THE SEQUENCES OF TENSES

THE SEQUENCES OF TENSES

  В английском языке строго соблюдается правило согласования времен, которое проявляется в придаточных дополнительных предложениях, когда в главном предложении сказуемое выражено глаголом, вводящим косвенную речь, таким как: to say, to ask, to answer, to declare и т.п., а так же to think, to remember, to promise, to know, to decide и т.п.

    Правило согласования времен заключается в следующем: если сказуемое главного предложения выражено глаголом прошедшего времени, то сказуемое придаточного предложения (или предложений, если их несколько) должно быть выражено глаголом в форме одного из прошедших времен .

Для выражения одновременного действия употребляется Past Indefinite или Past Continuous: I knew that he was a writer. Я знал что он писатель. I noticed that he was writing his report. Я заметил что он пишет (свой) доклад.

Для выражения действия, которое было раньше действия главного предложения, употребляется Past Perfect: He answered that John had gone to London some days before. Он ответил, что Джон (уже) уехал в Лондон несколько дней назад.

Для выражения буж\дущего действия употребляется Future- in- the Past:  She said that he would come in a month. Она сказала, что он приедет через месяц.

   УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

 Упр. 1. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на употребление времен в русском и английском языках.

   1. I knew that you were ill. 2. I knew that you had been ill 3. We found that she left home at eight o'clock every morning. 4. We found that she had left home at eight o'clock that morning. 5. When he learned that his son had received an excellent mark at school, he was very pleased. 6. We did not know where our friends went every evening . 7. We did not know where our friends had gone. 8, She said that her best friend was a doctor. 9. She said that her best friend had been a doctor.

Упр. 2. Перепишите следующие предложения в прошедшем времени. Обратите внимание на зависимость времени придаточного дополнительного предложения от времени главного.

   1. My uncle says he has just come back from the Caucasus. 2. He says he has spent a fortnight in the Caucasus. 3. He says it did him a lot of good. 4. He says he feels better now. 5. He says his wife and he spent most of their time on the beach. 6. he says they did a lot of sightseeing. 7. He says he has a good camera. 8.He says he took many photographs while traveling in the Caucasus. 9. He says he will come to see us next Sunday. 10 He says he will bring and show us the photographs he took during his stay in the Caucasus.

Упр. 3. Перепишите следующие предложения в прошедшем времени. Обратите внимание на зависимость времени придаточного дополнительного предложения от времени главного.

 1. Nick says he is going to the hotel to see his friends, who have just arrived in St. Petersburg from the United States of America. 2. He says they have not been here for a long time. 3. He says they were friends at school. 4. He says he will take them to the theater on Sunday. 5. They say they will write me a letter when they return home. 6. Mike says he is sure Ann and Kate will be excellent guides. 7. He says they have made good progress in English. 8. Oleg says that in a day or two several English students will come to pay a visit to their school and he will probably have to act as interpreter. 9. Ann says she has just met Boris in the street. 10. She says Boris told her a lot of interesting things about his travels in the south.

 Упр. 4. Раскройте скобки, выбирая требующееся время глагола.

1. He said he (is staying/was staying) at the “Ritz” Hotel. 2. They realized that they (lost/had lost) their way in the dark. 3. He asked me where I (study/studied). 4. I thought that I  (shall finish/ should finish) my work at the time. 5. He says he (works/worked) at school two years ago. 6. Victor said he( is/was ) very busty.

8.My friend asked me who (is playing/was playing) the piano in the sitting-room.9. He said h (will come/would come) to the station to see me off. 10. I was sure he (posted/had posted) the letter. 11. I think the weather (will be/would be) fine next week. I hope it (will not change/would not change) for the worse. 12. I knew that he (is/was) a very clever man. 13. I want to know what he (has bought had bought) for her birthday. 14. I asked my sister to tell me what she (has seen/had seen) at the museum.

Упр. 5. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в требующемся времени .

1. He said he ______(to leave) tomorrow morning. 2. She says she already _____(to find) the book. 3. He stopped and listened: the clock _____(to strike) five. 4. She said she ____ (can) not tell me the right time, her watch ____(to be) wrong. 5. I asked my neighbor if he ever _____(to travel) by air before \. 6. The policeman asked George where he _____ (to run ) so early. 7. The delegates were told that the guide just ____(to go) out and ____(to be) back in ten minutes. 8. I knew they ____ (to wait) for  me at the metro station and I decided to hurry. 9. I didn't know that you already _____(to wind) up the clock. 10. I was afraid that the little girl _____ (not to be) able to unlock the front door and ____ (to go) upstairs to help her. 11. He says that he ________(to know) the laws of the country.

Упр. 6. Употребите следующие предложения как придаточные дополнительные,в роли главных используя предложения,данные в скобках. Сдвигайте времена в соответсвии с правилом согласования времён.

1. The children are playing in the yard \. (She thought) 2. Her friend will come to see her. (She hoped) 3. Father has repaired his bicycle. (He thought). 4. She knows English very well. (I supposed) 5. Our sportsmen will win the game. (We were sure) 6. She made no mistakes in her dictation. (She was glad) 7. He works at his English hard. (I knew) 8. She dances better than anybody else. (I was told) 9. My cousin has received a very interesting offer from his firm. (I learned) 10. He is painting a new picture. (We heard)