------------------------5

4. The Peculiarity of the novel "Irgiz"  -----------------------------7

5. Researching part. Loanwords in the novel "Irgiz"-------------8

6.Literature   -------------------------------------------------------------------11

                                              Introduction

It is via French that many Latin words have come to the English language. Most of the French vocabulary' now appearing in English was imported over the centuries following the Norman Conquest of 1066, when England came under the administration of Norman-speaking peoples. According to different sources, between one third and two thirds of all English words have a French origin. This fact suggests that at least 30,000 words should appear in the list.

As me know many Bashkir words were borrowed from Russian. In it' s turn Russian had borrowed from French, English, Greek, Italian etc. languages.

Once they were used widely and were very popular. The usage depends on the historical events, for example, now days we often meet such words as бейби-ситер baby-sitter, менеджер - manager, провайдер - provide, промотеры - promote and so on. In H.Davletshina's novel "lrgiz" we face with the words connected with French revolution 1905-1917 and it is effect. As a result in the novel we come across with such words as revolution, socialism, bourgeoisie, secretary, assimilation, liquidation, demonstration. In this novel we also found out the words which connecied with the terms science, profession. Thus we have put the following hypothesis: new words in the novel "Irgiz" by H.Davletshina are loanwords from English and French.

Our aim:

1.  To read the novel, find out the words which have foreign origin.

2.   To get more information about the calques.                             

3.   To classify the words and analyze them.

4.      To assume these materials and to make conclusion. The method is the comparison of Bashkir and English (French) words.

                                 Literal Significance of H. Davletshina.

The history of literature is closely connected with the development of society. With the development of the time the literatures is also changing and form the creative tendency. The situation in the country strongly influences to the creation of the plot.

You may ask me why did I choose exactly the work of XXth century? Everything comes to the historical events. Literature of XXth century is full of it. New creative genres are being studied just that time. Novels, stories, poem and drama are developing during that century. The XXth century is characterized with new literal forms, renewing of qualities and inculcation them into bashkir literature. On the whole creation of XXth century is studied as entire epoch. It is the century when important social changes and revolution had happened. It is the century which witnessed two the Worlds Wars.

Creative features of this epoch mainly influenced to the works of such writers as M. Gafuri, Sh. Babich, D. Ultiy, A. Tahirov. They created M. Gafuri "Rabochy" (1921), S. Kudash "Timerlekta" (1921), G. Gumar "Selkolor" (1925).

Exactly that time a new generation came into the literature. Among them we can notice H. Davletshina, M. Kharis, K. Dayan, S. Kulibai, K, Margan, M. Kharim, Z. Biisheva. The young writers enrich the literature with new revolutional romantizm, with new point of views, with new creative images.

 Today I'll try to analyze one of  the works of H.Davletshina” Irgiz”, to be more correctly I am analyzing borrowings in her work..

After publishing "Irgiz"  Hadiya Davletshina  became well- known as the most talented Romanist woman of that time.

This work is her life work. She was working on it from 1942 to 1952. Anvar Bakhilov called the novel "Irgiz" as the "chronicles of bashkir nation for last 20 years. The Nation is showed as the source of the history, real beginning of creativity. The Novel is built on historical principles and sponged with historical optimism.

                                         The significance of loanwords

What are loanwords? Loanwords are words adopted by the speakers of one language from a different language (the source language). A loanword can also be called a borrowing. The abstract noun borrowing refers to the process of speakers adopting words from a source language into their native language. "Loan" and "borrowing" are of course metaphor. Loanwords are words adopted by the speakers of one language  from the one they originated in.

Borrowing is a consequence of cultural contact between two language communities. Borrowing of words can go in both directions between the two languages in contact, but often there is an asymmetry, such that more words go from one side to the other. For example, the Germanic tribes in the first few centuries A.D. adopted numerous loanwords from Latin as they adopted new products via trade with the Romans. Few Germanic words, on the other hand, passed into Latin.

The process of borrowing is complex and involves many usage events. Generally, some speakers of the borrowing language know the source language and they adopt them when speaking the borrowing language. If they are bilingual in the source language, which is often the case, they might pronounce the words the same or similar to the way they are pronounced in the source language. For example, English speakers adopted the word garage from French, at first with a pronunciation nearer to the French pronunciation than is now usually found. The  first speakers who used the word in English knew at least some French and heard the word used by French speakers.

Those who first use the new word might use it at first only with speakers of the source language who know the word, but at some point they come to use the word with those to whom the word was not previously known. To these speakers the word may sound 'foreign'. At this stage, when most speakers do not know the word and if they hear it think it is from another language.

Words are often taken from other languages to fill lexical gaps - to provide names for new objects or phenomena. But borrowed words also often compete with existing words in the borrowing language as different foreign languages come into and out of fashion, as the French language has in England over the centuries. This is why English has both cookery and cuisine, friendly and amiable, help and aid. Some loan words keep their foreign appearance, like the French bon vivant in English, while others are adapted to the orthography and pronunciation of the host language, like battery from old French batterie. Another type are translated directly into the host language, creating loan translations or calques.

