Экзаменационные билеты по английскому языку для студентов автомобильных специальностей

БИЛЕТ № 1

Задание 1. Translate the text from English into Russian and answer the questions in English.

1. What information does the dashboard instruments provide?
2. What optional comfort and convenience devices can you name?

Comfort and Convenience System

Dashboard instruments provide the driver with certain information.

A speedometer measures a car’s speed. A fuel level gauge tells how full the gas tank is. Many cars have gauges that record oil (масло) pressure, battery voltage and the temperature of the engine coolant. Other cars have warning lights to alert the driver to problems with oil pressure, battery voltage, and engine temperature.

Virtually all cars come with a heater, which blows air warmed by engine heat into the passenger compartment. Some cars also have an air conditioner, an option that draws on engine power to produce cool air. Many other comfort and convenience devices are also optional. They incline audio equipment, power window regulator (электропривод стеклоподъемника), power door locks, power seat adjuster and power mirrors. A computer operated mechanism called cruise control makes it possible for a driver to cruise at a desired set speed without stepping on the gas pedal.

Задание 2. Why is preventive maintenance important? What are the basic car maintenance tips. (5-6 sentences)

Задание 3. Choose the right form of the verb.

1. We often regard/have regarded the automobile as convenient means of transportation.
2. A Frenchman named Etienne Lenoir patented/had patented the first practical gas engine in Paris, in 1860, and drove a car based on the design from Paris to Joinville in 1862.
3. The development of ecologically safe automobile will be positively affected / will positively affect human lives.
4. The radiator grille is being/is the part of the body shell on the front of your car that covers the area where the air enters.
5. The modern industry are producing/ is producing all types of mobile machines and mechanisms.
6. New alloys which stand higher temperatures are being developed/was being developed.
7. Automobiles of the future will be created/are created from easy, practical and safe materials.
8. The term transport derived/ is derived from the Latin.
9. Early automobiles were often referred/are often referring to as “horseless carriages”.
10. All engines with eight and more cylinders are usually provided/is usually provided with dual carburetors.

БИЛЕТ № 2

Задание 1. Translate the text from English into Russian and answer the questions in English.

1. What are infra-red or video systems used for in the cars?
2. What does the anti-lock brake system ensure?

Safety System

While car making is becoming cleaner, cars are becoming safer. Safety devices are also becoming more sophisticated. After many injuries to children and small women, car companies are trying to make the front-impact airbag safer.

Using infra-red or video systems, suppliers are developing ways to detect the size of the passenger in the front seat and to measure how far back they are sitting. This will determine how rapidly the airbag inflates (накачивается), or whether it inflates at all.

There are other safety devices. The anti-lock brake system ensures the highest degree of driving safety. Many of the chassis components are made of aluminium to ensure excellent ground contact. Bumpers with shock absorbers withstand impacts up to 4 km/h without damage. The crash sensor overrides the centre lock function in the event of an accident (the doors can then be opened), and the interior lights are switched on. Safety restraint system for driver and front passenger is a 3-point seatbelt (ремень безопасности) which provides the best possible restraint in the event of a collision.

Задание 2. What device is used for checking the tire pressure? What does improper alignment of tires cause? (5-6 sentences).

Задание 3. Choose the right form of the verb.

1. The automobile industry is/is being a key industry in the European economy.
2. This plant are developing/ was developing new types of vehicles such as electromobiles, cars with magnetic suspension and so on.
3. Lubrication reduces/reduced friction and so minimizes engine wear.
4. The French engineer Nicolas Joseph Cugnot built/was building the first self-propelled vehicle in Paris, 1789, a heavy three-wheeled steam-driven carriage with a boiler that projected in front; its speed was 5 kph.
5. A car is more than an engine and a body, it is a complex machine that have undergone/has undergone over a century of evolution.
6. Headlights are being mounted/are mounted on the front of the car to light the road ahead during night or foggy days.
7. Human lives was positively affected/will be positively affected with the development of ecologically safe automobile.
8. Much attention was being given/is being given at present to the modern equipment of research laboratories.
9. Oil are stored/is stored in a pan under the engine.
10. The development of the automobile was accelerated/was accelerating by the introduction of the internal combustion engine.

БИЛЕТ № 3

Задание 1. Translate the text from English into Russian and answer the questions in English.

