CLASSICAL GERMAN PHILOSOPHY

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  CLASSICAL GERMAN PHILOSOPHY
  (PART II)
  
  
  Lecture # 11
  

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  Contents of lectures:
  
  Introduction
  Prominent German philosophers:
  Hegel
  Feuerbach
  The importance of German classical philosophy
  Recommended Reading
  
  

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  Georg Wilhelm Hegel (1770-1831)
  
  Hegel was born in the family of local authority
  He graduated from two German’s universities: Tubingen and Jena. He was invited to the University of Berlin and became its rector
  Main Hegel works are: "The philosophy of the spirit", "Phenomenology of Spirit", "Philosophy of History" and “Logic"
  
  

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  Georg Wilhelm Hegel (1770-1831)
  
  The main issue for Hegel was the same as Kant put - is it possible or not to know the "thing in itself"
  In Kant's "thing in itself" are the objects and phenomena of the world that exists independently of human consciousness
  That is why they are unknowable because of the limited human mind
  "Things in itself" according to Hegel may be knowable, as they are manifested in the phenomena of the world and available human senses
  

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  Georg Wilhelm Hegel
  Hegel proceeds from the fundamental idea of ​​the identity of thinking and being
  Everything that happens is directly reflected in the thinking of man
  If to find the laws of thought, it is possible to automatically identify the laws of the world
  

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  3 basic laws of the dialectic by Hegel:
  1. Transformation of quantitative into qualitative
  The increase of the quantitative change comes to high point. Then they transform in the qualitative state. Nature : turning water into steam or ice. Area of ​​thinking: the accumulation of facts about something leads to the possibility to formulate a theory
  2. Unity and struggle of opposites
  Every phenomenon consists of opposing elements, which are constantly competing with each other, but it cannot exist without each other. Nature: a magnet, there are always two opposite poles. Area of ​​thinking - man thinks always paired categories by: thesis - antithesis
  
  

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  3 basic laws of the dialectic by Hegel:
  3. Denial law (the law of double negation)
  Every phenomenon passes at least 3 stages in its development. Second step is the negation of the first stage, the third - the denial of the second. At the end, everything comes back to the first stage, but in a different form
  Nature: the grain. The grain in the first phase was put. In the second stage a sprout (сабақ/росток) grows, denying the existence of grain. In the third stage the sprout transforms into a spike (масақ/колос) with a certain number of grains. That is a repetition of the first stage, but in a different quantitative level
  Sphere of public life: the French Revolution. In the 1 stage there was an absolute monarchy, at the 2 - a revolution and the overthrow of the monarchy. In the 3 stage, Napoleon came to power and restored the monarchy, like at the 1 phase, but at a different level of quality
  
  

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  Georg Wilhelm Hegel
  According to Hegel's dialectical method, all the phenomena of the world are in constant movement and development.
  Contribution to the philosophy
  of Hegel:
  Development of the dialectical method
  Development of the doctrine of the law and the state as an integral component of the absolute idea
  
  

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  Ludwig Andreas von Feuerbach
  (1804-1872)
  
  Feuerbach was a disciple of Hegel, but then rejected his theory of criticism
  Feuerbach first revealed the contradiction between the method and system of Hegel
  He criticized Hegel for excessive (шектең тыс/чрезмерный) abstractness of the real life, and isolation from the specific problems of man
  
  

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  Feuerbach (1804-1872)
  
  He offered to rename philosophy to anthropology and the science of man
  Main goal of philosophy according to Feuerbach is to promote maximum for the self-realization of the person
  The religion put a person in a low position, kills confidence and prevents his development
  People have created gods in their own image and likeness (ұқсастық/подобие)
  They needed, ideally, a model and have created it, giving the qualities that would like to see
  Then, after a few generations, this ideal was perceived as a kind of super idol - God
  

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  Feuerbach (1804-1872)
  
  In the center of the new religion must be put the person who will regain the lost quality attributed to God
  Feuerbach was well known for his criticism of the contradictions of philosophy of Hegel and humanistic nature of his teachings
  He was one of the first to attempt to give a philosophical justification for the cause of the religion
  
  

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  The importance of
  German classical philosophy
  
  German classical philosophers have made a huge contribution to the development of the whole philosophy
  They have developed and proposed a theory of knowledge and ethical questions
  This line of German philosophy was dominant in the XIX century
  German classical philosophy had a huge impact on such exercises of the second half of XIX century as Marxism and positivism