State Institution of Government
Administration of Simferopol city
The Crimean Republic
The second town conference of students
research works and creative projects
“The pupil of the 21st century : trying
our forces and showing our abilities”,
which is devoted to the 70th anniversary
of the World War II
(section of foreign languages)
Music and Teen’s Psycho-
Emotional and Physiological State
The work is done by
Nastya Belova
Form 7A
Gymnasium 11
Simferopol
Scientific supervisor
Alie Ebasirovna Tolokova
Teacher of English
Gymnasium 11
Simferopol
Simferopol-2015
CONTENTS
Introduction
………………………………………………………………………..3
Part
1.History of Music…………………………………......................................4-7
1.1 Ancient Resources
…………………………………………………………….4
1.2 The Development of
Music Therapy ……………………………...…………..5
1.3 Music Therapy in Russia ……………………………………………..……….7
Part
2.The Influence of Music on Human Body………………...............................8
Part 3.Scientific Research .…………………………..……...………………….9-11
Part
4.My Questionnaire……………………………………..………………..12-14
Part
5.Conclusion ……….………………………………..………………………15
Part 6. Resources …………………………………………………………………16
Introduction
The
reason I have chosen to investigate the topic “Music and Teens’ Psycho-Emotional
and Physiological State” is that many people listen to the music of different
styles and genres, not even thinking about its impact on their psyche and
behavior. The urgency of the project is in great popularity of music among
teenagers. It is interesting to research the impact of different kinds of music
on classmates' mental state and find out peers' musical preferences. I shall
analyze the information about physiological aspects of music therapy and its
history.
Everyone
has felt the magic of the music. One recollection of favorite songs can elevate
your mood and give a feeling of joy. Playing an instrument or singing are also
special pleasure and even the feeling of happiness, common recovery.
Amazing
music interested people long time before. It attracted people’s attention
because of its unknown force that could influence human behavior. A person
enters the world of healing sounds, comes out of it , his psychological state
is qualitatively different, calm, refreshed, just like after a walk in the woods,
swimming in the sea or talking with a close friend. ‘Who can penetrate the
mystery of composing music? The sound of the sea, a horizon line, the wind in
foliage, birds’ singing cause a variety of impressions in us. And quite of a
sudden, without asking our permission, one of these memories expresses itself
in the language of music’, wrote Claude Debussy.
Humankind has known the
method of treating patients with the help of musical sounds for thousands of
years. Ancient healers knew of the ability of music to influence the mental and
physiological processes in the human body. In ancient times, no therapeutic
session was managed without music, and various forms of healing rituals were
kept as a secret magical knowledge. The earliest parable, the remedial effect
of music is presented in the Old Testament: David playing the harp healed Saul
from nervous depression.
In China, Egypt, ancient Greece, Rome, already in the first theoretical manuscripts, written by the
great philosophers of antiquity, music was seen as a type of activity (i.e.
practice) at the same time close to the science, craft and a religious cult.
PART 1. History of Music
1.1 Ancient Resources
Since time immemorial,
man has been surrounded by sounds. Moreover, there was no music, but it was the
song of birds, the murmur of a Brook, the rustle of brushwood and the rustle of
leaves. All these sounds were encircled and informed him about the surrounding
space. Based on innate and acquired experience, humans could perceive sounds
differently. For example, a high-pitched squeal was a wake-up call. At the same
time, there were soothing sounds-the sounds of rain, rustling leaves, singing
birds.
Different frequency sounds
affect people. Scientists determined that it is directly connected with the
rhythms of the brain. Each person's rhythms have their own frequency. Therefore,
people have different tastes in music.
Music therapy is first
mentioned in the Bible. Therefore, King Saul, who was tormented by an evil
spirit, called David, who could skillfully play the harp. David played and
played the harp and soon Saul was better. The Bible also says that the singing
and playing of the shepherds have a positive effect on the growth of the herd.