1. What types of engines can you name?
2. What are the key parts for a four-stroke engine?

All motor vehicles have engines. There are two types of engines: petrol engines and diesel engines. The parts of an engine vary depending on the engine’s type. There are spark plugs in all petrol engines. Diesel engines do not have spark plugs. They have fuel injectors. There are valves in 4-stroke diesel engines. A 2-stroke petrol engine never has valves. There is no oil sump in a 2-stroke engine. There is oil in the fuel. A 4-stroke engine has an oil sump. There is no oil in the fuel.

For a four-stroke engine, key parts of the engine include the crankshaft, one or more camshafts and valves. For a two-stroke engine, there may simply be an exhaust outlet and fuel inlet instead of a valve system. In both types of engines, there are one or more cylinders and for each cylinder there is a spark plug, a piston and a crank. A single sweep of the cylinder by the piston in an upward or downward motion is known as a stroke and the downward stroke that occurs directly after the air-fuel mix in the cylinder is ignited is known as a power stroke.

Задание 2. Give a few tips how to improve emission test results. (5-6 sentences)

Задание 3. Choose the right form of the verb.

1. If Henry Ford could see Ford Crown Victoria, he would be amazed how far it had come/ would come from his 1909 Model T.
2. The clutch is slowing /slows to connect and disconnect the engine and the transmission while starting up and during shifts.
3. In 1801 the English engineer Richard Trevithick also built/had built a three-wheeled, steam-driven car, the engine drove the rear wheels.
4. The speed of a body is the rate at which the body passes/is passing through space.
5. Internal-combustion engine fuel system includes/had included all of the units through which the fuel and air travel to the combustion chamber of the engine.
6. The brake pedal is located/is locating on the left side of the accelerator pedal and it slows down or stops the vehicle.
7. Many old plants were being expanded/are being expanded and reconstructed.
8. The first vehicle to move under its own power designed/ was designed by Nicolas Joseph Cugnot.
9. The brake shoes and friction pads are forced/are forcing into contact with the brake drums and rotors to slow the rotation of the wheels.
10. New design of the automobile was discussed/being discussed by a group of specialists.

БИЛЕТ № 4

Задание 1. Translate the text from English into Russian and answer the questions in English.

1. What causes explosion driving pistons down in the cylinders?
2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of smaller engines?

The difference between a 4-cylinder and 6-cylinder engine is that the latter produces more power. This is due to the two extra cylinders. In a basic engine design, pistons travel down cylinder sleeves or

chambers, allowing intake valves to open. Intake valves let fuel and air enter the cylinders, while rising pistons compress these gases. Spark plugs ignite the compressed gas, causing explosions that drive the pistons back down. The next rise of the pistons coincides with exhaust valves opening to clear the chambers. The timing of the pistons is staggered so that one pair rises while another falls.

The 4-cylinder engine is standard in smaller cars. The 6-cylinder engine is standard in passenger cars, vans, small trucks and small to midsize sports utility vehicles (SUVs). Standard trucks and larger SUVs commonly feature an 8-cylinder engine. Improved engine designs over the years have resulted in substantial gains. This has made 4-cylinder engines more powerful than they were a decade ago, and 8-cylinder engines more fuel-efficient than they once were. The smaller engine will be less expensive and should get slightly better gas mileage. The disadvantage is lack of power. For hilly or mountainous areas, the 6-cylinder engine would be a better choice.

Задание 2. What ways are there to find a fault in the car? (5-6 sentences)

Задание 3. Choose the right form of the verb.

1. The differential has been/is the thing that works both drive axles at the same time, but lets them rotate at different speeds so that the car can make turns.
2. Over the years we have seen/see a constant stream of innovations and improvements in design.

1. The mass production of the automobiles that followed, and the later creation of high-ways linking cities to suburbs and region to region, is transforming/transformed American landscape and society.
2. The Daimler Motor Company was producing/being produced petrol engines for tramway cars, carriages, quadracycles, fire engines and boats.
3. People needs/need transport to go from one place to the other.
4. The automobile is often regarded/being often regarded by us as convenient means of transportation.
5. Many attempts are made/were being made in England by the 1830s to develop a practical vehicle that didn’t need rails.
6. The free growth of the automobile industry in the early 20^th century had been threatened/was threatened by the American inventor George Selden’s patent, issued in 1895.
7. Some of the early cars had powered/had been powered by an external combustion engine which means the fuel had burnt/ had been burnt outside of the engine proper.
8. The most important transport problems is related/are related to urban areas, when transport system cannot satisfy the numerous requirements of urban mobility.

