Презентация The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

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  The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
  

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  The flag of the United Kingdom, known as the Union Jack, is made up of three crosses. The upright red cross is the cross of St. George, the patron saint of England. The white diagonal cross is the cross of St. Andrew, the patron saint of Scotland. The red diagonal cross is the cross of St. Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland.
  

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  The UK of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the official name of the state that is geographically situated on the British Isles.
  
  

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  Strange it may seem but even people of this country are sometimes confused about its name.
  On official occasions they call it the UK and in everyday speech it is shortened to the UK. In speaking or writing, where it is not particularly formal or informal, they use Britain. The name Britain is usually used in press.
  

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  People of England sometimes with a certain portion of selfishness call it England. Official employees such as customs officers or economists use the term the UK.
  TV weather presenters call it the British Isles, but the Irish people are not quite comfortable with this name.
  

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  To avoid this confusion of the terms the United Kingdom, Great Britain and England, we should know the following: Great Britain is the geographical name of the largest island in the British Isles which comprises England, Wales and Scotland.
  The island of Ireland is mainly occupied by the Irish Republic and the remaining part of the island is occupied by Northern Ireland. Great Britain and Northern Ireland form the UK. The capital of the UK is London.
  

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  The geography of the UK
  

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  The British Isles is a geographical name of an archipelago [a:ki’peligeu], which is situated to the northwest of continental Europe and is separated from France by only 34 kilometers of water and is made up of two large islands – Great Britain and Ireland and a number of smaller islands.
  The UK is one of the smallest countries in the world. In size it is twice smaller than Spain or France. It is total area is about 245, 000 square kilometers, but the population of the UK is over 60 million people.
  

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  Great Britain is an island located within the British Isles and it is the ninth largest island in the world and the largest in Europe.
  
  The British Isles are separated from the European continent by the North Sea and the English Channel. The western coast of Great Britain is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea.
  
  Northern Ireland occupies one third of the island, of Ireland. It borders on the Irish Republic in the south.
  
  

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  In total, it is estimated that the UK is made up of over 1000 small islands, some being natural and some being man-made crannogs, which were built in past times using stone and wood and which were enlarged by natural waste building up over time.
  
  
  Islands of Scotland
  
  Orkney Islands
  
  Shetland Islands
  
  Inner Hebrides
  
  Outer Hebrides
  
  Rockall
  
  Bass Rock
  Islands of Wales
  
  Anglesey
  
  Skomer Island
  
  Skokholm Island
  
  Ramsey Island
  
  Bardsey Island
  
  Holy Island
  Islands of England
  
  Lundy
  
  Isles of Scilly
  
  Isle of Wight
  
  Farne Islands
  
  Lindisfarne
  
  Isle of Portland
  
  Walney Island
  Islands
  

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  There are no high mountains in Great Britain. In the north the Cheviots separate England from Scotland, the Pennines stretch down North England almost along its middle, the Cambrian mountains occupy the greater part of Wales and the Highlands of Scotland, are the tallest of the British mountains. There is very little flat country except in the region known as East Anglia.
  

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  Rivers and lakes
  The British Isles have many rivers but they are not very long. The longest of the English rivers is the Severn. It flows into the Irish Sea. The most important river of Scotland is the Clyde. Glasgow stands on it. Many of the English and Scottish rivers are joined by canals, so that it is possible to travel by water from one end of Great Britain to the other.
  
  
  

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  The Thames is over 200 miles long. It flows through the rich agricultural and industrial districts of the country. London, the capital of Great Britain, stands on it. The Thames has a wide mouth, that's why the big ocean liners can go up to the London port.
  

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  The UK is known for its beautiful lakes. Most of them are in Scotland and north-west of England. Scottish valleys are filled with lakes. These lakes are called "lochs". There are two kinds of lakes — lakes with fresh water like Loch Ness and lakes like Norwegian fjords.
  

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  There are no great forests on the British Isles today. Historically, the most famous forest is Sherwood Forest in the east of England, to the north of London. It was the home of Robin Hood, the famous hero of a number of legends.
  