In the culture of ancient
Greece music therapy was well developed. The great Homer described how melodic
songs contributed to healing the wounds of heroes. In Parthia in the 3rd
century BC with the help of specially selected tunes, people were treated from
melancholy, nervous disorders and heart pains. Humankind has known the method
of treating patients with the help of musical sounds for thousands of years.
Ancient healers knew of the ability of music to influence the mental and
physiological processes in the human body. In ancient times, no therapeutic
session was managed without music, and various forms of healing rituals were
kept as a secret magical knowledge.
In the time of great
Homer, melodic songs contributed to healing the wounds of heroes. In Parthia
in the 3rd century BC with the help of specially selected tunes, people were
treated from melancholy, nervous disorders and heart pains.
The teachings of
Pythagoras is widely known as eurhythmy, which means a person's ability
to find the right rhythm in all life forms — not only in singing, dancing and
playing musical instruments, but also in thoughts, actions, speeches. Thanks to
the right rhythm, which later crystallized in ethics in such a widespread
notion of "tact", a person could get in the rhythm of a body,
environment, Nature. Afterwards a man could enter the rhythm of Space.
Pythagoras, according to
his students, determined the melodies and rhythms, which could affect the souls
of young people. They were the tunes against immoderate passions, despair and
emotional wounds, irritation, anger and other mental ailments. Pythagoras in
his school had a special class for choral performance of the songs, because he
felt the harmony in music brought forth harmony in the soul. There is the
evidence that Pythagoras was the first to collect the healing music book of
recipes, where each disease had its melody.
Hippocrates, the father
of modern medicine, used music therapy. In ancient Egypt, it reduced the birth
pains.
Plato said that the power
of the State depends on what kind of music is popular in it. According to
Plato, there is no worse way to destruction of morals than avoiding humble and
shameful music. Due to the shameless rhythms and melodies, the souls of people
become dissolute.
Aristotle described the
musical modes, leading to a change of mentality in either direction. Some
musical sounds make a man pitiful and tender. Meanwhile other sounds cause
irritation or excitement.
In
the works of the Greeks, we find ample evidence of how music has an effect on
the mental state of a person. In the Odyssey, there is a description of the way
music and singing stopped bleeding of Odyssey’s wounds. The ancient Greek
hero Achilles calmed his rage by singing and playing the lyre. The famous
Orpheus not only softened the character of people by singing, but also tamed
wild animals and birds. Lycurgus, King of Sparta, composed music for his troops
and never went to battle if his soldiers were not fighting to the sounds of
trumpets and drums.
1.2 The Development of Music Therapy
American Indians of the Ojibwa
tribe believed that sounds magically combined the forces of heaven and Earth.
They healed the sick, sitting around them and singing songs to the sounds of
pumpkin rattles. Drums and rattles were used to enhance the healing power of
plants and for direct therapeutic effect.
In the middle ages, music
therapy got out of fashion. However, in 1621, an English scholar ′Robert Berton
wrote the book "The Anatomy of Melancholy". He suggested that music
could be very useful for treating various nervous disorders.
In 1729, Richard Brown
wrote the famous work "Medicina Musica".
In the 19th century many European their patients
with calm relaxing music. There was a real music therapy boom in the West in
the mid-20th century. Psychologists claimed that music could treat not only
nervous disorders but other diseases, as well. Many musical therapy centers
appeared in different countries. Serious books and specialized magazines were
written.
Today music therapy has
become one of the most popular methods of treating patients in the Western
world. In 1993, it became one of the most popular treatments in the United
States. Dr. Shulman cured patients, offering them to listen to audio tape of
the sounds of various internal organs: heart, lungs, stomach and intestines. In
his view, the sick organism, "listening" to the harmonious sound of
healthy bodies begins to recover.
