ЛПЗ по английскому языку переработка нефти и газа

Бюджетное профессиональное образовательное учреждение Омской области

«Омский промышленно-экономический колледж»

МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ УКАЗАНИЯ

ПО ВЫПОЛНЕНИЮ ПРАКТИЧЕСКИХ РАБОТ

ОГСЭ.03 Иностранный язык

по специальности 18.02.09 Переработка нефти и газа                                                        

очная форма обучения

2019

ОДОБРЕНА        Предметно-цикловой комиссией Протокол № 1 от «30» августа 2019 г. СОГЛАСОВАНО Ведущий преподаватель _______________ А.В. Гербсоммер Методист _______________Л.А. Назарова

УТВЕРЖДАЮ Заместитель директора ____________Т.Г. Лазакович «30» августа 2019 г.

Организация разработчик: БПОУ ОО ОПЭК

Разработчик:

Колебер В.А.                                           преподаватель БПОУ ОО ОПЭК

Методические указания для выполнения практических работ являются частью основной образовательной программы среднего профессионального образования бюджетного профессионального образовательного учреждения Омской области «Омский промышленно-экономический колледж» по специальности 18.02.09 Переработка нефти и газа                                                        в соответствии с требованиями ФГОС СПО.

Методические указания по выполнению практических работ адресованы студентам очной формы обучения.

Методические указания включают в себя учебную цель, перечень образовательных результатов, заявленных во ФГОС СПО, обеспеченность занятия, краткие теоретические и учебно-методические материалы по теме, вопросы для закрепления теоретического материала, задания для практической работы студентов и инструкцию по ее выполнению, методику анализа полученных результатов, порядок и образец отчета о проделанной работе.

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

Правила выполнения практических занятий…………….….………………………………....4

Тема 1.1. Описание людей: друзей, родных и близких и т.д. (внешность, характер, личностные качества). ………………………...………………………..……………………….5

Тема 1.2. Межличностные отношения дома, в учебном заведении, на работе………...……7

Тема 2.1. Повседневная жизнь условия жизни, учебный день, выходной день.………..….13

Тема 2.2. Здоровье, спорт. Правила здорового образа жизни……………………………….21

Тема 2.3. Город, деревня, инфраструктура…………………...…………….……...…………29

Тема 2.4. Досуг…………………………………………………………….…..………………..35

Тема 2.5. Новости, средства массовой информации …………..…………………………….40

Тема 2.6. Природа и человек (климат, погода, экология)… ….…….……………………….44

Тема 2.7. Образование в России и за рубежом, среднее профессиональное образование...51

Тема 2.8. Культурные и национальные традиции, краеведение, обычаи и праздники...…..59

Тема 2.9. Научно-технический прогресс …………………..………………...……………….68

Тема 2.10. Искусство и развлечения …………………………………….…………………....77

Тема 2.11. Отдых, каникулы, отпуск. Туризм……………………………………………..….81

Тема 2.12. Профессии, карьера ……………………………………….…………………….....87

Тема 3.1. Разведка, добыча и подготовка нефти….…………………………………..………95

Тема 3.2. Первичная переработка нефти………………………………………………...……98

Тема 3.3. Вторичные процессы переработки нефтяного сырья………………………...….102

Тема 3.4. Безопасная эксплуатация производства на НПЗ…………………………………106

Тема 3.5. Охрана окружающей Среды……………………………………………………….114

Перечень используемой литературы………………………………………………………...121

Правила выполнения практических занятий

Студент должен выполнять весь объем домашней подготовки, указанный в описаниях соответствующих практических занятий.

Выполнению каждой работы предшествует проверка готовности студента, которая производится преподавателем.

Студент после выполнения работы студенты должны представить отчет с обсуждением полученных результатов и выводов.

В разделе указываются требования и процедура окончательной оценки работы студента и порядок выполнения пропущенных работ.

УВАЖАЕМЫЙ СТУДЕНТ!

Методические указания по учебной дисциплине Иностранный язык для выполнения практических работ адресованы Вам в помощь для работы на занятиях, подготовки к практическим работам, правильного составления проектов документов.

Приступая к выполнению практической работы, Вы должны внимательно прочитать цель и задачи занятия, ознакомиться с требованиями к уровню Вашей подготовки в соответствии с федеральным государственным образовательным стандартом (ФГОС СПО), кратким теоретическим и учебно-методическими материалами по теме практической работы, ответить на вопросы для закрепления теоретического материала.

Все задания к практической работе Вы должны выполнять в соответствии с инструкцией, анализировать полученные в ходе занятия результаты по приведенной методике.

Отчет о практической работе Вы выполняете по приведенному алгоритму, опираясь на образец.

Наличие положительной оценки по практическим работам необходимо для получения дифференциального зачета по учебной дисциплине Иностранный язык.

Если в процессе подготовки к практическим работам или при решении задач у Вас возникают вопросы, разрешить которые самостоятельно Вам не удается, обратитесь к преподавателю для получения разъяснений или указаний.

Желаем Вам успехов!

Тема 1.1.

Описание людей: друзей, родных и близких и т.д. (внешность, характер, личностные качества).  Общение с друзьями.

Цель работы: активизировать лексику по теме в разных видах деятельности: чтение, аудирование, говорение.

Время выполнения – 12 ч.