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  Natural resources
  Historically, much of the United Kingdom was forested. Since prehistoric times, man has deforested much of the United Kingdom.
  Agriculture is intensive, highly mechanised, and efficient by European standards, producing about 60% of food needs with only 1% of the labour force. It contributes around 2% of GDP. Around two thirds of production is devoted to livestock (скотоводство), one third to arable crops (с/х культур).
  The UK has a variety of natural resources including:
  
  Geological: coal, natural gas, limestone(известняк), chalk, gypsum,rock salt, iron ore, tin(олово), silver, gold, lead.
  Agricultural: arable land(пахотный), wheat(пшеница), barley(ячмень), hill farms, sheep.
  
  The UK has large coal, natural gas, and oil reserves; primary energy production accounts for 10% of GDP, one of the highest shares of any industrial nation. Due to the island location of the UK, the country has great potential for generating electricity from wave power and tidal power, although these have not yet been exploited on a commercial basis.
  

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  The climate
  The climate of Great Britain is temperate and it is moderated by the Gulf Stream. The region is known for being cool and cloudy during the winter and the western parts of the island are windy and rainy because they are more influenced by the ocean. The eastern parts are drier and less windy.
  

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  As the weather changes with the wind, and Britain is visited by winds from different parts of the world, the most characteristic feature of Britain's weather is its variability.
  
  The English also say that they have three variants of weather: when it rains in the morning, when it rains in the afternoon or when it rains all day long. Sometimes it rains so heavily that they say 'It's raining cats and dogs''.
  

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  Rainfall is more or less even throughout the year. In the mountains there is heavier rainfall than in the plains of the south and cast. The driest period is from March to June and the wettest months are from October to January. The average range of temperature (from winter to summer) is from 5 to 23 degrees above zero. During a normal summer the temperature sometimes rises above 30 degrees in the south.
  Winter temperatures below 10 degrees are rare. It seldom snows heavily in winter, frost is rare. January and February are usually the coldest months, July and August the warmest. Still the wind may bring winter cold in spring or summer days.
  

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  So, we may say that the British climate has three main features: it is mild, humid and changeable. That means that it is never too hot or too cold. Winters are extremely mild. Snow may come but it melts quickly. In winter the cold is a humid cold, not dry. This humid and mild climate is good for plants. Trees and flowers begin to blossom early in spring.
  

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  REGIONS
  Great Britain consists of England, Scotland,
  Wales and Northern Ireland.
  
  England is situated in the central and southern parts of Great Britain. Historically it is the most important part of the country. It is also the biggest and the most populated part of the UK.
  
  
  

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  London is Britain’s and England’s
  capital and main communication
  centre, one of the world’s
  important financial centers,
  one of the world’s three
  largest cities (with Tokyo
  and New York) and one of
  the largest ports. London is the
  main centre in Britain of
  printing, cinema film production,
  food and drink.
  
  

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  Scotland is the part of the United Kingdom and is governed from London.
  Comprising an area of 30,000
  square miles. Scotland has
  a population of just over 5
  million people of whom one
  third live in the cities of
  Edinburgh, Glasgow,
  Aberdeen and Dundee.
  All the inhabitants speak English
  although about
  100,000 still speak Scottish
  Gaelic. Edinburgh has long
  been recognized as the capital
  of Scotland, in spite of
  being second in size to
  Glasgow.
  

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  Wales is a small country, bounded on the north and west by the Irish Sea, and on the south by the Bristol Channel.
  Its main industries are coal, iron, steel (сталь), and
  engineering. About two
  thirds of the population live
  in the South Wales coastal
  area, where the three biggest
  towns are located: Swansea,
  Cardiff and Newport.
  Cardiff is the capital of
  Wales.
  It has a modern shopping
  centre.
  

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  Northern Ireland is the second largest of the British Islands lying in the Atlantic of the west coast of Great Britain.
  The island of Ireland is politically divided into two parts: Northern Ireland, which forms part of the united Kingdom of Great Britain, capital Belfast, and the Republic of Ireland – a separate state named Eire in Irish; its capital is Dublin.