Проект студентки 1 курса Варангулян Седы, тема"Депрессия"

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ЗДРАВООХРАНЕНИЯ МОСКОВСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

Государственное бюджетное профессиональное образовательное учреждение

Московской области

«Московский областной медицинский колледж №3

имени Героя Советского Союза З.Самсоновой»

Егорьевский филиал

ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫЙ  ПРОЕКТ

Тема:

«DEPRESSION»

Выполнили:

Варангулян С. А.

группа 11 СД

специальность

«Сестринское дело»

Руководитель проекта:

Лобкова Л.В.

Название проекта	«Depression»
Исполнитель	Варангулян С.А.
Учебное заведение, группа	ГБПОУ МО «МОМК №3 имени Героя Советского Союза З.Самсоновой» Егорьевский филиал
Проблема	Что такое депрессия? Как ее лечить?
Цель проекта	Дать адаптированную и исчерпывающую информацию по такому заболеванию, как депрессия.
Задачи	Рассказать о том, что такое депрессия, ее симптомах и лечении.
Целевая аудитория	Студенты группы 11 СД.
План реализации проекта	Проект разрабатывался и внедрялся в период с 05.06.2020 по 15.06.2020 I этап (05.06.2020): информационно- подготовительный. Цель: выбор направления работы, планирование работы. Задачи: Выбрать тему проекта, составить банк данных по проекту. II этап (13.06.2020): основной (работа над проектом). Цель: разработка и внедрение проектного продукта. Задачи: Исследовать и структурировать полученные данные. Создать “чистый вариант проекта” и презентацию. III этап: (15.06.2020): оценочный. Цель: подведение итогов работы над проектом Задачи: Проанализировать и обобщить полученные результаты
Объект исследования	Такое заболевание, как депрессия.
Методы исследования	Изучение интернет-ресурсов.
Проектный продукт	Выступление перед студентами на тему «Depression» с демонстрацией презентации.
Ожидаемые результаты:	Студенты узнают о депрессии и попытаются ее избежать.
Руководитель	Лобкова Л.В.

Информационная карта проекта

Table of contents

Introduction. 4

1.   What is depression? It is different from sadness or grief/bereavement. 5

2.   Depression’s symptoms. 6

3.   Risk factors for depression. 6

4.   Types of depression. 7

Major depression. 7

Melancholia. 7

Psychotic depression. 7

Antenatal and postnatal depression. 7

Bipolar disorder. 8

Cyclothymic disorder. 8

Dysthymic disorder. 8

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD). 9

5.  Depression for different groups of people. 10

In females. 10

In males. 10

In college students. 10

In teens. 10

In children. 11

6.  How is depression treated?. 12

Medication. 12

Psychotherapy. 12

Self-helping and coping. 13

Conclusion. 14

List of used literature and Internet resources 15

Introduction

While we all feel sad, moody or low from time to time, some people experience these feelings intensely, for long periods of time (weeks, months or even years) and sometimes without any apparent reason. Depression is more than just a low mood – it's a serious condition that affects your physical and mental health.

Depression is a mood disorder that involves a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest. It is different from the mood fluctuations that people regularly experience as a part of life.

Major life events, such as bereavement or the loss of a job, can lead to depression. However, doctors only consider feelings of grief to be part of depression if they persist.

Depression is an ongoing problem, not a passing one. It consists of episodes during which the symptoms last for at least 2 weeks. Depression can last for several weeks, months, or years.

Purpose of the project:

Ø Provide adapted and completed information on an illness such as depression.

Tasks:

1.     Tell about what depression is;

2.     Report about depression’s symptoms;

3.     Research treatment for depression.

1.     What is depression? It is different from sadness or grief/bereavement.

Depression (major depressive disorder) is a common and serious medical illness that negatively affects how you feel, the way you think and how you act. Fortunately, it is also treatable. Depression causes feelings of sadness and/or a loss of interest in activities once enjoyed. It can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems and can decrease a person’s ability to function at work and at home.

The death of a loved one, loss of a job or the ending of a relationship are difficult experiences for a person to endure. It is normal for feelings of sadness or grief to develop in response to such situations. Those experiencing loss often might describe themselves as being “depressed.”