БИЛЕТ № 5

Задание 1. Translate the text from English into Russian and answer the questions in English.

1. What does the fuel system consist of?
2. What’s the function of the oil filter?

There are four systems that are used to feed the engine: the fuel system, the cooling system, the lubrication system and the electric system. The fuel system consists of a tank, where the fuel is stored, a fuel line, which carries the fuel, a pump and a carburetor. The fuel pump can be either electric or mechanical. Electric pumps are generally situated near the fuel tank whereas mechanical pumps are generally located beside the engine. In the carburetor the fuel is mixed with air. It is important to have the right ratio of air to fuel. For example, the optimum ratio of air to petrol in the fuel mixture is 15 parts of air to 1 part of petrol. The fuel and the air are compressed by the piston in the carburetor and they are drawn into the engine. In the engine the fuel and air are burnt and they produce power.

The lubrication system delivers oil to the moving parts of the engine. As the oil circulates through passages in the engine, it spreads a film on the parts. Lubrication reduces friction and so minimizes engine wear. The oil also helps cool the engine. Oil is stored in a pan under the engine. A pump circulates oil from the pan through a filter and then through lines to the engine. The filter prevents impurities from entering the engine.

Задание 2. How to check the oil level? (5-6 sentences)

Задание 3. Choose the right form of the verb.

1. The Stanley brothers of Massachusetts, the most well-known American manufacturers of steam-driven autos, have produced /produced their Stanley Steamers from 1897 until after World War I.
2. The fuel tank stores/is storing the excess fuel until it is needed for operation of the vehicle.

1. When an object suddenly starts moving, we understand at once that something was acting/ is acting upon it.
2. After a short time, you are doing/will be doing most of your own repairs as well as a professional and save a lot of money as well.
3. Japanese technology has produced/is produced a unique traffic signal that can be “seen” by blind pedestrians.
4. All engines with eight and more cylinders are usually provided/was usually provided with dual carburetors.
5. Various methods are being used/is being used to atomize liquid gasoline or break it up into small particles by the rush of air through the carburetor mixing chamber.
6. The passenger saloon is fitting/is fitted with comfortable upholstered seats, and efficient ventilation and heating systems.
7. This bus model was developed a few years ago and during the last year it has been brought/ has brought to world standards.
8. Many attempts are made/were made today by developers and designers to create the practical, effective and safe automobile.

БИЛЕТ № 6

Задание 1. Translate the text from English into Russian and answer the questions in English..

1. What kind of fuel pumps are used in fuel injected cars?
2. What can happen if the filter clogs?

The function of the fuel system is to store and supply fuel to the cylinder chamber where it can be mixed with air, vaporized, and burned to produce energy. The fuel, which can be either gasoline or diesel is stored in a fuel tank. A fuel pump draws the fuel from the tank through fuel lines and delivers it through a fuel filter to either a carburetor or fuel injector, then to the cylinder chamber for combustion. Most automobiles have a single tank located in the rear of the vehicle. All tanks have a fuel filler pipe, a fuel outlet line to the engine and a vent system. All fuel tanks must be vented. Steel lines and flexible hoses carry the fuel from the tank to the engine.

Two types of fuel pumps are used in automobiles: mechanical and electric. All fuel injected cars today use electric fuel pumps, while most cars with carburetors use mechanical fuel pumps. Many cars today locate the fuel pump inside the fuel tank.

The fuel filter is the key to a properly functioning fuel delivery system. This is more true with fuel injection than with cars with carburetors. Fuel injectors are more susceptible to damage from dirt. When the filter clogs, the electric fuel pump works so hard to push past the filter that it burns itself up. Most cars use two filters: one inside the gas tank and one in a line to the fuel injectors or carburetor.

Задание 2. How to check automatic transmission fluid? (5-6 sentences)

Задание 3. Choose the right form of the verb.

1. Collecting vintage cars being/is a hobby only to those who can afford it.
2. Auto companies were now experimenting/are now experimenting with cars powered by such alternative energy sources as natural gas, electricity, and solar power.
3. A car is a complex machine that is undergone/has undergone over a century of evolution.
4. Yet at the moment in spite of increased fines, most drivers just do not wear /does not wear seat belt, drive through a red traffic signal, exceed the speed limit.
5. The cars generally had been open/were open, accommodated two passengers, and were steered by a lever.
6. Oil is stored/is storing in a pan under the engine.
7. The prototype of this engine has already been assembled/was already assembled and is now being tested.
8. All trim levels is fitted/are fitted with fog lights for improved forward view in poor visibility.
9. New alloys which stand higher temperatures are being developed/is being developed.
10. The fuel pump is installed/had installed in the fuel tank and has an electric drive.