American nutritionists
and drug experts began to market audio cassettes to lose weight, tobacco and
alcohol abuse. Music therapy Institute (Arizona, United States) practices this
kind of therapy to grow hair for bald patients. It is also widely used in
hospitals, especially in the wards for military and mental health patients.
China has produced
musical albums like "Digestion", "Insomnia",
"Migraine". There are also "liver", "light",
"heart" albums. The Chinese "take" these musical pieces,
like pills or herbs. Such collected albums are issued in Japan.
In India ancient doctors
widely used music as a remedy. In the healing system of
"BidžaMantras" six sounds: «hraam», «hriim», «hrajm», «hruum
"," hraum " and magic sound" om "were used to treat
many diseases. Vibrations that occurred in the body when mantras were being
pronounced lead to recovery. Therefore, the "hraam" mantra was
prescribed for lungs diseases. They help to get rid of such illnesses as
asthma, bronchitis, tuberculosis. Hruum's mantra was prescribed for liver,
spleen, stomach and intestinal diseases. The mantra "hrajm" treated
kidneys. Also in India, the folksongs are used as a prophylactic in many
hospitals. Music is good for healing mind, character and soul. In Madras, they
even opened a special Centre for training music-therapeutics. They have found
musical plays for the treatment of hypertension and some mental diseases to
which traditional medicine is often powerless.
1.3 Music Therapy in Russia
In Russia, music therapy
is not very popular; however, some research in this area is conducted. In
Moscow medical-physical clinic № 4 prevention and treatment of childhood, the
pediatrician Mikhail Lazarev does asthma. He does something that was
categorically prohibited before makes children play sports, move, run, and play
outdoors, go to the sauna. The most important fact is that he heals asthma with
the help of music, singing and playing wind- instruments. So babies get rid of
breath fears. They are so carried away by the game that they inhale and exhale
fearlessly. “The treatment of asthma”, said Mikhail Lazarev,-“if there is any
potential risk of it, should be carried out before birth in the mother's womb.
MOM should sing, of course. It is still and breathing exercises-ventilation.
Sounds reach the infant, stimulate the correct motor activity. He dances and moves
to the beat of the music. As a result of normal metabolism, the risk of the
disease is reduced to the minimum.
According to the
research, if in the fixed time, for example, before having meals, the woman
sings or listens to music, and then one day suddenly she forgets to do it, the
kid gets restless. It turns, bumps, as if asking,” Where is the song?” The baby
needs music more than food. It calms down when the melody sounds. To conclude,
we can say that music therapy effects are really essential.”
PART 2. Music Influence on Human Body
Numerous ancient
teachings represent the impact of music on animals, plants and humans. There
are three areas of music influence on human body:
·
spiritual
·
intellectual
·
physical
Music can cheer up, calm
down, abate pain and even heal a disease. Since the 19th century, science has
accumulated a lot of vital information on the effects of music on human and
living organisms. Experimental studies were carried out in the following ways:
·
the
influence of musical instruments on living organism
·
the
influence of great geniuses’ music on mankind
·
the
effects of selected composers’ pieces of music
·
the
effects of folk and modern music
Gradually accumulated
scientific data proved that music is a powerful source of energy that affects
humans.
PART3. Scientific Research
In the 19th century, the
scientist Dogel carried out a lot of scientific research. He found out that
under the influence of music, blood pressure was changing and heart muscles
were contracted. The rhythm and depth of breathing became different. It was
true both for animals and humans. The famous Russian surgeon, B. Petrovsky used
music during complex operations. According to his observations, human body
worked more harmoniously under the influence of music.
The sounds of music were
used in the treatment of diabetes. It was found out that there is a
certain interaction of blood sugar levels and mental state. Thus, changing and
adjusting mental state, a person can alter blood sugar levels. For example, the
creator of musical pharmacology, an American scientist Robert Kofler prescribed
therapeutic listening to his patients. All the symphonies by Tchaikovsky and
Mozart's Overtures, as well as "Forest King" by Schubert were
beneficial for treating diabetes. The scientist proved that listening to these
pieces of music contributed a lot to the recovery of diabetes patients.