But being sad is not the same as having depression. The grieving process is natural and unique to each individual and shares some of the same features of depression. Both grief and depression may involve intense sadness and withdrawal from usual activities. They are also different in important ways:

·                     In grief, painful feelings come in waves, often intermixed with positive memories of the deceased. In major depression, mood and/or interest (pleasure) are decreased for most of two weeks.

·                     In grief, self-esteem is usually maintained. In major depression, feelings of worthlessness and self-loathing are common.

·                     For some people, the death of a loved one can bring on major depression. Losing a job or being a victim of a physical assault or a major disaster can lead to depression for some people. When grief and depression co-exist, the grief is more severe and lasts longer than grief without depression. Despite some overlap between grief and depression, they are different. Distinguishing between them can help people get the help, support or treatment they need.

2.     Depression’s symptoms.

Depression symptoms can vary from mild to severe and can include:

o        Feeling sad or having a depressed mood

o        Loss of interest or pleasure in activities once enjoyed

o        Changes in appetite — weight loss or gain unrelated to dieting

o        Trouble sleeping or sleeping too much

o        Loss of energy or increased fatigue

o        Increase in purposeless physical activity (e.g., hand-wringing or pacing) or slowed movements and speech (actions observable by others)

o        Feeling worthless or guilty

o        Difficulty thinking, concentrating or making decisions

o        Thoughts of death or suicide

Symptoms must last at least two weeks for a diagnosis of depression.

Also, medical conditions (e.g., thyroid problems, a brain tumor or vitamin deficiency) can mimic symptoms of depression so it is important to rule out general medical causes.

3.     Risk factors for depression.

Depression can affect anyone—even a person who appears to live in relatively ideal circumstances.

Several factors can play a role in depression:

o        Biochemistry: Differences in certain chemicals in the brain may contribute to symptoms of depression.

o        Genetics: Depression can run in families. For example, if one identical twin has depression, the other has a 70 percent chance of having the illness sometime in life.

o        Personality: People with low self-esteem, who are easily overwhelmed by stress, or who are generally pessimistic appear to be more likely to experience depression.

o        Environmental factors: Continuous exposure to violence, neglect, abuse or poverty may make some people more vulnerable to depression.

4.                 Types of depression.

There are different types of depressive disorders. Symptoms can range from relatively minor (but still disabling) through to very severe, so it's helpful to be aware of the range of conditions and their specific symptoms.

Major depression.

Major depression is sometimes called major depressive disorder, clinical depression, unipolar depression or simply 'depression'. It involves low mood and/or loss of interest and pleasure in usual activities, as well as other symptoms. The symptoms are experienced most days and last for at least two weeks. Symptoms of depression interfere with all areas of a person's life, including work and social relationships. Depression can be described as mild, moderate or severe; melancholic or psychotic (see below).

Melancholia.

This is the term used to describe a severe form of depression where many of the physical symptoms of depression are present. One of the major changes is that the person starts to move more slowly. They're also more likely to have a depressed mood that is characterised by complete loss of pleasure in everything, or almost everything.

Psychotic depression.

Sometimes people with a depressive disorder can lose touch with reality and experience psychosis. This can involve hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren't there) or delusions (false beliefs that aren't shared by others), such as believing they are bad or evil, or that they're being watched or followed. They can also be paranoid, feeling as though everyone is against them or that they are the cause of illness or bad events occurring around them.

Antenatal and postnatal depression.

Women are at an increased risk of depression during pregnancy (known as the antenatal or prenatal period) and in the year following childbirth (known as the postnatal period). You may also come across the term 'perinatal', which describes the period covered by pregnancy and the first year after the baby's birth.

The causes of depression at this time can be complex and are often the result of a combination of factors. In the days immediately following birth, many women experience the 'baby blues' which is a common condition related to hormonal changes and affects up to 80 per cent of women. The 'baby blues', or general stress adjusting to pregnancy and/or a new baby, are common experiences, but are different from depression. Depression is longer lasting and can affect not only the mother, but her relationship with her baby, the child's development, the mother's relationship with her partner and with other members of the family.

Almost 10 per cent of women will experience depression during pregnancy. This increases to 16 per cent in the first three months after having a baby.

Bipolar disorder.

Bipolar disorder used to be known as 'manic depression' because the person experiences periods of depression and periods of mania, with periods of normal mood in between.