However, in time more speakers can become familiar with a new foreign word. The community of users can grow to the point where even people who know little or nothing of the source language understand, and even use the novel word themselves. The new word becomes conventionalized. At this point we call it a borrowing or loanword. (Not all foreign words do become loanwords; if they fall out of use before they become widespread, they do not reach the loanword stage.)

Conventionalization is a gradual process in which a word progressively permeates a larger and larger speech community. As part of its becoming more familiar to more people, with conventionalization a newly borrowed word gradually adopts sound and other characteristics of the borrowing language. In time, people in the borrowing community do not perceive the word as a loanword at all. Generally, the longer a borrowed word has been in the language, and the more frequently it is used, the more it resembles the native words of the language.

                        . The Peculiarity of the novel "Irgiz"

The novel by Hadiya Davletshina was prepared for edition by Bashkir People Poet Rashit Nigmati. It was published in 1957. The idea of writing about the heroes who were fighting for revolution had appeared at the beginning of 1930s..At the end of 1942 Hadiya Davletshina decided to write the novel " On Irgiz valleys". This roman is a result of creation which was led for many years. A lot of facts from life, historical events played a significate role here. She created several variants of the roman. After criticized notices in 1953-1954 she created the last variant of the work. In 1957 this novel "Irgis" published in bashkir language.

In the novel "Irgiz" Hadiya Davletshina used more than 70 protatips. Everybody has its own real life. For example, the main hero Aibulat Aidarov's life is as similar as Gilyazh Umagulov, who was the first chairman in the village. Umagulov was also explored by rich man bay and was killed by belyi . Aibulat as a revolutioner was taken from Nagimov was a student taking part in the revolution. The part of sheperd was taken from her husband Gubai Davletshin, who had grazed the bay's.

On the image of Aibulat it was collected many faces and characters who had lived along Irgiz river.

The image of landowner is also taken from our real life. He is Yangul Umagulov. In the novel Niyazgul bay has three wives : Rakhilya, Gazima and Minlekay. In real life they were Rakhilya, Makhub and Makhuba. They all were very friendly to each other. The first of them was responsible for the meat, the second for the milk and the third did everything what was ordered.

All the images in the novel "Irgiz" is closely and directly connected with real life.

L. Sobolev was the first to appreciate highly the novel. It happened in "The meeting of Union Writers" Hadiya Davletshina was the first woman who deeply characterized the significanes of nations life at the end of XIX th centrury.

The way of nation's life characterized consequently with storyline. Usage of historical songs, sayings, legends which are well-spread among bashkirs gives the spectacular colour.

In 1967 for the novel " Irgiz" Hadiya Davletshina after her death was awarded the Salavat Ulaev Prize.

Researching part. Loanwords in the novel "Irgiz"

The words connected with the term revolution:

Liberal protest confiscate theory delegate echelon democracy requisition meeting hospital front battalion commission resolution

Dictation secretary mobilization factory capital committee

social-democracy command decipline state army contre

The words connected with the term profession:

Doctor lackey general officer agitator philosopher secretary

The words connected with the term science:

Policy Philosophy Theory

The words which have the English origin:

Separate number minute million lamp avant-garde

Republic machine magazine intelligent colon pool card satin court

second dictation commission

Borrowings from Russian into Bashkir in «Irgiz»

Йәшник батмус  кәрт шәкәр сәтин бәрхәт гармун йөҙөм тәрилкә картуф шәшке самауыр перәнек урыҫ сәй  эскәмйә мәсет эстәршинә утар томан

Conclusion

1.   Great number of words of French origin has entered the English language. More than 40% of English vocabulary has the French origin. Many of those words in turn originate from Latin, and sometimes from Greek.

2.   Calque carries out in language very important function, appearing in quality conductor of the cultural influence.

3.   Calque as any other borrowings is an evidence of the weakness of the languages i.e. disability of the language to express the new coming meaning of the word.

4.   The actual process of borrowing is complex and involves many usage events (i.e. instances of use of the new word). Generally, some speakers of the borrowing language know the source language too, or at least enough of it to utilize the relevant words. They adopt them when speaking the borrowing language. If they are bilingual in the source language, which is often the case, they might pronounce the words the same or similar to the way they are pronounced in the source language.

5.   The historical events in the country play an important role in writers creativity. It is shown in H.Davletshina's works.

6.   In spite of the fact H.Davletshina used a lot of borrowings. It depends on  perhaps of her job, she was a teacher .We guess she had widespread view. As the result of long term years of oppression H.Davletshina could get the higher education. As a real daughter of her nation she mostly used source language, native words.

7.   "Irgiz".was published in 1957, after her death.  For her novel H.Davletshina was awarded the S.Ulaev Prize  at the same 1957.

Literature

1.   Stanforth, Anthony W. (2002): "Effects of language contact on the vocabulary: an overvie¹ Cruse, D. Alan et al. (eds.) (2002):

2.   Oksaar, Els (1996): "The history of contact linguistics as a discipline."

3.   Oxford-Russian Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 2006

4.   H. Davletshina. "Irgiz" Publishing house "Kitap" . 1977

5.   This is Bashkortostan. Macmillan Publishers Limited 2006.

6.   Кондаков Н.И. Логический словарь. 1971

7.   Энциклопедия для детей изд. центр «Аванта»