In psychology, there is a
term "aural pathway." This is the path from the start of the
sound to the result. The result is achieved by one or more brain nerve centers
stimulation. Each sound has its auditory pathway. For example, their auditory
pathways know door creak or sand scratch on glass. The result of them is strong
irritation and unpleasant feeling, desire immediately to stop these sounds.
Classical music
has its auditory pathways. Mainly, it is written to heartbeat, which is
approximately 60-70 beats per minute. These pathways beneficially affect the
basic functions of the whole organism. Some works and musical phrases,
penetrating into the brain, calm down the excited nerve centers. Such negative
feelings as anger or frustration are substituted by emotional discharge and
body relaxation. Exchange processes are improved.
In China
music albums with titles: "Digestion", "Insomnia",
"Migraine" are produced. There is also "liver",
"light", "heart" music. The Chinese "take" these
musical pieces, like pills or herbs. Such compilations are issued in Japan.
Metal music
has its own impact on a person’s psyche. It is characterized by:
1. Hard
rhythm;
2. Monotony;
3. Volume,
over-frequency;
4. Light-effect.
Rhythm is one of the most
powerful ways of influence on human body. Simple but powerful rhythms force
people to move to them. A person can pass from ecstasy to hallucinations of
tantrums, from hysterics to loss of consciousness.
If the rhythm is multiple
to one and a half strokes per second and is accompanied by strong pressure from
ultra-low frequencies, it can cause ecstasy. When the rhythm is equal to two strokes
per second at the same frequencies, a listener falls into trance. The over-abundance
of both high and low frequencies seriously injures the brain. At metal concerts
often, there are sound concussions, loss of hearing and burns.
Our ear is tuned to
perceive normal sound in the 55-60 decibels. Loud sound is 70 decibels.
However, turning over all the thresholds of normal perception, extremely
intensified sound causes incredible auditory stress. The sound volume at the
metal concerts, reaches 120 DB and in the middle of the concert ground, it is
up to 140-160 DB. (120 DB corresponds to the volume a roaring jet aircraft
flying up in the immediate vicinity, and the average values of the player with
headphones is 80-110 DB).
What are the effects of metal
music on a listener’s behavior?
As I have said, every
sound has its own "auditory pathway" and it changes human behavior.
If the nerve cells are associated with negative emotions, then it is
immediately reflected on the behavior. Psychologists point out the following
negative effects of metal music on human brain:
1. Aggressiveness
2. Fury
3. Anger
4. Depression
5. Fears
6. The
state of trance
7. Suicidal
tendencies
Adolescents have these
tendencies at the age of 11-12. If they continue listening to metal music, these
features of teenage psyche are provoked or much amplified in older age. This,
of course, does not mean that a person, who has a passion for rock music, is
sure to have all of these qualities. In fact, he has a great disposition to
them.
As it was previously
mentioned, the therapeutic effects of music on human body have been known since
ancient times. In antiquity and in the middle ages, the belief in the curative
effect of music was exceptionally great. Goethe said in his time that he always
worked better after listening to Beethoven's Violin Concerto. The lyrical
melodies of Tchaikovsky, Mazurkas by Chopin, Liszt’s Rhapsody can help overcome
difficulties, overcome pain, gain emotional strength. After listening to Mozart’s
music tests were better done. In our complicated world, every phenomenon has
both positive and negative features. Music is not an exception.
The widespread use of
music to influence the human state is now almost total. The music affect is
applied now in therapy sessions, advertising, film, etc. American
scientist-physician David Elkin proved that high-pitched sound volume helps to
precipitate protein (a raw egg at the show three hours later became
soft-boiled). "Heavy metal" halts the growth of plants and in some
cases contributes to their deaths. Fish, undergone rock processing with
simultaneous flashing of light, died and rose to the surface of a pond.
