Научно-исследовательская
работа
Предмет:
Иностранный язык
Тема:
«История Английского чая и современные английские чайные традиции».
Выполнил(а):
Макеева
Валерия Евгеньевна,
учащаяся 6
класса
МБОУ
Наро-Фоминской сош №6
с
углубленным изучением
отдельных
предметов
Руководитель:
Розумова
Юлия Сергеевна,
учитель
английского языка
МБОУ
Наро-Фоминской сош №6
с
углубленным изучением
отдельных предметов
CONTENT
Introduction..................................................................................................3
I.
The History of tea in Europe…………………………………………...4
II.
The History of Tea in England…………………………………….4
III.
English Tea Party these days…………….………………………..6
IV.
English Tea Party Rules…………………………………………...6
V.
Types of English tea parties………………………………………7
VI.
English tea brands………………………………………………..8
Conclusion………………………………………………………………..9
The
list of literature................................................................................11
Appendix……………………………………………………………………12
Introduction
Today, there are about
262 countries in the world. And each of them is individual in its own way. Each
nation has its own traditions and customs concerning various spheres of life -
from harvest and wedding to national features of cuisine and the use of certain
products. Tea is one of the most popular drinks in the world, also became a
participant in various national traditions.
It is difficult to
imagine life without tea, which gives cheer in the mornings, restores strength
after a difficult working day and warms up a friendly conversation. Tea is an
ancient and noble drink that also has healing properties. So in ancient Chinese
myths, the tea leaf acted as an independent medicine.
Tea bush is an amazing
plant containing many different substances that have a favorable effect on the
human body. It is a very low shrub (only 1 meter) with dark green dense leaves,
however, only thin and tender young leaves go to prepare tea.
It was worth the tea to
appear in any country, as in a matter of years he conquered it completely and
completely. And the tea party procedure itself was riddled with peculiar traditions
and became the "calling card" of the people. Tea is a drink that does
not tolerate fuss, and you can only get the benefit of it by completely
surrendering to this process for at least half an hour.
Problem.
In the English school curriculum, we get a lot of material about the cultural
traditions of modern England, but there is very little specific information
abou tea ceremonies,that details the history of English tea and the English tea
party tradition in the Victorian era. In this project, I want to expand my
knowledge in this area.
The purpose
of the project is to investigate the history of tea in England and modern
English tea traditions on the basis of journalistic and scientific literature.
Tasks:
1. To learn the history
of English tea by various sources.
2. To learn the history
of the English tea party.
3. To find information
about Tea Party traditions in England these days. (Appendix 1)
Hypothesis.
If there are centuries-old traditions of tea drinking in England, that is, the
history of English tea.
Project actuality.
Currently, knowledge of any foreign language is mandatory for every person who
wants to be considered educated. However, "knowledge of the language is
important not only as a way of communication, but also as a way of knowing
different cultures."
It is impossible to get a
true idea of England without getting acquainted with its culture and
traditions, the most striking of which are tea party traditions. In today's
world, where education plays an important role, additional knowledge in the
cultural field of the country of the language studied will help to better
understand this country. The study of traditions brings up curiosity in a
person to the history of his own country.
In Britain, where eternal
damp, rains and fogs, and seemingly "paradise" for the rise of
chronic diseases, life expectancy is one of the highest in the world. The
secret of British longevity lies in the centuries-old traditions of the English
tea party.
Tea in England is more
than tea. The traditions of his drinking are observed by both the queen and
ordinary British. This is a special culture - from brewing to consumption; she
has many adherents and far beyond the island. European tea party traditions
came to us, first of all, from England.
There are 59 million people
in the UK. There are 165 million cups of tea in the UK every day. 86% drink tea
at home and only 14% drink it outside. The British have a tradition of family
tea drinking. The British live to be 80-90 years old, so they are recognized as
centenarians.
I.The
History of tea in Europe
If we take a closer look
at how tea is called in different countries, we will notice an amazing pattern.
Half of the world calls tea - "tea" or something very similar.
The tea drink has its own
history of distribution. Its homeland is Asia. It took another three centuries
before tea became (at the beginning of the 9th century) the national drink of
the Chinese.
In 527, the tea drink
appeared in India, but never went beyond the narrow layer of Buddhist monks.
The broad masses in India became acquainted with tea only at the end of the
19th century and even at the beginning of the 20th century, mainly through the
British.