Mania is like the opposite of depression and can vary in intensity – symptoms include feeling great, having lots of energy, having racing thoughts and little need for sleep, talking quickly, having difficulty focusing on tasks, and feeling frustrated and irritable. This is not just a fleeting experience. Sometimes the person loses touch with reality and has episodes of psychosis. Experiencing psychosis involves hallucinations (seeing or hearing something that is not there) or having delusions (e.g. the person believing he or she has superpowers).

Bipolar disorder seems to be most closely linked to family history. Stress and conflict can trigger episodes for people with this condition and it's not uncommon for bipolar disorder to be misdiagnosed as depression, alcohol or drug abuse, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or schizophrenia.

Diagnosis depends on the person having had an episode of mania and, unless observed, this can be hard to pick. It is not uncommon for people to go for years before receiving an accurate diagnosis of bipolar disorder. If you're experiencing highs and lows, it's helpful to make this clear to your doctor or treating health professional. Bipolar disorder affects approximately 2 per cent of the population.

Cyclothymic disorder.

Cyclothymic disorder is often described as a milder form of bipolar disorder. The person experiences chronic fluctuating moods over at least two years, involving periods of hypomania (a mild to moderate level of mania) and periods of depressive symptoms, with very short periods (no more than two months) of normality between. The duration of the symptoms are shorter, less severe and not as regular, and therefore don't fit the criteria of bipolar disorder or major depression.

Dysthymic disorder.

The symptoms of dysthymia are similar to those of major depression but are less severe. However, in the case of dysthymia, symptoms last longer. A person has to have this milder depression for more than two years to be diagnosed with dysthymia.

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD).

SAD is a mood disorder that has a seasonal pattern. The cause of the disorder is unclear, but it's thought to be related to the variation in light exposure in different seasons. It's characterised by mood disturbances (either periods of depression or mania) that begin and end in a particular season. Depression which starts in winter and subsides when the season ends is the most common. It's usually diagnosed after the person has had the same symptoms during winter for a couple of years. People with SAD depression are more likely to experience a lack of energy, sleep too much, overeat, gain weight and crave for carbohydrates. SAD is very rare in Australia and more likely to be found in countries with shorter days and longer periods of darkness, such as in the cold climate areas of the Northern Hemisphere.

5.     Depression for different groups of people.

In females.

Depression is nearly twice as common among women as men, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

Below are some symptoms of depression that tend to appear more often in females:

·                     irritability

·                     anxiety

·                     mood swings

·                     fatigue

·                     ruminating (dwelling on negative thoughts)

Also, some types of depression are unique to females, such as:

·                     postpartum depression

·                     premenstrual dysphoric disorder

In males.

Around 9% of men in the United States have feelings of depression or anxiety, according to the American Psychological Association.

Males with depression are more likely than females to drink alcohol in excess, display anger, and engage in risk-taking as a result of the disorder.

Other symptoms of depression in males may include:

·                     avoiding families and social situations

·                     working without a break

·                     having difficulty keeping up with work and family responsibilities

·                     displaying abusive or controlling behavior in relationships

In college students.

Time at college can stressful, and a person may be dealing with other lifestyles, cultures, and experiences for the first time.

Some students have difficulty coping with these changes, and they may develop depression, anxiety, or both as a result.

Symptoms of depression in college students may include:

·                     difficulty concentrating on schoolwork

·                     insomnia

·                     sleeping too much

·                     a decrease or increase in appetite

·                     avoiding social situations and activities that they used to enjoy

In teens.

Physical changes, peer pressure, and other factors can contribute to depression in teenagers.

They may experience some of the following symptoms:

·                     withdrawing from friends and family

·                     difficulty concentrating on schoolwork

·                     feeling guilty, helpless, or worthless

·                     restlessness, such as an inability to sit still

In children.

The CDC estimate that, in the U.S., 3.2% of children and teens aged 3–17 have a diagnosis of depression.

In children, symptoms can make schoolwork and social activities challenging. They may experience symptoms such as:

·                     crying

·                     low energy

·                     clinginess

·                     defiant behavior

·                     vocal outbursts

Younger children may have difficulty expressing how they feel in words. This can make it harder for them to explain their feelings of sadness.

6.     How is depression treated?

Depression is among the most treatable of mental disorders. Between 80 percent and 90 percent of people with depression eventually respond well to treatment. Almost all patients gain some relief from their symptoms.