Прочитать и обсудить текст

I

Learning foreign language.

The great German poet Goethe once said: «He who knows no foreign language does not know his own one.  Learning foreign languages is especially important nowadays. Some people learn foreign languages because they need them in their work, others travel abroad, for the third studying languages is a hobby.

Every year thousands of people from Russia go to different countries as tourists or to work. They cannot go without knowing the language of the country they are going to. A modern engineer or even a worker cannot work with an imported instrument or a machine if he is not able to read the instruction how to do it. Ordinary people need language to translation the instruction or the manual to the washing machine or a vacuum cleaner,

English is one of the world languages. It is the language of progressive science and technology, trade and cultural relations, commerce and business. It is the universal language of international aviation, shipping and sports. It is also the major language of diplomacy. Hundreds and hundreds of books, magazines and newspapers are printed in English, most of the world’s mail and telephone calls are in English. Half of the world’s scientific literature is written in English. More than 350 million people speak English.  Geographically, it is the most widespread language on earth, second after Chinese. It is the official language of the UK, the USA, of Australia and New Zealand; it is used as one of the official languages in Canada, the South Africa. Millions of people study and use English as a foreign language. In our country, English is very popular. It is studied at schools, colleges and universities.

Learning English is not an easy thing. It is a long process and takes a lot of time and patience. However, to know English today is necessary for every educated person. I want to know English because it is interesting for me to know foreign countries, their cultures and tradition. English will be of great use in my future profession connected with computers.   

II

Прочитать и перевести текст

English-Speaking Countries.

English is spoken in many countries of the world. Do you know in what countries English?

Is the national language?

First, you will remember Great Britain, the homeland of the English language. Great Britain is not a large country. It is much smaller than France or Norway and smaller than Finland. It has four parts: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. England is the largest part of the country and it has always been the strongest. English is the national language in all parts of Britain.

In the United States of America, the national language is also English. Four hundred years ago some English people sailed to North America to live there, and they brought the English language to this new country. Millions of people driven by poverty emigrated to the United States from different countries of Europe. They brought their own languages and cultures. That is why American English differs from British English. American people say and write some English words differently from how people do in England. So America is called a "melting pot» because it has become a complex of many Old-World cultures and languages.

Canada is to the North of the United States. It is a very large country. In Canada, many people speak English because they also came from England many years ago. But in some parts of Canada, they speak French. The people who live in these parts came to Canada from France.

If you look at the map of the world, you will see that Australia is the fifth continent. It is the smallest continent and the largest island on the map. Australia is also an English-speaking country. New Zealand is not far from Australia but it is very far from Britain. The national

language in New Zealand is also English. Many people from England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland came to live in Australia and New Zealand many years ago.

III

Ответить на вопросы

1)  Where was the English language born?

2)  What are the four parts of Great Britain?

3)  Which part of Britain is the largest?

4)  What is the national language in Britain (the USA)?

5)  Who brought the English language to America?

6)  Why is called America a "melting-pot"?

7)  Where is Canada?

8)  What languages are spoken in Canada?

IV

Составить рассказ на тему:

 «Английский в моей будущей профессии».

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

V

Переведи письменно текст.

Friends and friendship

Everyone needs a friend. Some people want to have many friends, others need one, or two close ones. Sometimes you choose friends, sometimes other people choose you as their friend. Some of us make friends easily, but there are people who are shy, and it is very difficult for them to make friends. Having friends of your own age is important. These friends tend to look at things the same way you do because they have the same fears, interests, options, problems and worries that you do. Your friends can listen and understand how you feel whether you are dealing with a problem at school or at home. Your friends are there when you are feeling down, when you are eager of sharing a happy experience.

Let us talk more about friendship. Our talks and discussions will sure help you to identify the special qualities that you posses as a person clarify your values, and decide what characteristics to look for in friends. Maybe it will help you in making friends and resolving difficulties when they threaten your friendship.

Расскажи о своем друге.

Тема 1.2.

Межличностные отношения дома, в учебном заведении, на работе.

Цель работы: активизировать лексику по темам в разных видах деятельности: чтение, аудирование, говорение.

Время выполнения – 12 ч.

Выполнение заданий:

I Выучить диалог:

—Hi! How are you? Привет! Как дела?

— I’m good, thanks. Yourself? Хорошо, спасибо. Ты как?

— Good. How’s Olga? Хорошо. Как поживает Ольга?

— She’s good. Хорошо.

— How’s your mother? Как дела у твоей мамы?

— She’s good. Хорошо.

— How’s your job? Как твоя работа?

— It’s good. Thanks for asking. Хорошо. Спасибо, что спросил.

II

Выпишите номера, под которыми, даны переводы следующих английских слов.

а) 1. surname; 2. parents; 3. grandfather; 4. member; 5. turner; 6. experienced; 7. part-time student; 8. full-time student; 9. to want; 10. to tell; 11. tall; 12. to come.

б) 1. бабушка; 2. студент дневного отделения; 3. рабочий; 4. студент; 5. хотеть; 6. имя; 7. токарь; 8. родители; 9. неопытный; 10. говорить; 11. дедушка; 12. идти; 13. фамилия; 14. студент вечернего отделения; 15. приходить; 16. член; 17. рассказывать; 18. техник; 19. опытный; 20. высокий.

III

Переведите предложения и отметьте предложения, соответствующие тексту.

