р1.Geopolitical
situation of RK
Geopolitical situation was always not so understandable. It is explained that
our country has plusses and minuses of our geographic position. Because
Kazakhstan located in the heard of Eurasia and between empires, such Russia and
China. Kazakhstan has enormous resources of biological minerals and primary
products. And each one of them wants to take control over richness of our
country by influence. Even at 18 century Kazakhstan held the very huge times in
the history, because of the geographic situation. As we know war against
Djungarian Khanate from east side, China-from south east , Kyrgyz manasas,
Bukhara and Kokand – from south, Russian empire- from north, Oirats – from
north west sides attack with aim to take for hands pastures or economic-market centre
fortress, which stand on the Great Silk Road. And nowadays nothing is changed,
only priorities .Nowadays the huge benefits for every country are biological
minerals and primary products.
Special
and main danger denunciate from China. Because this country has a big influence in economic
field. Even their goods expanded in USA. It is very awesome, considering
distance between this countries and economic degree of USA. Especially for us
,when we are neighbors with China.
But as mentioned above there are plusses and minuses of our Geographic
position. As famous russian emperor said “Kazakhstan is key to Central Asia
and bridge between Europe and Asia. This is a plus of our geographic position.
Transit routes and transportation of goods above territory gives us capacity
become centre of economic trade in international area. More over
development of economic and social position of nations and our country.
2.Constitution is a fundamental law of the RK
The constitution is the fundamental law of the
country, reflecting the underlying and unifying values of society. It spells
out the basic rights of each person; it serves as a framework for all other laws and policies, and
cannot be easily changed. However, it can be changed and updated through a
democratic process, and it is important to keep it alive, by popularising and
using it,
and by campaigning for its reform or amendment if necessary.
The Constitution of
the Republic of Kazakhstan is the highest law of Kazakhstan, as stated in Article 4. With the adoption of the
Fundamental Law the Republic of Kazakhstan
practically entered a new epoch.
The Constitution of 1995 is the outcome of political, economic, social and
cultural reforms of the first days of independence. Prior to this document the
major acts were issued, i.e. Declaration on State Sovereignty of Kazakh SSR,
Constitutional Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On State Independence of
the Republic of Kazakhstan", the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan
"On Citizenship".
The acting Constitution reformed political
system of the new independent state. It provides non-integration of the President
of the Republic - Head of State with any state branch. President is a guarantor
of unity of people and state authority, constitutional integrity and stability
of the citizens` rights and freedoms.
According to the principles of the Fundamental
Law, one-chamber Supreme Soviet - former representative body, was replaced by a
two-chamber Parliament. The Government became superior executive body. Its
structure and formation procedures were also modified.
3.Political set up of the RK
On 16 December 1991 the Republic of Kazakhstan declared
its independence following the collapse of the Soviet Union. In 1995, democracy
was installed in a nationwide referendum. Since then, the country has
undertaken ambitious political reforms to improve democracy and to become an
advocate of peace and stability in central Asia.
The political system of Kazakhstan can be characterized
as a presidential system with a strong position of the president. Kazakhstan —
the constitutional parliamentary-presidential republic. The president is the
head of the state and chief supreme commander.He appoints prime minister and
cabinet and defines the major guidelines in domestic and foreign policy. In
October 1998, the Constitution was amended to provide for a seven-year
presidential term. The first presidential election under the amended
constitution was held in January 1999 and resulted in the election of President
Nazarbayev to his first seven-year term.
The President of Republic
Kazakhstan is voted by full age citizens of Kazakhstan on general, equal,
direct and secret vote basis. The President of Republic Kazakhstan is
NursultanNazarbaev. The Presidents terms of limit are 5 years. The president
has the power to declare states of emergency during which the constitution can
be suspended. The president is the sponsor of legislation and the guarantor of
the constitution and of the proper functioning of government, with the power to
override the decisions and actions of local authorities and councils. The only
grounds on which a president can be removed are infirmity and treason, either
of which must be confirmed by a majority of the joint upper and lower houses of
the new parliament. In the event of such a removal from power, the prime
minister would become the temporary president.
4.Three branches of State Power of the Republic of Kazakhstan
The post independence government was structured by the 1993 constitution
with a strong executive branch, a parliament, and a judicial branch. In
practice, the administration of Nursultan Nazarbayev
dominated governance sufficiently to impel the writing of a new constitution
providing justification for the one-man rule that developed in the early 1990s.