БИЛЕТ № 7

Задание 1. Translate the text from English into Russian and answer the questions in English.

1. What is the radiator designed for?
2. How is the boiling point of the coolant raised?

A radiator is a type of heat exchanger. It is designed to transfer heat from the hot coolant that flows through it to the air blown through it by the fan. Most modern cars use aluminum radiators. The coolant flows from the inlet to the outlet through many tubes mounted in a parallel arrangement. The fins conduct the heat from the tubes and transfer it to the air flowing through the radiator.

Cars operate in a wide variety of temperatures, from well below freezing to well over 100 F (38 ºC). So whatever fluid is used to cool the engine it has to have a very low freezing point, a high boiling point.

Water is one of the most effective fluids for holding heat, but water freezes at a too high temperature to be used in car engines. The fluid that most cars use is a mixture of water and ethylene glycol (C2H6O2), also known as antifreeze.

The temperature of the coolant can sometimes reach 250 to 275 ºF (121 to 135 ºC). Even with ethylene glycol added, these temperatures would boil the coolant, so something additional must be done to raise its boiling point. The cooling system uses pressure to further raise the boiling point of the coolant. Just as the boiling temperature of water is higher in a pressure cooker, the boiling temperature of coolant is higher if you pressurize the system. Most cars have a pressure limit of 14 to 15 pounds per square inch (psi), which raises the boiling point another 45 ºF (25 ºC).

Задание 2. What can you tell about pre-winter maintenance of cars? (5-6 sentences).

Задание 3. Choose the right form of the verb.

1. Car manufacturers are already working/ were already working on vehicles which run on hydrogen.
2. American-made cars have suffered/was suffering several high-profile setbacks to their reputation for reliability over the last several years.

1. A car give/gives us a wonderful opportunity to visit more places during a day.
2. The car represented/representing refined elegance and responsible luxury.
3. Panoramic vision, side –impact beams, and driver-side air bag, keyless entry and antitheft ignition system was/are other noteworthy features of the car.
4. The prototype of this engine has already been assembled and was now being /is now being tested.
5. Listening to music, the FM programme was periodically interrupted /was periodically interrupting by a voice telling you about your route.
6. The car is subjecting/has been subjected to extensive evaluation to ensure, it is fully engineered to handle conditions that are unique to Russia, such as extreme cold and poorly maintained roads.
7. This model designed /is designed for a young generation with an active lifestyle.
8. The brake shoes and friction pads are forced/was forced into contact with the brake drums and rotors to slow the rotation of the wheels.

БИЛЕТ № 8

Задание 1. Translate the text from English into Russian and answer the questions in English.

1. When does the boiling point of water increase?
2. What determines the maximum pressure in the cooling system? How much is it?

The radiator cap actually increases the boiling point of your coolant by about 45 ºF (25 ºC). How does this simple cap do this? The same way a pressure cooker increases the boiling temperature of water. The cap is actually a pressure release valve, and on cars it is usually set to 15 psi. The boiling point of water increases when the water is placed under pressure.

When the fluid in the cooling system heats up, it expands, causing the pressure to build up. The cap is the only place where this pressure can escape, so the setting of the spring (пружины) on the cap determines the maximum pressure in the cooling system. When the pressure reaches 15 psi, the pressure pushes the valve open, allowing coolant escape from the cooling system. This coolant flows through the overflow tube (сливная трубка) into the bottom of the overflow tank. This arrangement keeps air out of the system. When the radiator cools back down, a vacuum is created in the cooling system that pulls open another spring-loaded valve, sucking water back in from the bottom of the overflow tank to replace the water that was expelled.

Задание 2. What can you tell about pre-winter maintenance of the car body? (5-6 sentences)

Задание 3. Choose the right form of the verb.