Europe also took a long
time to spread tea, although much less long than in the homeland of tea - in
Asia. For the first time, Portuguese sailors brought tea to Western Europe from
China in 1517, but it did not go beyond the limits of small Portugal.
In 1610, the Dutch made a
second attempt to introduce tea to Europe, but even then this drink never went
beyond the narrow circle of Amsterdam patricians.
The history of tea in
Russia began in 1638 with the gift of as many as four poods of dry tea leaves
from the Mongols to the Russian ambassador Vasily Starkov, who served under
Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich.
Continuing to explore the
history of tea, one cannot fail to mention England, the only European country
where its own unique tradition of English tea drinking has developed, with its
own rules and regulations. For many, the phrase "English tea" is associated
with quality, aristocracy, and high society. Almost everyone who is asked:
"What associations do you have with England?" will answer, "five
o'clock" or "English breakfast".
II.The
History of Tea in England
It is, starting in 1662,
that tea becomes a fashionable drink of aristocrats. And it was not without a
romantic story and a beautiful woman. Katarina of Bragan, a Portuguese
princess, the wife of the English king Charles II was very fond of drinking
tea, and instilled this love in the courtiers. Since the queen herself refused
wine in favor of tea, the secular elite, lords and ladies followed her example,
and soon, the tea party became very popular in the upper circles of England,
pushing back the traditional ale.
Having learned about the
preferences of the royal family, the English East India Company, in order to
obtain the respect of His Majesty, for two years 1664-1666, delivered piece
batches of tea from Europe as a present to the court. It was all the tea of
England until 1668. Only since 1669, the same joint-stock company received a
monopoly on the trade in tea and began to supply it to England, contributing to
the distribution of the drink
The first documentary
evidence of tea was presented in a newspaper advertising article by Thomas
Garvey, published in 1658. Here is an excerpt from the article: "This
wonderful drink, approved by all doctors, which the Chinese call" chaa,
"can be purchased at the central branch of the grocery store for
currency."
The article indicates the
main advantages of tea:
• Tea gives you power and
energy.
• Helps with headaches,
dizziness and feelings of gravity in the head.
• Relieves fatigue,
apathy.
• Tea makes sleep calm,
enlightens the mind and strengthens memory.
• Normalizes sleep, helps
overcome drowsiness
• Helps well with colds
and scurvy.
When properly
administered, it promotes the removal of decay products from the blood through
sweat and urine.
When Garvey started
selling tea, the price was quite high: 450 g of dry tea cost sixteen shillings,
which is equal to five continental dollars of that time.
By the end of the 1700s,
tea became more popular, and its price fell to one and a half shillings in 450
g.
Garvey was also one of
the first to introduce England to tea with milk. In particular, he wrote:
"Tea with milk helps strengthen the body." Initially, the British,
unlike modern tradition, added saffron, ginger, nutmeg and salt to tea. It is
said that the addition of milk came to us from Mongolia, where they still drink
tea with milk. A similar practice was adopted by the Chinese, and then the
French, to whom tea was supplied by the Netherlands West Indies Trading
Company.
In 1702, Queen Anne made
a statement that for breakfast she prefers to drink tea rather than ale. Anna
deserves praise for recommending the use of silver teapots instead of Chinese
ceramic teapots. From now on, the attitude towards tea in England has changed,
which entailed an increase in the purchase of tea, as well as an unprecedented
request for silver for the manufacture of tea utensils.
Black tea came to replace
the green China tea. Black tea subjected to oxidation can be stored much longer
than green tea, which was especially relevant at that time, since the process
of transporting tea from China to England and Europe took from several weeks to
several months.
At the very beginning of
its history, "English" tea was sold only in pharmacies and coffee
houses in the UK. And then, towards the end of the 17th century, having won the
hearts of many gourmets, coffee and tea moved to private property. Tea was
present at the most dangerous risky transactions, love intrigues, coffee houses
turned into closed clubs for men. One of these clubs, Edward Lloyd's coffee
house, was the beginning of the organization of the famous insurance company
Lloyds of London.
And if it were not for
Princess Katarina of Bragan, tea would be an exclusively male drink, since it
was drank only in coffee shops, where women were forbidden to enter. She
changed lopsided view of tea in England, as a medical and healing aid,
legalized tea drinking in secular circles.
Since 1685, not a single
aristocrat doubted that tea would be served at a literary evening.
And a year later, tea
could already be bought on the market; the import of tea was part of the
regular trade for the East India Company. Demand for it increased, and the
circle of admirers of this drink expanded, which led to the need to increase
its supply from Asia.