The
distribution of political power in Kazakhstan is similar to that in the United States. There are three branches of
government: executive, legislative, and judicial. Each branch has equal freedom to act in the
political process. The legislative branch is represented by Kazakhstan’s
equivalent of the U.S. Congress. It creates new laws approved by vote of its
members. The executive branch includes the president of the country, a prime
minister, and
members of
the council of ministers, whose function is to implement new laws
and to “take care of every
day’s business.” The Supreme Court is representative of the judicial branch. It
controls, regulates, and mediates important decisions.
5.Independence Day of the RK
25th October, 1990 is a
special date for the citizens of Kazakhstan. It symbolizes the end of the old
history and the beginning of a new one.
On 25th October 1990, date of the independence
of Kazakhstan became a turning point in Kazakhstan's development. the Declaration of Independence was the first fundamental legislation
of the new country. It is a legal, political and ideological document
expressing the very principles of the realities of human existence, mostly
human rights and protection of freedom, ownership, political plurality and
division of powers. these fundaments became the base of the Constitution.
On 16th December, 1991 Kazakhstan adopted the
Constitutional Law on the independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan. In 2001
Kazakhstan celebrated the 10th anniversary
of its independence.
Kazakhstan is a very young independent
state. But during this short period, large-scale institutional changes have
occurred in the country. The people of Kazakhstan voted for a presidential form
of government. A two-chamber Parliament was established, a court system
created, the new capital determined. Fundamental national legislation was
passed on the economy, social security and security. More recently, executive
powers such as the Armed Forces, the Republican Guard, the Frontier Troops and
the Navy were created.
6.President of the RK, the Leader of the Nation
The President
of the Republic of Kazakhstan is
the head of state, Commander-in-chief and holder of the
highest office within the Republic
of Kazakhstan.
The authorities of this position are described in special section of Constitution of Kazakhstan.
The position was established on 24 April
1990, a year before the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The first and
current President of Kazakhstan is NursultanNazarbayev.
NursultanNazarbayev was born
on July 6, 1940 in the village of Chemolgan, Kaskelen District, Almaty region.
In 1967 graduated from the Highest Technical Educational Institution at the Karaganda
Metallurgic Works.
He is a Doctor in Economics, Academician of the National Academy of the
Republic of Kazakhstan, International Academy of Engineering, Russian
Federation Academy of Social Sciences, Honorable Professor of the Kazakh State
National University of Al-Farabi.
Since April 1990 he is a
President of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
On December 1, 1991 the first
national presidential elections were held where NursultanNazarbayev had been
supported by 98.7 per cent of electors.
On April 29, 1995 the powers
of the President NursultanNazarbayev have been prolonged till 2000 as a result
of the national referendum.
On January 10, 1999 was
elected the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the alternative basis
with 79.78 per cent of electors.
On December 4, 2005 was again
elected President of the Republic of Kazakhstan supported by 91.15 per cent of
electors.
7.Foreign Policy of the RK
Since gaining independence
in 1991, Kazakhstan has established diplomatic relations with over 129
countries and with international organizations. Kazakhstan is a member of the
CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States), the United Nations, the International
Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction and
Development, the Asian Development Bank, the International Finance Corporation,
the Islamic Development Bank and several other international organizations. In
January 1995, Kazakhstan signed a Partnership and Cooperation Agreement with
the European Union, with a view to establishing closer economic and political
ties with the European Union. The European Union and the United States have
recognized Kazakhstan as a country with a market economy. Kazakhstan has
acceded to many major international conventions and expects to become a member
of the World Trade Organization. Together with Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan,
Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan is a member of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.
Originally formed to deal with matters of border control, this organization now
deals with combating terrorism, drug and weapon smuggling, and other issues.
Kazakhstan also actively encourages economic relationships with Russia and its
neighboring countries in Central Asia. Foreign relations of Kazakhstan are
primarily based on economic and political security. The Nazarbayev administration has tried to balance relations with Russia and the United States by sending petroleum and natural gas to its northern neighbor at artificially
low prices while assisting the U.S. in the War on Terror. Kazakhstan is a member of the United
Nations, Organization for Security and Co-operation
in Europe (which
it chaired in 2010), North Atlantic Cooperation Council, Commonwealth of Independent States, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, and NATO's Partnership for Peace program. Kazakhstan established a customs union with
Russia and Belarus. It will be transformed into the Common
Economic Space in 2012. Kazakhstan established the Eurasian Economic Community with Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.