1. The braking path depends/depend on the car speed and condition of the road surface.
2. Manufacturers were now developing /are now developing “smart” air bags which adapt to suit the size and position of drivers.
3. Thanks to fully reclining second-row seats and in some models thanks to removable bench seats, the vehicle had/had been ample room for luggage and could carry seven passengers.
4. In the event if slippery road conditions the traffic controller will transmit/transmitting warning signals to the driver, if he/she is approaching the dangerous sector.
5. Over the years we have seeing/have seen a constant stream of innovations and improvements in design.
6. This car is a good family vehicle and is orienting/is oriented towards buyers who are looking for something new.
7. Human lives is positively affected/will be positively affected with the development of ecologically safe automobile.
8. New design of the automobile was discussed/are discussed by a group of specialists.
9. Much attention will be given /is being given at present to the modern equipment of research laboratories.
10. An elaborate system of mechanical linkages is including /has been included to position the mass of the vehicle accurately with respect to its wheels during accelerating, braking, and steering.

БИЛЕТ № 9

Задание 1. Translate the text from English into Russian and answer the questions in English.

1. Where do the passageways direct the fluid?
2. Why is the inside of the top of the cylinder head coated with a thin layer of ceramic?

The engine block and cylinder head have many passageways to allow for coolant flow. These passageways direct the fluid to the most critical areas of the engine. Temperatures in the combustion chamber of the engine can reach 4,500 ºF (2,500 ºC), so cooling the area around the cylinders is critical. Areas around the exhaust valves are especially crucial, and almost all of the space inside the cylinder

head around the valves that is not needed for structure is filled with coolant. If the engine goes without cooling for very long, it can seize. When this happens, the metal gets hot. This usually means the complete destruction of the engine.

One interesting way to reduce the demands on the cooling system is to reduce the amount of heat that is transferred from the combustion chamber to the metal parts of the engine. Some engines do this by coating the inside of the top of the cylinder head with a thin layer of ceramic. Ceramic is a poor conductor of heat, so less heat is conducted through to the metal and more passes out of the exhaust. The head of the engine also has large coolant passageways.

Задание 2. How to check engine light? (5-6 sentences)

Задание 3. Choose the right form of the verb.

1. The rear view mirror is/does a wide rectangular mirror that you (the driver) use to view anything behind the car.
2. Today’s buyers demands/are demanding vehicle coordinate their modern lifestyle and pocket-books.
3. The automobile has long since ceased/ long since ceased to be a matter of luxury or sport and has become a decisive factor in the economic development of many countries.
4. In 1903, Ford Motors had become/became the first to mass-produce cars.
5. A pump circulates/ circulate oil from the pan through a filter and then through lines to the engine.
6. New alloys which stand higher temperatures is being developed /are being developed.
7. A new equipment will have been installed/are installed by them in the laboratory by the beginning of a new academic year.
8. In some countries where automobiles have found /are found in millions they are playing a most important part in the solution of many problems of transport.
9. Light two-wheeled carriages are used/were used widely in the ancient world.
10. This car is positioned/positions as a fashionable and flexible vehicle that is ideally suited to those who seek maximum enjoyment whether driving around town, on the highway or at their leisure destination.

БИЛЕТ № 10

Задание 1. Translate the text from English into Russian and answer the questions in English.

1. What components is the vehicle’s starting system composed of?
2. What is the main function of the vehicle’s engine starting system?

When talking about vehicles, especially when it is about the vehicle’s power and performance, we often hear only about the powerful engines, stiff suspensions, and capable transmissions. This is particularly true if the main topic of the conversation is a luxury performance vehicle. The vehicle’s starting system is another very important system that every vehicle is equipped with.

The vehicle’s starting system is composed basically of two components: the electric starter motor (or starter) and the starter solenoid. As you turn the ignition key to the start position, the starter solenoid gets activated, which in turn energizes the starter motor. The starter motor would then spin the engine a few revolutions, allowing the combustion process begin and the vehicle start moving.

The main function of the vehicle’s engine starting system is to induce the engine to start moving. But starting a cold engine requires a large amount of power and a large amount of electricity. In order for the starter motor to induce the engine to start spinning, it must overcome all the internal friction caused by the piston rings (поршневые кольца), the compression pressure in the engine cylinders, the energy needed to open and close the valves with the camshaft, and the power needed to start all the other components attached to the engine, like the water pump, oil pump and others. And because such power can only be brought by a large amount of electricity, the starter solenoid must be able to handle enormous current flows. High performance vehicles (высокоэффективные транспортные средства) are equipped with high quality and high performance engine starting system components that makes starting a cold engine smooth and easy. Eventually, though, these components may start to wear down with use and age. If this happens, you really would have to replace your starter motor and starter solenoid.

Задание 2. How to check a spark plug? (5-6 sentences)

Задание 3. Choose the right form of the verb.