About myself

I am Peter Smirnov. 2. Our family is small. 3. My mother is a doctor. 4. She works at a hospital. 5. My father is a worker. 6. He is a turner. 7. His hobby is football. 8. I play the guitar and we sing together. 9. My grandpa is a veteran of the Great Patriotic War. 10. My granny is a pensioner. 11Ann is a full-time student. 12. My brother Nick is a student. 13. I go to the technical school. 14. I am a part-time student.  15. I want to be a technician.

IV

СЛУЧАИ УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЯ ОПРЕДЕЛЕННОГО АРТИКЛЯ THE:

1)Если говорится о единственном в мире предмете

The sun is in the sky.

Солнце находится на небе.

2)Когда говорится о предмете (или лице), единственном в данной обстановке

The teacher is in the classroom.

Учитель в классе. (В данном классе находится только один учитель)

3)Когда о данном предмете уже упоминалось в разговоре или повествовании

"I’ve got a very interesting book," says Mike.

"Please show me the book," says Nick.

«У меня есть интересная книга», — говорит Майк.

«Покажи мне пожалуйста эту книгу», — говорит Ник.

СЛУЧАИ УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЯ НЕОПРЕДЕЛЕННОГО АРТИКЛЯ A/AN:

1)При упоминании чего-либо впервые

A man came up to a policeman.

Человек подошел к полицейскому.

2)При обобщении

A baby deer can stand as soon as it is born.

Оленята могут стоять на ногах сразу после рождения.

3)При обозначении неопределенного количества конкретного предмета

Pass me a piece of bread.

Передайте мне (немного) хлеба.

4)Перед названиями профессий или должностей

He is a doctor.

Он врач.

5)В значении один перед исчисляемыми существительными, обозначающими время

Will you be back in an hour?

Вы вернетесь через час?

V

Заполните кроссворд

 По горизонтали

2. Aunt‘s son

5. Mother‘s brother

6. Child without parents

8. Daughter‘s son

9. Fathers second wife

10. Mother and father

12. Brother‘s daughter

По вертикали

1. Woman whose husband died

3. Brother and sister

4. Mother‘s mother

7. Sister‘s son

11. Father‘s sister

VI

Вставьте соответствующие слова по теме "Родственные отношения":

1.1 have an ....            У меня есть дядя.

a) uncle  b) aunt c) son

2. They have a ....       У них есть дочь.

a) daughter  b) son c) grandmother

3. My ... live in Samara.         Мои бабушка и дедушка живут в Самаре.

a) parents b) grandparents c) friends

4. His ... is a pensioner.          Его дедушка - пенсионер.

a) grandmother b) father-in-law c) grandfather

5. Her... is fifty years old.      Ее бабушке пятьдесят лет.

a) grandmother  b)      stepfather  c) stepmother

6. Their... is a student.           Их сын студент.

a) son b) nephew c) niece

7. Do you have a ...?  У тебя есть сестра?

a) brother  b) father  c) sister

8. She has...     У нее есть брат.

a) cousin  b) brother  c) son

9.1 love my....             Я люблю своих родителей.

a) parents b) relatives c) grandparents

10. His ... is a pupil.   Его племянник - ученик.

a) niece b) nephew c) friend

11. What is their...?    Кто их племянница по профессии?

a) niece b) girl-friend c) mother

12. What are  your ...? .          Кто твоя мама по профессии?

a) stepmother b) father c) mother

13. His ... is in Moscow.        Его отец в Москве.

a) grandfather b) great-grand mother c) father

VII

Ответьте на вопросы.

1. What is your name?

2. How old are you?

3. Where are you from?

4. Have you got a family?

5. Are you a family of four or three?

6. Have you got a sister or a brother?

7. What is her (his) name?

8. How old is she (he)?

9. Do you like to play with your sister (brother)?

10. What is she (he)?

11. What is your father's name?

12. What is he?

13. Where does he work?

14. What is your mother's name?

15. What is she?

16. Where does she work?

Приведите антонимы

A father – (a mother),

a sister – (a brother),

a dad – (a mum),

a man – (a woman),

an uncle – (an aunt),

a son – (a daughter),

a granddad – (a grandma),

a nickname – (a real name),

many children – (an only child)

VIII Местоимения

Личные		Притяжательные
I	Я	my	me
You	Ты/Вы	your	you
He	Он	his	him
She	Она	her	her
It	Это	its	it
We	Мы	our	us
They	Они	their	them

Translate and conjugate the sentence:

Я люблю свою семью.

IX      Расскажи о себе, используя клише

1.    My name is…..

2.    My full name is ……

3.    I was born on ……. of ……in ……...

4.    I am ….. years old.

5.    From ….. till …… I studied at school …… in …….

6.    I live in …..

7.    From 2018, I studied at …… in …..

8.    My favourite subjects are …..

9.    I will become a ….

10.     My best friend …..

11.     I have …. (about family)

12.     My father is ……

13.     He was born in ……

14.     He works as a ……

15.     My mother is……

16.     She was born in ….

17.     She works as a ……

18.     My address is …

X    Прочитай текст и выполни задание

Michael Smith

My name is Dick Green. I was born on the 2nd September 1965 in a farmer's family. I am 17 years. I spent my early years on my father's farm. We always had a lot of animals. I usually helped my parents and worked on the farm. I fed the cow sheep and horses, watered the plants in the garden. I often asked my father questions about my animals and got answers. I was interested in medicine. I wanted to know how to help the animals. But my dream was how to help people: I wanted to become a doctor, a children's doctor.