Since 1706, Thomas
Twining began offering tea to visitors to his coffee shop. The year 1717 is
significant for London in that it was then that the long-awaited first tea
store called the Golden Lion appeared, both men and women could tea there.
Tea merchants began to
create new flavors. In order to get a new rich taste and unique aroma, tea
traders mixed various tea varieties collected in different regions. So since
1870, new tea blends were created. This led to the fact that the tea market
expanded its capabilities, now tea could be chosen based on its own preferences
and taste. Customs duties on the import of tea decreased, accordingly, tea
became even more accessible. Since the second half of the 80s, when tea began
to be supplied from Ceylon, prices have fallen even more.
Since 1938, tea
consumption amounted to 96.11 pounds per person (more than 40 kg!!!), tea by
this time was firmly established in England, as well as in the cultural
traditions of the British. England has become the "European homeland of
tea."
III.English
Tea Party these days
The British drink tea six
times a day, and each time of day corresponds to their own tea variety and
their own tea party traditions. Addiction to different varieties at different
times developed due to the flavor characteristics and properties of tea. A
strong tonic drink is better to drink in the morning. "Daytime"
involves a harmonious combination of strength and softness. And the soothing
aroma of bergamot is good in the evening.
The British themselves
joke that it is easier to imagine England without the Queen than without tea.
But the fact that tea drinking has become a tradition in their lives, around
which the whole working day and rest is organized, the merit of the Royal Court
is great.
IV.English
Tea Party Rules
What is the traditional
English tea party? A typical British tea ritual takes place as follows. The
table is covered with a tablecloth, usually white or bluish shades. Napkins
according to the rules should be in the tone of the tablecloth. In addition, a
small vase with fresh flowers should be on the table. (Appendix 2)
As for dishes, the tea
table kit includes: a tea pair, a dessert plate, a teaspoon, a fork and a knife
for each guest, a jug with boiling water, a milkman with milk or cream, a sieve
with a stand, as well as a saccharica with raffinade and tongs. It is very
important that all the dishes are from one service, usually porcelain.
The classic English tea
service includes up to thirty items. It is interesting to note that unlike
Russian "round" cups and teapots, elongated shapes prevail in English
tea utensils. In addition, one cannot but recall that we owe the British the
usual cup with handle to us. So at the beginning of the 18th century, by order
of the British, Chinese manufacturers attached a handle to the traditional
eastern piale. Moreover, the British demanded to supplement the cups with
saucers so that hot tea would not accidentally drop on their knees or stain the
tablecloths.
The first and mandatory
rule of tea drinking in England states: for each time of day and each mood,
there is its own tea variety. That is why there are always different tea
varieties to choose from on the English tea table. Such a custom is a
manifestation of special respect for those present, which permeates the entire
ritual of the English tea party.
The tea chosen by the
guest is brewed in an individual teapot, previously rinsed with boiling water.
According to the rules, 30-35 g of tea per liter of water is supposed. The brew
should be infused for about 3-5 minutes so that the tea reveals all its taste
and healing properties.
One of the trends of our
time is the replacement of loose tea with tea bags. Today, the share of
packaged tea in England is approximately 90%. However, it is worth noting that
the British, famous for their conservatism, did not abandon infusion teapots at
all. Tea manufacturers produce special large bags for infusion teapots (in no
case be confused with our usual bags "for one cup." After the tea has
brewed, it is poured into a cup and diluted with boiling water. Probably, many
know that the traditional English tea is "white tea," that is, tea
with milk or cream. Milk is an indispensable participant in the tea party in
English. And here the main disputes among tea lovers begin, namely: what should
be poured into a cup earlier - tea or milk?
It is traditionally
believed that first milk should be poured into the cup and only then tea.
Initially, this method was distributed among the working class. The fact is
that under the influence of boiling water, a thin cup could easily crack, and
the pleasure was very expensive. To avoid such a nuisance, milk was first
poured into the cup, and only then tea was added.
Representatives of the
opposite "camp" believe that at first it is necessary to pour tea and
only then milk into the cup. This opinion was held by the famous English writer
George Orwell. In his article "A Cup of Excellent Tea," he writes
that this method allows you to accurately determine the required amount of
milk. In addition, in his opinion, English tea should certainly be Indian and
strong. As for sugar, Orwell considers sweet tea unacceptable, "unless you
drink it in Russian."
Speaking about tea
supplements, it should also be noted that the British, as a rule, do not drink
tea with lemon and call it "Russian tea." In their opinion, lemon is
not the most successful addition to tea, which, of course, can be argued with.
