English lexicology Lecture 1

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  English lexicology
  Lecture # 1
  Григорьева М.Б., 2011
  
  

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  FUNDAMENTALS OF
  LEXICOLOGY
  Object of Lexicology
  
  Links of Lexicology with Other Aspects of Linguistics
  
  Types of Lexicology
  
  Two Principle Approaches in Linguistics
  

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  Lexicology
  “lexis” - word, phrase (Greek)
  
  “logos” - science (Greek)
  
  “The science of the word”
  

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  Lexicology
  
  is a part of linguistics which deals with the vocabulary and characteristic features of words and word-groups
  
  
  
  

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  VOCABULARY
  is the system of words and word-groups that
  the language possesses
  WORD
  is the main lexical unit of a language
  resulting from the association of a group of
  sounds with a meaning
  WORD-GROUP
  is a group of words that exists in the
  language as a ready-made unit with its
  unities of meaning and syntactical function
  
  

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  Modern Lexicology
  aims
  at giving a systematic description of
  the word-stock of Modern English
  
  
  
  

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  Modern English Lexicology
  studies
  the relations between various lexical layers of the English vocabulary
  the specific laws and regulations that govern development of the vocabulary
  the source and growth of the vocabulary and changes it has undergone
  
  
  

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  Modern English Lexicology
  investigates
  the problems of word-structure and word-formation in Modern English
  the semantic structure of English words
  principles of the classification of vocabulary units into various groupings
  the laws governing the replenishment of the vocabulary with new vocabulary units
  
  
  
  
  

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  Connection of Lexicology and Other Linguistic Sciences
  Phonetics (is also concerned with the study of the world)
  
  Grammar (has the same objects of the study)
  
  Stylistics (studies many problems treated in lexicology)
  
  

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  Connection of Lexicology and Other Linguistic Sciences
  History of the language (investigates the changes and the development of the vocabulary of the language)
  
  Sociolinguistics (investigates the causes of the changes in the vocabulary)
  
  

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  Types of Lexicology
  General Lexicology
  general study of words and vocabulary, irrespective of the specific features of any particular language
  part of general linguistics
  

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  Types of Lexicology
  Special Lexicology
  description of the characteristics peculiarities in the vocabulary of a particular language
  
  can be historical or descriptive
  

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  Types of Special Lexicology
  
  Historical Lexicology deals with
  
  the origin of the words and their evolution
  their change and development,
  linguistic and extra-linguistic factors influencing the structure of words, their meaning and usage
  

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  Types of Special Lexicology
  Descriptive Lexicology deals with
  
  vocabulary of a given language at a definite stage of its development
  functions of words, morphological and semantic structures of words
  

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  Types of Lexicology
  Comparative and Contrastive Lexicology
  gives
  correlation between the languages ,
  correspondences between the vocabulary units of different languages
  

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  Two approaches to language study
  Synchronic linguistics (descriptive)
  Diachronic linguistics (historical)
  
  Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913)
  Synchronic is concerned with systems
  Diachronic is concerned with single units
  

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  Synchronic (Descriptive)
  Approach
  syn – “together, with”
  chronos - “time”
  
  concerned with the vocabulary of the language as it exists at a given period of time
  

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  Diachronic (Historical)
  Approach
  dia – “through”
  chronos – “time”
  
  deals with the development and changes of the language, evolution of vocabulary units as times goes by
  

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  Synchronic and Diachronic
  approaches
  are interconnected and interdependent
  
  Every linguistic structure and system exists in a
  state of constant development so that the
  synchronic (descriptive) state of a language
  system is a result of a long process of linguistic
  evolution, the result of the historical (diachronic)
  development of the language
  

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  To beg - beggar
  Synchronically
  A simple word- to beg
  A derived word- a beggar
  
  *a derived word- a word formed or originated from
  another or from a root in the same or another
  language to beg + ar =beggar
  

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  To beg- beggar
  Diachronically
  “Beggar” was borrowed from Old French,
  “To beg” appeared in English as a result of back
  derivation, was derived from the word “beggar”
  
  *back derivation-t he formation of the word from the stem of another word by means of cutting off suffixes (prefixes) from the source word
  

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  A WORD
  
  denotes the main lexical unit of a language
  resulting from association of a group of
  sounds with a meaning
  
  Is the smallest unit of a language which
  can stand alone as a complete utterance
  

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  A word group
  denotes a group words which exists in the language as a ready-made unit
  has the unity of meaning
  Has the unity of syntactical function
  
  Ex: as loose as a goose=clumsy
  
  

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  What is a word?
  the unit of speech which serves the purposes of human communication=the unit of communication
  can be perceived as the total of the sounds which comprise it
  Possesses several characteristics, when it is viewed structurally
  

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  External structure of the word
  Is a morphological structure
  Post-impressionists
  
  Post-, im- preffixes
  Press the root
  Ist- noun-forming suffix
  

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  Internal structure of the word
  Is its meaning
  
  The meaning of the words is studied by the
  area of lexicology - semantics
  

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  The unity of the word
  External unity
  
  Semantic unity
  

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  External (formal) unity
  A blackbird (a single grammatical framing)
  
  A black bird
  (each constituent is independent)
  can acquire grammatical forms of its own.
  Ex: The blackest birds
  other words can be inserted between the components
  Ex: A black night bird
  

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  Semantic unity
  A black bird each word conveys a separate concept
  Bird- a kind of a living creature
  Black- a colour
  
  A blackbird conveys only one concept
  “a type of a bird”
  

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  The word
  is a speech unit used for the purposes of
  human communication, materially representing
  a group of sounds, possessing a meaning,
  susceptible to grammatical employment and
  characterized by formal and semantic unity.
  

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  What Greek morphemes compose the word “lexicology”?
  What does lexicology study?
  What is the object of study of General lexicology?
  What does Special lexicology study?
  What is the object of Historical lexicology?
  What does descriptive lexicology deal with?
  What branches of linguistics does lexicology have close ties with?
  Why are synchronic and diachronic approaches interconnected and interdependent?
  What are the structural aspects of the word?
  Explain which one can be considered a unity: a bluebell or a blue bell?
  
  

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  Literature
  Антрушина Г.Б Лексикология английского языка
  
  Зыкова И.В. Практический курс английской лексикологии