When I was eighteen, I left his home for London and began doing medicine. My university years were the happiest years of my life. I did what I liked doing. When I was 23 I met Margaret. We married and had two children — a boy and a girl. We are a happy family. Now I am working in a new hospital in the south-west of London. I love my job and I am  making a wonderful career. My little patients and their parents like me very much because I am a very good doctor.

1.    Michael's father was a ... .

2.    When a young boy, Michael was interested in ... .

3.    Michael's dream was to be a ... .

4.    When Michael was 18, he went to ... .

5.    Now Michael is a children's doctor in a ... .

6.    His patients like Michael Smith because ....

XI       Ответь на вопросы

1. What is your name? 2. How old are you? 3. Are you a student? 4. What college are you in? 5. Where are you from? 6. Are your parents there? 7. Are you fond of your hometown? 8. It is a beautiful town, isn't it? 9. Is your hometown far from here? 10. Have you got many friends? 11. Who is your best friend? 12. Is he/she a student? 13. How old is he/she? 14. Is he/she married or single?

Переведи текст:

1.    My name is Vlad.

2.    I live in Omsk.

3.    My father is an driver and my mother is a secretary.

4.    I am the only child in the family.

5.    I study at college.

6.    My favorite subjects are English, History and Physics.

7.    I like reading historical books, mainly about the history of my native land.

8.    My hobby is playing chess.

9.    I play chess with my friends and my group mates twice a week.

10.     I have many friends. Many of them are my group mates.

XII

Описание характера человека.

Прочитай текст

Му Friend

Nobody can live in isolation. It is very important for every person to have a friend. You can be sincere and outspoken with your friend. He can help you in difficult situations and give an advice. Friends must share with you likes and dislikes. So friendship is a real treasure.  But it is difficult to find a really devoted and reliable friend, who will never betray you.  As for me, I have a lot of friends and all of them are very important to me. In fact, sometimes I wonder what I would do without them. Friends mean a lot to me because I think it is important to have people around you who you can talk to about personal issues and who you can trust.   Of course, it’s also important to have friends with whom you can share new experiences and have fun with. We spend time together and like the same things and so we are not afraid to express our opinions with them.  I’ve experienced a lot with my friends because I’ve known them for a long time and we have done a lot together

Закончите предложение.

1. Friends are important to me because…

2. I need a friend when…

3. Friends think that I am…

4. Friends like me because…

5. I feel happy when a friend…

6. I feel unhappy when a friend…

7. My friends make me angry when…

8. When a friend teases me, I usually…

9. I like being with people whom…

10. I would rather not waste time with people who…

11. I enjoy talking with my friends about…

12. Some things I enjoy doing with my friends are…

13. A special quality that I admire in friends is…

14. Something I could do to become a better friend is…

15. Someone I would like to know better is…

Прочитай список прилагательных.

Choose adjectives that could be used to describe you most of the time. Making these choices will help you to understand yourself:

academic - образованный, но далёкий от реалий жизни

outgoing - уживчивый, общительный, с лёгким характером

insensitive – равнодушный

active - активный, энергичный

athletic – спортивный

passive – пассивный

bored – скучный

patient – терпеливый

critical – критичный

pessimistic - пессимистично настроенный

flexible - гибкий, легко приспосабливающийся к переменам

punctual – точный

sad – грустный

funny - потешный, забавный, с чувством юмора

scared – напуганный

sensitive – чувствительный

happy - радостный, счастливый, довольный

shy – застенчивый

stubborn – упрямый

healthy – здоровый

sympathetic - сочувствующий, сострадательный

honest – честный

idealistic - верящий и стремящийся к идеалам

talkative - болтливый, разговорчивый

impatient – нетерпеливый

tardy – медлительный

kind – добрый

temperamental - неуравновешенный, с норовом

lazy – ленивый

tense - напряжённый, с натянутыми нервами

lonely – одинокий

loyal - верный, преданный

thoughtful - чуткий, внимательный

messy – неряшливый

moody - человек настроения

tolerant – терпимый

neat – аккуратный

weepy – слезливый

optimistic - настроенный оптимистично

worried – переживающий

XIII

Составь рассказ о друге по шаблону.

My best friend’s 

name is ________________________________________________

nickname is _____________________________________________

age is __________________________________________________

birthday is ______________________________________________

birthplace is _____________________________________________

My best friend’s favorite

food is __________________________________________________

hobby or interest is ________________________________________

sport or game is ___________________________________________

type of book is ____________________________________________

kind of music is ___________________________________________

movie is _________________________________________________

subject at school is _________________________________________

television program is _______________________________________

My best friend

likes to ___________________________________________________

is afraid of ________________________________________________

gets mad when _____________________________________________

Discuss your answers with your best friend to see how accurate they are.

Тема 2.1.

Повседневная жизнь условия жизни, учебный день, выходной день.

Цель работы: активизировать лексику по темам в разных видах деятельности: чтение, аудирование, говорение.

Время выполнение – 8 ч.

Распорядок дня студента колледжа.

1.What professions do you know? What are the following professions?