1. The role and importance of an automobile arise/arose from the fact that it can move along roads unpovided with rails.
2. The combination of lateral and longitudinal control of the vehicle motion being /is a new feature of the vehicle which will be used in an automated highway system.
3. A group of specialists discussed/discussing new design of the automobile.
4. Now this automobile plant is developing/had developed a new domestic engine, the prototype of which has already been assembled and is now being tested.
5. By the beginning of the Industrial Revolution people had already devised / devised simple hand tools for cutting and shaping different materials.
6. By the beginning of the new millennium a great number of complex machine tools had designed /had been designed to speed up production.
7. Specialists predict that in the near future all major industrial works will have been equipped/ will equip with machining centers.
8. The first Mini is produced /was produced in Britain in 1959 and it has become Britain’s most popular and successful car since that time.
9. Laser and vision technologies are using/are used to detect objects and ensure lateral control of the vehicle.
10. Much attention is being given/gives at present to the modern equipment of research laboratories.

БИЛЕТ № 11

Задание 1. Translate the text from English into Russian and answer the questions in English.

1. What does the battery provide?
2. Why do manufacturers recommend disconnect the ground connection before changing the battery?

An automotive battery is a type of rechargeable battery that supplies electric energy to an automobile. Usually this refers to an SLI battery (starting, lighting, ignition) to power the starter motor, the lights, and the ignition system of a vehicle’s engine. Batteries intended for starting, lighting and ignition (SLI) systems are intended to deliver a heavy current for a short time, and to have a relatively low degree of discharge on each use. Automotive batteries (usually of lead-acid type) provide a nominal 12-volt potential difference by connecting six galvanic cells in series. Each cell provides 2.1 volts for a total of 12.6 volts at full charge.

The battery provides electric power to start the car. If a car doesn’t start, it only makes a click-click noise when trying to start it, this is most likely the result of the battery having decided to quit. If you suspect the battery, there is a simple way to check it. Try switching the wipers on – if they move very slowly, a lot slower than usually (too low voltage) the battery is probably discharged or dead.

Battery terminals shouldn’t be loose or corroded (коррозированы). Corroded battery terminals will cause all kind of problem: blinking instrument lights, no-start, etc. Also, if you see any acid leaks, cracks or any other damage – replace the battery. Acid leakage destroys everything underneath. When changing the battery, battery manufacturers recommend disconnecting the ground connection first to prevent accidental short-circuit (короткое замыкание) between the battery terminal and the vehicle frame.

The battery is filled with harmful acid solution and can produce explosive gases. Handling the battery be careful and always use protective glasses and gloves. Don't use open fire, smoke, or create a spark near the battery.

Задание 2. What should be done to prepare the car for a long journey? (5-6 sentences)

Задание 3. Choose the right form of the verb.

1. Some of American’s most distinguished inventors, including Thomas Edison, was promoting/ were promoting electrics or taking part in their development.
2. Thanks to fully reclining second-row seats and in some models thanks to removable bench seats, the vehicle has/ is ample room for luggage and can carry seven passengers.

1. Fully automatic soft top unfolding/unfolds to protect you from sudden changes in weather.
2. A Frenchman named Etienne Lenoir is patented/patented the first practical gas engine in Paris, in 1860.
3. A car is more than an engine and a body, it is a complex machine that is undergone/has undergone over a century of evolution.
4. Today’s vehicles are composed /are composing of many systems, each affecting customer satisfaction and environmental impact.
5. The car will have been repaired/will repair by the end of the next month.
6. Early automobiles was often referred/were often referred to as “horseless carriages”.
7. The brake shoes and friction pads are forcing/ are forced into contact with the brake drums and rotors to slow the rotation of the wheels.
8. New design of the automobile was discussed/was discussing by a group of specialists.

БИЛЕТ № 12

Задание 1. Translate the text from English into Russian and answer the questions in English.

1. How can hydrogen powered cars help to protect the environment?
2. What is hydrogen converted from?

We all should be concerned about the environment, and do what we can to take care of the world we have been given to enjoy. Emissions from car exhaust are some of the most dangerous environmental pollutants. How does a hydrogen generator for cars work?

Hydrogen is the smallest known molecule in the universe, and when it is forced into the combustion chamber, its small size allows it to enter quickly. Also, the lightweight molecules move quickly, thus creating more molecular collisions than any other molecule. Since the hydrogen molecules burn faster than gasoline alone, it actually decreases the time it takes for combustion. By having a more complete burn earlier in the stroke, more energy is converted into power and less leaves the engine during the exhaust stroke. As a result, more fuel is converted into usable energy, meaning fewer dangerous emissions and more power. As you can see, hydrogen or HHO powered cars (HHO gas is used as the short or slang term for oxyhydrogen among the online community) will help reduce the car’s emissions and protect the environment so that both us and our children can live in a better, safer and cleaner world.