So, when tea is poured
over cups, you can start a tea party. According to the tea etiquette, the cup
and saucer should be taken from the table together: with the left hand - the
saucer, and with the right - the cup. Drinking tea from a saucer, as well as in
Russia, is considered a violation of etiquette.
Now let's go to the
traditional treat, which is served for tea. Typical English snacks for tea are,
firstly, traditional pastries (ginger cakes or raisins). Secondly, these are
thin triangular sandwiches (finger sandwiches). They are made of white bread
(crusts are necessarily trimmed), and on top they are mixed with various
fillings: butter with cucumber, with cream cheese and smoked salmon, with
crushed boiled egg, lettuce and mayonnaise, with shrimp and Marie Rose sauce.
Traditional scones are
served too, which are usually eaten with Devonshire Clotted Cream and homemade
jams. At the English tea ceremony, you can taste small tall crumpets, served
hot with honey and butter. If you are lucky, you can taste the famous muffins
(ginger and fruit), finger cakes (finger biscuits), baked baskets with fruits
and other sweets.
It should be noted that
traditionally the main concept in the English tea party has always been and
remains the style. The ability to serve the table, brew tea according to all
the rules and spill it in cups, the ability to present oneself from the right
side, the ability to conduct a relaxed conversation - skillfully, naturally,
respectable and stylish. In the center of the English tea party are not so much
people and treats as a house as a whole.
V.Types
of English tea parties
According to
centuries-old tradition, tea in the UK is supposed to drink 6 times.
Early morning cupper
- the first cup of strong, invigorating tea until washing face and dressing -
arose because the raw climate of England, famous for its morning mists. The
English wake up early, at 6-7 a.m., and a cup of strong tea is simply necessary
to wake up. After the Englishman tidies himself, he goes to the living room for
breakfast and drinks another cup of tea with traditional oatmeal, toast with
jam or eggs with bacon. (Appendix 3)
Lunch
is the second breakfast during which "a nice cup of tea" is always
drunk - a glorious cup of tea.
Afternoon tea
- noon tea. The British owe this tradition to Anna Russell, Duchess of Bedford.
In the 19th century, breakfast was very early, and lunch was supposed to be
only at 8 p.m. Once at about 12 o'clock in the afternoon, the duchess was
terribly hungry and ordered to bring her a snack, and she was served tea. The
duchess tasted and began to invite friends to tea.
Such a tea ceremony
quickly became fashionable. In winter, "day tea" was drank in the
living room, in front of the fireplace, and in summer - in the garden, in nature.
Over time, prudent British even created special suits for tea parties.
"Tea robes" were easier to sew, they do not so tight around the waist
so nothing prevented from enjoying the taste of the drink.
Five-o-clock
- an earned break for tea with a snack. Traditional snacks for tea - heated
sandwiches, toast, muffins.
At dinner, soothing teas
flavored with bergamot are popular. The most famous "evening" tea
is Earl Grey (Earl Gray). The recipe for this tea belongs to Charles Gray, a
member of the British Parliament and an influential diplomat.
There are also Tea breaks
or Low tea - small hourly breaks for tea with light snacks. And
right before bed, the Englishman will drink a cup of fruit tea. (Appendix 4)
VI.English
tea brands
Twinings
This brand of tea
appeared in the UK in 1706, when the founder of the company Thomas Twining
opened his first store on Strand Street in London.
In 1784, Richard Twining
achieved a reduction in tea duties, making this drink much more widely
available.
In 1837, in the first
year of Queen Victoria's reign, Twinings received the Royal Order of Her
Majesty's Permanent Supplier of Tea. Since then, the company has always
confirmed its right to a Royal Order from each subsequent monarch.
During World War II,
Twinings supplies tea for military food kits.
In 1964, Twinings first
produced tea in bags.
In 1972, Twinings won the
Queen's Export Award.
In 1981, Twinings began
to produce cold tea.
In 2000, Twinings first
introduced a new Organic tea mix.
Twinings owns its own
modern plants and has branches in different countries of the world.
Tetley
- Tetley (English Tetley) tea brand, which has more than 60 types of tea and is
sold in 40 countries. Tetley Group is a division of Tata Tea Limited, part of
the Tata Group, and is the second manufacturer in the world.