Author, babysitter, builder, coach, designer, detective, DJ, film director, firefighter, journalist, lawyer, mechanic, model, musician, scientist, vet.

2. Choose the jobs to answer the questions:

Who…

1) Gives advice to criminals?

2) plays music on the radio?

3) appears in photographs to advertise things like clothes?

4) tries to discover information about a crime?

5) plays a musical instrument?

6) writes books?

7) studies and works in science?

8) draws and plans how something is made?

3. Discuss the questions.

Which job(s) …

1)do you usually need to pass exams for?

2) are people usually paid the most for?

3) can school/college students in your country do?

4) do people usually do alone?

5) do people usually do as a team? 

                              -    I think that you need to pass exams to be a …. . 

4. Read what these teens want to do. Choose a suitable job for them.

1)      I want to work with people and I’d like to help them. I like working in a team and I don’t mind being in dangerous situations. _______________

2)      I want to do a job where I can write. I love writing and giving opinions. But I don’t want to be sitting at a desk all day. I want to be with people and ask them questions. _____________

3)      I want to create things. I’d like to draw pictures of clothes that people can wear, and then try to make them. I think that would be awesome. _____________

4)      I want to solve crimes – just like on TV! Get the bad guys. _____________

5)      I don’t really know what I want to do. But I think while I’m at college, I’ll get a part-time job working with children. I think that would be good. __________

6)      My friend wants to show off clothes. She loves it when people take photographs of her. ___________

7)      I like being outside. I’m quite strong. I don’t mind lifting heavy weights. I would like to do a job where I’m helping to make something useful and perhaps beautiful. ___________

5.Match the opposite adjectives.

1.      Easy 2.      repetitive 3.      well-paid 4.      24/7 job 5.      dull 6.      glamorous 7.      safe

a.       dangerous b.      exciting c.       ordinary d.      badly-paid e.       varied f.        challenging g.      a nine-to-five job

6.What criteria are the most important for you, when choosing a job?

7. The student is thinking about getting a weekend job. Which one would you prefer to do?  Why? Discuss in pairs.

Use the following prompts

Making suggestions What about … ? I think … might be a good idea. What do you think about … ?	Disagreeing I’m not sure. The problem with that is… . … might be better. No, I don’t agree.
Agreeing Yes, you’re right. That’s true. Maybe you’re right. I see what you mean.	Reaching agreement Yes, that’s a good choice.

8.What is your future profession? What qualities are important for your profession?

9.Can you answer the following questions?

When do your classes start?

What time do you get up?

What time do you go to bed?

When do your classes start and finish?

What do you do after classes?

10.Studythegrammar.

КОЛИЧЕСТВЕННЫЕИПОРЯДКОВЫЕЧИСЛИТЕЛЬНЫЕ

CARDINALANDORDINALNUMERALS

Числительные делятся на количественные (Cardinal) и порядковые (Ordinal). Количественные числительные обозначают количество предметов и отвечают на вопрос howmany? — сколько? Порядковые числительные обозначают порядок предметов и отвечают на вопрос which? —который?

Количественные числительные = CardinalNumerals

Числительные hundred, thousand, million во множественном числе не приобретают окончание -s, но если они играют роль существительных, т. е. перед ними нет числительного (а после них обычно стоит предлог of), то во множественном числе добавляется -s: hundredsofpeople — сотни людей, thousandsofwords — тысячи слов.

Порядковые числительные = OrdinalNumerals

Правило образования	Пример
1.Перед порядковым числительным обычно употребляется определенный артикль и в конце слова добавляется суффикс –th	the tenth
2.В составных порядковых числительных  суффикс –thприсоединяется к последнему слову.	the forty-sixth
3. Десятки, имеющие окончание –y, меняют его на  -ie.	ninety – the ninetieth
4. Исключения:	the first, the second, the third, the fifth, the ninth, the twelfth.

Количественноечислительноеможетследоватьзаопределяемым словом. Тогда оно по сути имеет значение порядкового, и артикль не употребляется: LessonOne = TheFirstLesson — урок 1 = первый урок.

Дроби = Fractions

Время = Time

Для обозначения времени в английском языке употребляются количественные числительные от 1 до 12 вместе со словом o'clock, которое в разговорной речи часто опускается:

It's seven o'clock. = It's seven. — (Сейчас) семь (часов).

It's five minutes to four. — Безпятичетыре.

It's five minutes past four. — Пятьминутпятого.

It's half past five. — Половинашестого.

It's a quarter past six. — Четвертьседьмого.

Время до полудня (с 1 часа ночи до 12 часов дня) обозначается как am (antemeridiem):

It's 12 am. — Двенадцать часов дня.

Время после полудня (с 1 часа дня до 12 часов ночи) обозначается как рт (postemeridiem):

It's 12 pm. — Двенадцать часов ночи.

В отличие от русского языка числительные 13 — 24 для обозначения часов и 31 — 59 для обозначения минут употребляются редко, в основном для указания часов и минут времени в расписании уроков, движения транспорта:

The train leaves at sixteen fifty-five. Ср.: The train leaves at four fifty-five pm или The train leaves at five to five pm. — Поездотправляетсявшестнадцатьпятьдесятпять; Поездотправляетсявчетырепятьдесятпятьвечера; Поездотправляетсябезпятипятьвечера.