To actually use hydrogen as a fuel, we need to convert it from plain water. Fossil fuels are extremely dangerous to both humans and the atmosphere, and when they are not completely burned in the engine, they are released through the exhaust system of the vehicle to pollute the air. It is a wise decision for our pockets, probably the most popular reason why people are turning to a hydrogen generator for cars, but it also ensures a greener world for our children to grow in.

Задание 2. How to change a tyre? (5-6 sentences)

Задание 3. Choose the right form of the verb.

1. For many people, cars are/were more than a convenient form of transportation: they are a source of passion and pleasure.
2. The car was not only attractive but also boasts/boasted a recyclable body, an electric motor for urban service and a gas turbine for highway driving.

1. Panoramic glass top gives you the feeling that you drives/are driving under open skies twelve months a year.
2. The car to represent/has represented refined elegance and responsible luxury.
3. The fuel pump supplies/supplied fuel to the injection system and maintains the working pressure in the fuel system.
4. The necessary tools will bring/will have been brought by the beginning of the work.
5. The on board computer shows how much fuel are left/is left in kilometers, gives the average speed and offers an optimum rate for consumption.
6. New design of the automobile was discussed/is discussing by a group of specialists.
7. Headlights is mounted/are mounted on the front of the car to light the road.
8. Automobiles of the future will create/will be created from easy, practical and safe materials.

БИЛЕТ № 13

Задание 1. Translate the text from English into Russian and answer the questions in English.

1. What is torque?
2. When is high gear ratio or low gear ratio needed?

The power train includes a manual or automatic transmission; a clutch, on cars with manual transmissions; a differential; wheel axles, and, in rear drive-cars, a drive shaft. While cars with a front engine, rear-drive layout were the norm for many years, most cars today are front-engine, front-drive.

Front drive creates more passenger space and offers better traction on snowy or wet roads. Some cars and light trucks designed to go off-road or through bad weather use all-wheel drive, where all four wheels are coupled to the engine.

The power of the engine consists of torque and speed. Torque is the twisting force of the engine’s crankshaft. Speed refers to the rate of rotation of the crankshaft. Because of the great difference in engine speed and load between a car that is accelerating from a stop and one that is cruising at a steady speed, different gear ratios are needed to match engine output with the inertia of the vehicle.

The transmission can adjust the proportions of torque and speed that it delivers from the engine to the drive shaft. When it increases the torque, it decreases the speed; and when it increases the speed, it decreases the torque. Most automobile transmissions have between two and six gear ratios, along with a reverse gear. When the vehicle is started from rest, a high gear ratio is needed. As speed increases, lower gear ratios are selected. Almost all transmissions vary torque and speed by means of gears. The gears can be combined in different ways to produce various gear ratios and thus various proportions of torque and speed.

Задание 2. Give some car exterior care tips. (5-6 sentences)

Задание 3. Choose the right form of the verb.

1. The crankshaft convert/converts the up and down motion of the piston into a rotary motion.
2. With the rapid advancement in technology, the mechanic’s job has evolved/evolves from purely mechanical, to include electronic technology.
3. Inventors was spending/spent many years trying to build cars running on steam, electricity, or gasoline.
4. The car was/being a key force for change in many countries all over the world in the twentieth century.
5. The transmission changes/ change the ratio of the engine speed and the wheels by connecting gears in various combinations.
6. The term “auto mechanic” is being used/ uses less and less frequently and is being replaced by the title “automotive service technician”.
7. The prototype of this car has already been assembled/is already being assembled at this plant.
8. Light two-wheeled carriages are used/were used widely in the ancient world.
9. The term transport is deriving/is derived from the Latin.
10. Many old plants was being expanded/were being expanded and reconstructed.

БИЛЕТ № 14

Задание 1. Translate the text from English into Russian and answer the questions in English.

1. What kind of bodies do modern cars have?
2. How are the automobile wheels attached to the car frame?

An automobile chassis includes the car frame, drive train, suspension, wheels, as well as steering, and brake systems.