In general, plants and animals prefer harmonious
music. For example, dolphins love to listen to classical music and plants and
flowers quickly spread their leaves and petals. While classical music accelerates
the growth of wheat, metal music, on the contrary, causes their fade. As for
cows, they refuse to eat to metal music. Of course, human nature is unlikely
to undergo strong modifications, if a person hardly ever listens to metal
music. We are talking about music lovers, those who cannot live without these
rhythms, for whom much of the perceived sound is the music.
Music therapy
is one of the most interesting and so far unexplored areas of traditional
medicine. Therapeutic effect of this technique is based on frequency
oscillation of musical sounds, resonating with private bodies, systems or the
human organism as a whole. Specialists have identified specific songs you want
to listen to with certain ailments, as well as to prevent the same ailments.
· reduce
feelings of anxiety and uncertainty (Chopin’s Mazurkas and Preludes, Strauss’s
waltzes);
· reduce
irritability and insomnia ( Beethoven’s, Bach’s works, "Cantata No.
2" in particular and Tchaikovsky’s "Barcarolle";
· relieve
the symptoms of high blood pressure and tension in relations with other people (Bach’s
"Concerto in do minor for violin and" Cantata No. 21 and Bartok’s "
Quartet No. 5 ";
· fast
treatment for headaches (Mozart’s "Don Giovanni", Gershwin’s
"Hungarian Rhapsody No. 1", "an American in Paris";
· reduce
the feelings of hurt and anger (Bach’s "Italian Concerto" and Hydn’s
"Symphony".
Part 4.My Questionnaire
This is the questionnaire
I used to find out how music influences peers’ psycho-emotional and
physiological state. Twenty-seven teens from the10th form answered the
questions.
QUESTIONNAIRE
1. Do
you play any musical instruments? If yes, what?
2. Do
you like to sing?
3. Put
music genres in order of importance to you:
The
significance level
|
The
kind of music
|
|
Club-music
|
|
Classical
|
|
Pop-music
|
|
R&b
|
|
Slow
Rap
|
|
Fast
Rap
|
|
Techno
music
|
|
Electro
music
|
|
Metal
|
The results:
1. Do
you play any musical instruments? If yes, what?
Most of them play the guitar or the piano, others do
not do it.
2. Do
you like to sing?
The majority of the
respondents gave positive answers.
The results of the first
and second question are represented in the chart:
3. Put
the kinds of music in order of importance to you:
Most of my classmates prefer pop music, metal or club
music. Techno, electro and R&B are less popular among my classmates. The
least enjoyed kinds of music are slow/fast rap and classical music.
Part 5. Conclusion
In conclusion, I want to
say that pop music and classical music are best suited for listeners and their
health. These kinds of music arouse positive emotions. Classical music creates
the psycho-emotional state of serenity, calmness and safety. As for pop music,
it causes high spirits and the wish to dance. It is good to listen to them when
you are upset or depressed.
On the contrary, metal
has a negative effect on teens’ health. It is associated with emotional
splash, aggression and violence. Bad events are remembered. Consequently, it
is better to listen to it as rarely as possible or avoid doing it at all.
All things considered, I
can say that one needs to listen to his or her body and learn to live in
harmony with it. Very often, listening to your favorite songs helps restore
mental balance, retreat from everyday life. Perhaps music is the shortest and
easiest path to happiness and joy.
Further research in this
area, will provide more information and allow even more to understand about the
influence of music on the human state in general.
Part 6. Resources
1. http://www.verim.org/project/musicter/istorija_muzykalnoj_terapii
2. http://lidadhi.narod.ru/mr_lisovskaja.html
3. http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?text=music&uinfo=ww-1351-wh-667-fw-1126-fh-461-pd-1
4. http://www.yourfreedom.ru/vliyanie-muzyki-na-cheloveka/
5. http://www.baimusic.ru/novosti/260
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