ПРЕДЛОГИВРЕМЕНИ

 PREPOSITIONS OF TIME

in 1999 — в 1999 году

in April of 2009/April 2009 (разг.) — вапреле 2009 года

on April 20, 2009 — 20 апреля 2009 года

at eight am — ввосемьчасовутра

from four to/till five — счетырехдопяти

at breakfast/lunch/dinner/supper — зазавтраком/обедом/ужином

at noon/midnight/night — вполдень/полночь/ночью

on Monday/Tuesday etc — впонедельник/вторникит.д.

in the morning/afternoon/day/evening — утром/послеобеда/днем/вечером

at/during the lesson — вовремяурока

intime — заблаговременно, вовремя

ontime — точно в назначенное время, вовремя

at the weekend – ввыходные

11. Write the numerals in words.

1. It's 5:35 am now.

2. The bus leaves at 19:24.

3. How many pages does this book have? — 244.

4. This article is on page 38.

5. The next train to Serpukhov leaves in 2 hours and 35 minutes.

6. Tomorrow we have to be at the station at 8:40 am.

7. On Fridays Alexander is in the swimming pool from 19:00 to 20:00.

8. What time does the programme start? — At 23:55.

9. Do you come home late? — No, at about 16:45.

10. My brother graduates from the college in 2013.

12.Study the following words and expressions.

todoone'sbest — делать все от тебя зависящее

toachieve — достигать

goal — цель

radioalarm — радиобудильник

tobuzz — звонить, давать сигнал

lazybones — лентяй

to do one's morning exercises — делатьутреннююгимнастику

health — здоровье

wealth — достаток

to have a shower — приниматьдуш; также to take a shower to get dressed — одеваться to brush one's hair — причесываться

totakesbsometimetodosth — занимать определенное время, чтобы сделать что-либо

to be in the habit of doing sth — иметьпривычкучто-либоделать

tograb — хватать

torush — бежать, спешить

mood — настроение

to flash by — пролетать

the humanities — гуманитарныенауки

todrag — тянуться

break — перерыв, перемена

canteen — столовая

tobeover — заканчиваться

groupmate — одногруппник

to be busy doing sth — бытьзанятымчем-либо

13. Read the text.

Alexander’s working day.

My usual working days look practically the same. But I do my best to make them more interesting and useful. Life is impossible without work. Teachers and parents always say that hard work is the only way to achieve our goals.

My working day usually starts like this. At exactly 6:00 my radio alarm buzzes. Though I am not a lazybones, in winter it is always difficult for me to wake up early. I do my morning exercises every morning. I know that good health is better than wealth. After having a shower I get dressed and brush my hair. It takes me about 40 minutes. I am in the habit of having only a light breakfast. After breakfast I grab my school bag and rush for college. Unfortunately I live far from the college. It takes me about one hour to get there.

Sometimes my mood depends on what classes I have. On some days lessons flash by very quickly, especially if they are on the humanities or Maths, which I like most, but they drag more slowly if they are on Chemistry or Biology and especially when we have to write tests on them. Our classes start at 8:20. Usually we have seven lessons a day. Each lesson lasts 45 minutes, but the breaks are too short: only 5 or 10 minutes. Fortunately we have a large break in the middle of the day which lasts 45 minutes. During this break we go to the canteen.

At 3 o'clock, when the classes are over, I sometimes stay at college to play football with my groupmates. In the evenings I am busy doing my homework. If I have some free time left, I go for a walk with my friends, read or watch TV. At about 8 o'clock all our family have supper. At 11:30 I take a shower and go to bed.

14.Are these statements true or false? Correct the false ones.

1. Alexander's working day starts at 6:30.

2. He is in the habit of having a big breakfast.

3. Alexander's favourite subject is Maths.

4. In the middle of the day the students go to the canteen.

5. Alexander likes to play football.

6. In the evenings he goes for a walk with his friends.

15.Listen to the three texts (track 7). What new information about Alexander have you learned?

16. Complete the sentences with the appropriate words and phrases from the box.

a.       buzzes b.      wealth c.       busy d.      goal e.       hard f.        takes a shower g.      lazybones h.      cold water i.        canteen j.        gathers k.      flash by l.        to organize m.    health n.      lasts o.      to stay in bed

1. Life is impossible without...........work. 2. Alexander tries...........his working day well. 3. At 6:15 my alarm clock.............. 4. I usually try...........as long as possible. Am I a ...........? 5. Good...........is better than................ 6. I wash my face with.............. 7. In a common school every lesson........... 40 minutes. 8. This weekend I am ...........doing my project. 9. At dinner all our family...........at the kitchen table. 10. At 11 o'clock he...........and goes to bed.

17. Put the verbs in brackets in the Present Simple.

1. Andrew (to watch) some educational programmes in English.

2. This team like (to play) a champion.

3. Parsons (to catch) the ball and (to pass) it to Roberts.

4. The seminar (to finish) at 12:00.

5. Emma (to dream) at the lesson.

6. Ivan (to leave) school next year.

7. Arm (to brush) her hair in front of the mirror.

8. He (to grab) his bag and (to rush) to the bus stop.

9. She often (to forget) her lunchbox at home.

10. My groupmates (to say) that I (to dress) fashionably.

18. Fill in the gaps with the correct prepositions.

1. The plane arrives...........time.

2................the evenings I am busy doing my homework.