Earlier cars had frames on which the body was mounted in separate pieces. Modern cars have a steel body that combines the function of the frame with the central cabin of the body. The sub frame, front or rear, is a small steel brace that supports the engine or suspension and is welded to the car’s body structure.

The drive system carries the engine’s power from the transmission to the wheels that move the car. Depending on the automobile, these may be the front wheels, the rear wheels, or both sets of wheels. Most cars today have a front-wheel drive. The front wheels not only steer the car but also drive it. A front-wheel drive combines the engine, transmission, and differential under the hood. The automobile wheels are attached to the car frame by a suspension system.

The steering system normally controls the angle of the front wheels turn. Most cars today have power steering, which uses engine power to reduce the effort of turning the steering wheel. Some vehicles use four-wheel steering, which allows the rear as well as the front wheels to steer. While this adds stability and maneuverability, it also adds weight, cost, and complexity.

Задание 2. How to avoid common breakdowns? (5-6 sentences)

Задание 3. Choose the right form of the verb.

1. People have always tried/ has always tried to invent something that could help them to travel in the most convenient way.
2. Russia have/has very talented people, low energy costs and a wealth of raw materials, so the potential is there to develop a strong automotive supply base capable of competing in global markets.

1. As the oil circulates/ circulate through passages in the engine, it spreads a film on the parts.
2. This plant was developing/are developing new types of vehicles such as electromobiles, car with magnetic suspension and so on.
3. This car has/is a good family vehicle and is oriented towards buyers who are looking for something new.
4. If you listen to music, the FM programme is periodically interrupted / is periodically interrupting by a voice telling you about your route.
5. Automobiles of the future will create/will be created from easy, practical and safe materials.
6. Some of the early cars had powered/had been powered by an external combustion engine which means the fuel had burnt/ had been burnt outside of the engine proper.
7. Headlights were mounting /are mounted on the front of the car to light the road ahead during night or foggy days.
8. Various methods are being used/ was being used to atomize liquid gasoline or break it up into small particles by the rush of air through the carburetor mixing chamber.

БИЛЕТ № 15

Задание 1. Translate the text from English into Russian and answer the questions in English.

1. When does the driver put the transmission into neutral?
2. What happens when the driver presses the clutch pedal?

The driver shifts the gears of a manual transmission by means of a hand operated lever called a gearshift. Most manual transmissions have a neutral position; three, four, or five forward gears; and a reverse gear. The driver puts the transmission into neutral when the engine is being started.

To put a car into forward motion, the driver shifts into first or low gear. This gear provides the highest torque and the lowest speed. As the car picks up speed, the driver shifts into second gear, then into third gear, and so on, until the transmission is in the highest gear desired. If extra torque is needed,

the driver may downshift a higher gear to a lower one. This situation might occur when the car goes up a steep hill.

The clutch. The driver of a car with a manual transmission must operate the clutch along with the gearshift. The clutch, which is operated by a pedal, connects the engine to the transmission. When the driver presses the pedal, the clutch is disengaged (disconnected from the engine), and no power is sent to the transmission. When the driver releases the pedal, the clutch is engaged, sending power to the transmission. The driver must disengage the clutch when shifting gears.

The clutch consists basically of three disks: the flywheel, the pressure plate, and the clutch plate. The flywheel is connected to the crankshaft and turns whenever the engine is running. The clutch plate rests between the flywheel and the pressure plate.

Задание 2. Name the advantages and disadvantages of Diesel engines.

Petrol engines versus diesel engines

Задание 3. Choose the right form of the verb.

1. The filter prevents/ preventing impurities from entering the engine.
2. Developers and designers made/making many attempts to create the practical, effective

and safe automobile.

1. However, cars brings/have brought a lot of problems, such as air pollution and traffic jams, but they gave people more freedom of movement and comfort.
2. The speed of a body is the rate at which the body passing/is passing through space.
3. Special service cars such as fire engines, ambulances has/have the right of way.
4. Today’s vehicles are composed/have composed of many systems, each affecting customer satisfaction and environmental impact.
5. The development of the automobile accelerates/was accelerated by the introduction of the internal combustion engine.
6. A new equipment will install/will have been installed by them in the laboratory by the beginning of a new academic year.
7. The brake pedal locates/is located on the left side of the accelerator pedal and it slows down or stops the vehicle.
8. Many attempts are made/were being made in England by the 1830s to develop a practical vehicle that didn’t need rails.

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Билеты по английскому языку для студентов автомобильных специальностей 4 (5) курсов. 15 билетов по 3 вопроса.