In January 2010 Kazakhstan
assumed the chairmanship of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in
Europe (OSCE), the biggest regional security organization, connecting 56
countries of Europe, North America and Asia. Kazakhstan became the first post
Soviet, predominantly Asian and Muslim state to be given the honor of leading
the organization. With no doubts, the honor of the chairmanship in the
authoritative international organizations symbolizes the success of social,
economic and political achievements of Kazakhstan during the 18 years of its
independence. Kazakhstan's Chaimanship presents important opportunities for
both, Astana and OSCE.
Economic and political Situation of the RK
Kazakhstan is important to world energy
markets because it has significant oil and natural gas reserves. Within the
next decade Kazakhstan would become one of the world's largest oil producers
and exporters. But Kazakhstan's strategic aspiration is to become a modern, diversified
economy with a high value added and high-tech component, well integrated into
the global economy. Energy sector is viewed as a good basis to achieve this
goal.
The first 10 years of Kazakhstan's
independence were characterized by numerous economic, social and environmental
challenges. The main economic priority for Kazakhstan is to avoid
overdependence on its oil and gas and minerals sector, but to use these natural
assets to build a modern, diversified, highly-technological, flexible and competitive
economy with a high value-added component. This is the central goal of the
National Strategy until 2030 adopted in 1998 and the State Industrialization
and Innovation Programme until 2015 launched in 2003.
Kazakhstan, geographically the largest of the
former Soviet republics, excluding Russia, possesses enormous fossil fuel
reserves and plentiful supplies of other minerals and metals, such as uranium,
copper, and zinc. It also has a large agricultural sector featuring livestock
and grain. Although its Caspian Sea ports and rail lines carrying oil have been
upgraded, civil aviation has been neglected. Telecoms are improving, but
require considerable investment, as does the information technology base.
Supply and distribution of electricity can be erratic
Last
year the Kazakh economy grew by only 1% as tight bank lending restrained
private demand. Nevertheless, steady growth in the mining industry has
mitigated difficulties in other sectors. Meanwhile, improving foreign demand
for Kazakh metals supported a turnaround in manufacturing during the second
half of 2009. That said, on the balance, near-term economic performance will be
driven by external factors, most importantly by the strength of the economic
rebound in developing countries.
Political
situation in Kazakhstan.Kazakhstan
is a Presidential Republic. President NursultanNazarbayev, the former First
Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan, was
elected first President of the Republic of Kazakhstan with 91% of the vote on 1
December 1991. And still he is president of KR
Political Parties.Political parties in Kazakhstan are generally based on
the personal appeal of leading individuals rather than political orientation.
There are currently nine registered parties in Kazakhstan. Another
party, Alga, has been unsuccessfully seeking official registration since 2006.
The party represented in Parliament is NurOtan.
President Nazarbayev has been Chairman of NurOtan since its 2007
congress. Other political parties include: Adilet; The All Social
Democratic Party ‘Azat’; AkZhol; Auyl; The Communist Party of Kazakhstan; The
Communist People’s Party of Kazakhstan; The Patriot Party of Kazakhstan; and
Rukhaniyat.
9.Kazakhstan and Issues of regional
Security
Regional security can be defined as
peaceful so existence of individual regions. The security of each
actor in a region interacts with the security of the other actors. For
providing regional security states of the region enter into agreements,
establish regional organizations, bodies of which are involved to resolve the
issues of peace and security in the region. In the region of Central Asia,
there are several such organizations that consider various issues. All of them
were created by countries that situated in this region and Kazakhstan also
participated.
Main organization of regional security in
Central Asia is the Commonwealth of Independent states (CIS). Almost all post
Soviet countries joined this organization. It is aimed at being more than a
purely symbolic organization, nominally possessing coordinating powers in the
realm of trade, finance, lawmaking, and security.
Another organization that is directly
focused on security in Central Asia is the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO). The CSTO is an intergovernmental military alliance, which was signed on 15 May 1992.
Kazakhstan is one of the first members to join this organization.
The Shanghai Cooperation Organization or SCO
has its own characteristics. The
SCO is primarily centered on its member nations' security and it often
considers the main threats as terrorism, separatism and extremism.
Kazakhstan played an important role in
creating the Conference on Interaction and Confidence Building Measures in Asia (CICA). The idea of convening the CICA was
first proposed by Kazakhstan President NursultanNazarbayev on 5 October 1992. CICA is an inter-governmental forum for enhancing cooperation towards
promoting peace, security and stability in Asia.
In conclusion, I want to say that Kazakhstan plays important
role in providing regional security in Central Asia. It is a member to all
regional organizations that were created to ensure security and keep peace in
this region. In other words the RK is an active state that seeks in foreign
policy above all peace and security.