3. The meeting takes place...........April, 14.

4 April we take part in an international conference.

5 our meetings we discuss college issues.

6. They go to the swimming pool...........Fridays.

7................supper I tell my parents about my day at college.

8. Our lessons begin...........the afternoon,.............2 pm.

9. The TV show starts...........5 minutes.

10. We take exams two times a year:...........winter and.............summer.

19. Talk about your working day using the following prompts.

My usual working day starts at... .                At. . . o'clock our classes are over.

I get up at … .                                                I come back home at... .

It takes me ... .                                               At home I ... .

My classes start at … .                                              If I have time, I ... .

We usually have ... lessons a day.                 I go to bed at... .

20. What do you usually do from 7 to 11 pm? Write 10 —15 sentences.

21.Divide the following prepositions into two groups: prepositions of place and prepositions of direction. Translate them.

In, into, from/out of, across, over, on, between, in front of, behind, through, under, next to, among, to.

22. Put the correct prepositions of time, place and direction.

1. Alexander goes...........college five days a week.

2. We have modern workshops...........the second floor and a computer classroom ...........the third floor.

3. He meets a lot of students...........the conference every year.

4. Tom comes...........the room at sits down.............the table.

5. His family likes to go...........of town.............the weekends.

6. The dog is ...........the sofa and we cannot see him.

7. His picture hangs...........the divan bed.

8. We have a beautiful vase...........table with a lot of flowers.............it.

9. I see the schoolyard...........the window. 10. The seminar starts...........

10 minutes,.............12 o'clock.

23.Listen to the text and fill in the gaps with the words in the box.

a large screen, multimedia tools, laptops and multimedia projectors, presentations, online, an information friend, equipment and design

The classroom...........of the 2000s differs from that of the 90s. More and more classrooms are equipped with...........which the teachers and students can use at the lessons. It is possible to get information ...........and use it during your lessons or show the pictures on ..............Now the computer becomes...........to the teacher as well as to the student. It is easier for the teachers to show..............To give a good lesson a teacher has now all...........besides his knowledge.

24. Complete the following text with the words and phrases from the box.

DVD player, swimming pool, to take care, gymnasium, library, book, laptop, DVD discs, books, potted plants, window sills

Our technical school is very modern. There is a ...........on the second floor and a ...........on the ground floor where we swim a lot. We have a large............. with a lot of...........in it. We can take any.............we need. At the Maths or Physics lessons the teacher uses a ...........to explain a new theme to us. In our English classroom we have a ...........and we use.............with films, texts and exercises. Our classroom is full of...........which stand on the................My groupmates like...........of them.

Тема 2.2.

Здоровье, спорт. Правила здорового образа жизни.

Цель работы: активизировать лексику по темам в разных видах деятельности: чтение, аудирование, говорение.

Время выполнение – 8 ч.

1.Find 10 hidden words:

плавание футбол хоккей теннис      корт шахматы команда    мяч дзюдо    бокс

2. In pairs perform a dialogue using the following questions.

Do you like to exercise?

Do you like to watch sports on TV? What are they?

What is your favourite summer sport?

What is your favourite winter sport?

What extreme sports do you like?

What new sports would you like to try?

3. Go, do or play? Use them in the correct form.

Play is used with ball sports or competitive games. Do is used with activities that can be done alone. Go is used with activities that end -ing.

1. He...........jogging every morning.

2. I love...........a good . . . . . . . . . . game of chess from time to time.

3. She...........gymnastics.

4. This summer we...........windsurfing every day on our holiday.

5. He's quite the athlete. He...........basketball, baseball and hockey

6. My wife...........horse riding twice a week.

7. Why don't we...........a set of tennis?

8. Some people think that...........aerobics four times a week is the best possible way of keeping fit.

9. His idea of the perfect summer holiday is to rent a sailboat and...........sailing between the islands of the Tuscan archipelago.

10. They wear backpacks when they...........hiking.

4. Put the adjectives in the correct form.

1. When we win a game, we are (happy) people in the world.

2. Yesterday it was (difficult) match of all.

3. My friend is (tall) than me, so he plays basketball (good) than me.

4. John is (good) player in our team.

5. For me it's (interesting) to play football myself than to watch it on TV.

6. This season our team is playing (bad) than last year.

7. Windsurfing is one of (dynamic) sports.

8. Karate is (popular) of the Japanese martial arts.

9. It is much (difficult) to get up after falling down in ice skating than it is with roller blading. Also ice skating is (slippery) than roller blading.

10. Who are (famous) female tennis players ever?

5. Study the following words and expressions.

player — игрок

team — команда

opponent — противник

to lose — проигрывать

to win — побеждать

to score — забивать (гол)

to comprise - включать (всебя)

races — гонки; horse races — скачки, motor races — автогонки,
cycle races — велосипедныегонки

representative — представитель

cycling — велосипедныйспорт

skating — конькобежныйспорт

skiing — лыжныйспорт

rowing — гребля

yachting — яхтенныйспорт

devoted — преданный

6. Read the text.

Sports and games

We are sure you are all interested in sport. Many of you certainly play such games as volleyball or football, basketball or tennis. People who play a game are players- Players form teams and play matches with other teams - their opponents. Two players playing with each other are partners. Each team can lose or win. In a football match players try to score as many goals as they can. Most matches take place in large stadiums.