Before a diagnosis or treatment, a health professional should conduct a thorough diagnostic evaluation, including an interview and possibly a physical examination. In some cases, a blood test might be done to make sure the depression is not due to a medical condition like a thyroid problem. The evaluation is to identify specific symptoms, medical and family history, cultural factors and environmental factors to arrive at a diagnosis and plan a course of action.

Medication. 

Brain chemistry may contribute to an individual’s depression and may factor into their treatment. For this reason, antidepressants might be prescribed to help modify one’s brain chemistry. These medications are not sedatives, “uppers” or tranquilizers. They are not habit-forming. Generally antidepressant medications have no stimulating effect on people not experiencing depression.

Antidepressants may produce some improvement within the first week or two of use. Full benefits may not be seen for two to three months. If a patient feels little or no improvement after several weeks, his or her psychiatrist can alter the dose of the medication or add or substitute another antidepressant. In some situations other psychotropic medications may be helpful. It is important to let your doctor know if a medication does not work or if you experience side effects.

Psychiatrists usually recommend that patients continue to take medication for six or more months after symptoms have improved. Longer-term maintenance treatment may be suggested to decrease the risk of future episodes for certain people at high risk.

Psychotherapy.

Psychotherapy, or “talk therapy,” is sometimes used alone for treatment of mild depression; for moderate to severe depression, psychotherapy is often used in along with antidepressant medications. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been found to be effective in treating depression. CBT is a form of therapy focused on the present and problem solving. CBT helps a person to recognize distorted thinking and then change behaviors and thinking.

Psychotherapy may involve only the individual, but it can include others. For example, family or couples therapy can help address issues within these close relationships. Group therapy involves people with similar illnesses.

Depending on the severity of the depression, treatment can take a few weeks or much longer. In many cases, significant improvement can be made in 10 to 15 sessions.

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) is a medical treatment most commonly used for patients with severe major depression or bipolar disorder who have not responded to other treatments. It involves a brief electrical stimulation of the brain while the patient is under anesthesia. A patient typically receives ECT two to three times a week for a total of six to 12 treatments. ECT has been used since the 1940s, and many years of research have led to major improvements. It is usually managed by a team of trained medical professionals including a psychiatrist, an anesthesiologist and a nurse or physician assistant.

Self-helping and coping.

There are a number of things people can do to help reduce the symptoms of depression. For many people, regular exercise helps create positive feeling and improve mood. Getting enough quality sleep on a regular basis, eating a healthy diet and avoiding alcohol (a depressant) can also help reduce symptoms of depression.

Depression is a real illness and help is available. With proper diagnosis and treatment, the vast majority of people with depression will overcome it. If you are experiencing symptoms of depression, a first step is to see your family physician or psychiatrist. Talk about your concerns and request a thorough evaluation. This is a start to addressing mental health needs.

Conclusion

Depression is a common illness worldwide, with more than 264 million people affected. Depression is different from usual mood fluctuations and short-lived emotional responses to challenges in everyday life. Especially when long-lasting and with moderate or severe intensity, depression may become a serious health condition. It can cause the affected person to suffer greatly and function poorly at work, at school and in the family. At its worst, depression can lead to suicide. Close to 800 000 people die due to suicide every year. Suicide is the second leading cause of death in 15-29-year-olds.

Although there are known, effective treatments for mental disorders, between 76% and 85% of people in low- and middle-income countries receive no treatment for their disorder(2).  Barriers to effective care include a lack of resources, lack of trained health-care providers and social stigma associated with mental disorders. Another barrier to effective care is inaccurate assessment. In countries of all income levels, people who are depressed are often not correctly diagnosed, and others who do not have the disorder are too often misdiagnosed and prescribed antidepressants.

The burden of depression and other mental health conditions is on the rise globally. A World Health Assembly resolution passed in May 2013 has called for a comprehensive, coordinated response to mental disorders at the country level.

List of used literature and Internet resources

Depression [Online] // Beyond Blue. - https://www.beyondblue.org.au/the-facts/depression/types-of-depression.

Depression [Online] // World Health Organisation (WHO). - https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression.

Depression [Online] // American Psychiatric Association (APA). - https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/depression/what-is-depression.

What is depression and what can I do about it? // MedicalNewsToday. - https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/8933#types.