Yorkshire
tea is a black tea mix produced by The Bettys & Taylors Group. This is the
second most popular tea brand in the UK, it was introduced in 1886 by Charles
Edward Taylor. Founded as CE Taylor & Co., later shortened to Taylor, the
company was bought by the rival Betty Tea, which today forms The Bettys &
Taylors Group. Taylor is still based in Harrogate, Yorkshire.
Ahmad Tea
Ahmad Tea Ltd was founded
in 1986 in England. One of the permanent owners of the company throughout its
history was the Afshar family (English Afshar). In 2014, after restructuring,
control over Ahmad Tea Ltd. passed to Ahmad Tea (UK) Ltd., the owners of which
remained representatives of the Afshar family. The company's headquarters and
one of the tea industries is located in Chandlers Ford, Hampshire, Southampton.
At the end of 2014, Ahmad
Tea (UK) Ltd. was controlled by several enterprises located outside the UK: tea
factories in Dubai (United Arab Emirates), Kharkov (Ukraine), Mytishchi
(Russia), Nanchan (China), Sri Lanka and Iran. The main sources of raw
materials are China, India and Sri Lanka.
Riston Tea
The history of Riston tea
dates back many years. And all this time there is a constant improvement in
quality, due to the constant development of production. Over the years, a truly
unique collection of Riston teas of the highest quality was created.
The presence of various
flavors and flavors in the presented collections, elegant packaging and premium
teas have won the hearts of many buyers. By purchasing Riston tea, you can be
sure of the impeccable quality of tea blends, regardless of their packaging. TM
Riston provides a huge selection of green and black teas that can meet the
needs of any gourmet.
Conclusion
This work is devoted to
the history of English tea. My goal was to study the history of English tea and
traditions of English tea party.
As a result of studying
theoretical sources, we found out that the history of the English tea party has
its own unique features. For the British, the traditions of tea drinking and
tea varieties during numerous tea parties are of great importance.
Thus, in the course of
research on the history of English tea, all the tasks set were completed: I
traced the history of English tea to various sources, covered the history of
the English tea party, and found information about the traditions of tea
parties in England today.
The goal: to explore
within the framework of the project the history of the appearance of tea in
England and modern English tea traditions on the material of journalistic,
scientific and fiction literature has been achieved.
Hypothesis: If there are
centuries-old traditions of tea drinking in England, that is, the history of
English teaб - was confirmed.
Indeed, in England there
are centuries of tea party traditions and certain rules of tea etiquette
followed by the British. Also, the English tea party is in the UK a state
treasure and tradition, an achievement of culture dating back to the era of
Victorian England.
Of course, today the classic
English tea party in modern England is not held so often. Nevertheless,
traditions remain traditions. So, London restaurants and expensive hotels
continue to arrange tea evenings and, in order to get to them, you need to book
in advance.
The material collected as
part of a research project on the history of English tea can be used in English
lessons, and can also be interesting and useful to all those who often travel,
study English or are simply interested in studying the traditions of different
countries and want to expand their knowledge in this field.
A cup of tea is a symbol.
A symbol of the comfort, warmth and inviolability of traditions. Everything
around changes - the person himself, the environment of communication, the
stylization of forms and the environment itself, only tea drinking has always
accompanied, and will still accompany human life.
Completing the story of
the history of English tea and tea party in England, I would like to note that,
despite the modern pace of life, in which less and less space remains to
national traditions, you just can't do without a cup of excellent tea in raw
cold England! (Appendix 5)
The
list of literature
- Mair, Victor
H.; Hoh, Erling (2009). The
True History of Tea. Thames & Hudson. p. 169.
- "How to make a perfect cuppa: put milk in first". The
Guardian. Retrieved 30 December, 2014
- Мюллер,
В.К. Большой англо-русский словарь / сост. В.К. Мюллер, А.Б. Шевнин, М.Ю.
Бродский. – Екатеринбург: У-Фактория, 2007. – 1536 с.
- Мюллер,
В.К. Большой русско-английский словарь. – М: ООО « Дом Славянской книги»
2009. –608 с.
- http://www.multitran.ru /
- http://englishgid.ru/jiznvanglii/obraz-jizni/oclocktea.html
- http://greenfieldtea.co.uk/
- http://www.ahmadtea.com/
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_in_the_United_Kingdom
- https://ahmadtea.ru/about
- https://daochai.ru/blog/istorija-chaja/anglijskij-chaj.html
- https://zavarka.life/chajnaja-kultura/angliya.html
Appendix
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Оставьте свой комментарий
Авторизуйтесь, чтобы задавать вопросы.