История Английского языка: Development of the Gerund

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  Development of the Gerund
  The presentation is made by
  Tsymbalova Anna
  
  

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  Plan:
  Origin of the gerund
  The endings of the verbal nouns
  The endings of the present participle
  The sphere of the usage
  Modern English
  
  
  

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  Key Terms:
  Blending – контаминация, смешение
  Overlap – наложение
  Descendant – потомок
  

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  Origin
  The gerund is a descendant of the Old English noun and the present participle.
  reading 
  OLD English
  
  cyning
  

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  The verbal noun had the endings:
  
  The Old English
  
  
  The Middle English
  
  -ung
  -ing(e)
  The Modern English
  - ing
  

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  Noun
  Anglo-Saxon
  
  cyning
  Mordern English
  
  King
  

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  The present participle
  The Old English -ende
  The Middle English – inge
  The Morden English - ing
  
  

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  The verbal noun and the participle became merged into one form
  -ing
  

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  As the result of the blending of the two forms,
  The verbal noun in (-ing) began to develop verbal
  characteristics
  Under the influence of the participle
  

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  The Old English ending “ing” had the meaning of “the son of”
  
  Sverting
  Scylding
  
  
  (Beowulf)
  

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  In Middle English and in Early Mordern English the noun was preceded by the definite article and followed by the preposition OF
  
  Compare:
  He thanked him for the saving of his life.
  He thanked him for saving his life.
  
  

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  The sphere of the usage
  Gerund replaced the Infinitive and the Participle in many adverbial functions.
  Its advantage was that is could be used with various prepositions
  

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  The advantage of the gerund was that is could be used with various prepositions
  
  I am fond of reading. 
  He felt satisfaction in helping them. 
  Did you find any difficulty in   solving this problem?    
  When do you think of going there?   
  There is no sense in going there today.
  Have you any reason for saying such   a thing? 
  

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  Modern English
  Gerund
  Nominal verbal
  characteristics
  Can be used in the syntactic
  Function of subject,
  Object, predicative.
  
  Can be preceded by a
  Preposition
  
  Can be modified by a
  Noun in the genitive case or
  By a possessive pronoun.
  Can take a direct object
  
  
  Can be modified by an adverb.
  
  Has tense distinctions
  
  Has voice distinctions
  

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  Thank you for your attention