10.Kazakstan and OSCE
Kazakhstan after gaining its independence
has established diplomatic relations with many countries over the world and
during the first years of its independence, it needed the support of the world
powers and authoritative international organizations, including the OSCE.
The Organization for Security and
Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) is the biggest regional security organization,
connecting 56 countries of Europe, North America and Asia. The organization has its roots in the 1973 Conference on Security and Co-operation
in Europe (CSCE). In 1994,
as a result of the Budapest Summit, the Conference was converted into the
Organization. The OSCE is concerned with early
warning, conflict prevention, crisis
management and post-conflict
rehabilitation.
Kazakhstan joined this organization on 30
January 1992. In the same year, on 8 July, it signed the Helsinki Final Act of
the CSCE and on 23 September the Charter of Paris for a New Europe. In 1995
Kazakhstan established its Permanent Mission to the International Organizations
in Vienna, which ensured the country’s direct participation in the OSCE. There
is important evidence in the history of relations between Kazakhstan and OSCE.
It is chairmanship of Kazakhstan in the OSCE.
In January 2010 Kazakhstan assumed the
chairmanship of the OSCE and became the first post Soviet, predominantly Asian
and Muslim state to be given the honor of leading the organization.
Nowadays the Republic of Kazakhstan has
close cooperation with the OSCE, participates in its sessions, helps the OSCE
to become close to Central Asian countries and influences on resolutions of the
organizations.
11.Kazakhstan and SCO
Shanghai
Cooperation Organization is an intergovernmental mutual-security organization
which was founded in 2001 in Shanghai by the leaders of China, Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan.
From
2010 to 2011, Kazakhstan was the chairman of the Shanghai Cooperation
Organization.
The
Government of Kazakhstan made significant progress in development of all areas
of the organization - in the field of security, economic and cultural
cooperation The highest priority of Kazakhstan's chairmanship of the SCO was
to strengthen regional and global security. During the presidency of Kazakhstan
held anti-terrorism military exercise "Peace Mission-2010" and
meeting of Security Council Secretaries, Ministers of Foreign Affairs, Defence
and Interior Ministers of SCO. During the presidency was also completed the
formation of 3-leveled interaction mechanism on combating drug menace in the
SCO. Kazakhstan has made a significant contribution to the development of
anti-drug strategy of the SCO member states for 2011-2016, which was approved
at the anniversary SCO summit in Astana.
In the development of economic cooperation in the region achieved significant
results. Expressed willingness to continue to make efforts to create favorable
conditions for trade and investment, increasing the feasibility of cooperation
in non-oil sectors of the economy, combating illicit movement of goods and the
protection of intellectual property. Kazakhstan was the initiator of many ideas
to strengthen cooperation in culture, science, innovation, tourism, health
care, including the provision of sanitary and epidemiological welfare in the
SCO.
Kazakh
President also stressed the need to strengthen economic cooperation within the
organization.
12.Kazakhstan and
CICA
Conference on Interaction and Confidence
Building Measures in Asia (CICA) is an inter-governmental forum for enhancing
cooperation towards promoting peace, security and stability in Asia. It is a
forum based on the recognition that there is close link between peace, security
and stability in Asia and in the rest of the world.
Kazakhstan's initiative on convening
CICA, taken in 1992 at the 47th session of the UN General Assembly, has
translated into a real factor of international relations and serves as an
effective instrument for maintenance of safety and cooperation in Asia. Its
viability is based on sincere hopes and aspiration of the continent's people to
live in safer world, on the region's objective need in creation of
infrastructure for open-minded and meaningful dialogue.
The most important characteristic of the
platform, transformed to a channel for cooperation between Asian states, is its
focus on the “confidence-building measures” rather than the “security.”
CICA has successfully managed the process
of becoming an organization through developing cooperation up to today,
together with the objective to support security, peace and stability in Asia
with sophisticated approaches.
Nowadays KZ works hard in the fields of
globalization, the economy, environmental disasters, security weaknesses,
increasing energy problems, violations of international law, disarmament, and
the question of Afghanistan. The only solution enabling the Asian continent to
cope with such knotted problems is to come together on a common platform and
open every possible communication channel. That means sharing intelligence,
having a common stance towards key issues of global concern such as terrorism
and human trafficking, cooperating politically and economically, and maintaining
cultural interaction to keeping nations of such an intensively textured
geography together
Оставьте свой комментарий
Авторизуйтесь, чтобы задавать вопросы.