Athletics is the most popular sport. People call it "the queen of all sports". It comprises such kinds of sports as running (for different distances), jumping (long and high jumps) and others.

From time to time international championships and races (horse races, motor races, cycle races) take place. Representatives of various countries can win gold, silver or bronze medals. Such great championships in sport are organized every four years and we call them the Olympic Games. Only the best may take part in them.

There are so many kinds of sports, such as cycling, swimming, gymnastics, boxing, skating, skiing, rowing, yachting and many more in which you can take an active part or just be a devoted fan.

7. Are these statements true or false? Correct the false ones.

1. People who play a game are sportsmen.

2. Two players playing with each other are opponents.

3. Gymnastics is the queen of all sports.

4. The most popular sport is tennis.

5. Athletics comprises such kinds of sports as running, jumping, racewalking, throwing and others.

6. International championships take place every four years.

7. The Olympic Games are a major international championship in which thousands of athletes participate in a variety of competitions.

8. The Olympic Games are organized every five years.

9. Everyone who likes sport can take part in the Olympic Games.

10. The athletes or teams who place first, second or third in each event receive medals.

8. Listen to the three dialogues (track 18)  and fill in the gaps with the words from the box.

teams, convenient, a football match, season, rest, swimming pool, success, tickets, invitation, a game of golf

1.

— Hello, is that Tania?

— Yes, that's me. Hello, Dave.

— What about...........?

— Certainly, Dave. When do you plan it?

— Actually, I was thinking of Friday. Will it be ........... for you?

— That's a good idea. I haven't got anything fixed up for Friday yet.

— What time shall we meet then? — I hope 3 pm will be fine. — OK, see you on Friday.

2.

— Frank, would you like to go to ...........with me? I've got two.............for today's match.

— I think I can go. I'm doing nothing special tonight. Who is playing?

— Zenit is playing against Spartak.

— Oh, that should be an exciting match! Both...........have been very strong this

— Yes, you're right. Let's meet at five at our usual place.

— Fine, thank you for the..............

3.

— Hello, Ann! How about going to the...........together tomorrow?

— I'd love to! But unfortunately I'll have to prepare for my exam tomorrow.

— Well, I suppose you could take a short...........from your studies.

— Sorry, Pete, let's go there some other day, maybe right after the exam.

— OK. Let's go on Wednesday then. I wish you...........at your exam.

— Thank you!

9. Give simple reasons for liking/disliking different sports, using the following prompts.

I'm good / not very good at...

Truly speaking, I don't like . . . (running, team games etc) because .. .

But I'm fond of . . . because .. . (it helps me feel healthy).

To my mind the most exciting kind of sports is ...

Personally I would never go playing .. . because it's very . .. (dangerous, expensive etc).

10. Fill in the gaps with the words in the box.

1. Each team tries to ............... 2. If a team wins, they are called.............. 3. The players of the other team are called.............. 4. We call the instructor of a team.............. 5. If a team loses the match, they are.............. 6. There's usually a leader of a team or.............. 7. A part of a game of tennis is called.............. 8. We call correct play............... 9. The person who does the long jump is .............. 10.2 : 2 means that the match ended in ..............

a. a draw b. a set c. score a goal d. fair play e. a long jumper f. the opponents g. a coach h. the winners i. the losers j. the captain

11. Using the following words, make up sentences according to the Model.

Model:

Rock climbing is the most dangerous sport.

Rock climbing is more dangerous than tennis.

Rock climbing is as dangerous as parkour.

Rock climbing is not so dangerous as / less dangerous than cave diving.

1. golf                                            interesting

2. tennis                                         fast

3. skateboarding                dangerous

4. chess                                          intelligent

5. football                          popular

6. swimming                                 capturing

7. boxing                                       fairy

8. athletics                         famous

9. windsurfing                               expensive

10. horse races                              fun

12. Which of these sports are indoor, outdoor, winter, summer, water sports?

Figure skating, draughts, windsurfing, table tennis, skiing, yachting, cycling, rugby, boxing, rock climbing, cricket, water polo, hockey, synchronous swimming, basketball, chess, water skiing, curling, roller skating, rowing, gymnastics, motor races, volleyball, diving, baseball, karate, skydiving, billiards, field hockey, rafting, judo, wrestling.

13. Here are the answers. Write the questions to them.

1. Hockey is a very attractive game. Why...........?

2. A football team consists of 11 players. How many...........?

3. Men are more interested in sport than women. Who …….?

4. Cricket is the fairest game in the world. Which ……?

5. Climbing is one of the most dangerous sports. What kind...........?

6. Field hockey is played during summer. When...........?

7. Football is popular in schools, colleges and universities. Where...........?

8. Horseball is a game played on horseback where a ball is handled and points are scored by shooting it through a high net. How...........?

9. Sambo is a Russian martial art and combat sport. Whose...........?

10. The marathon is a long-distance running event with an official distance of 42.195 kilometres. How long...........?

14. Find the Russian equivalents to the English highlighted phrases.

1. He has done a lot of dangerous sports because he likes to go to extremes.	a) рисковать (2)
2. To take risks for no purpose is not a clever thing.	b) волнение, возбуждение (2)
3. Ann’s desire to travel around the world becomes stronger and stronger.	c) удовлетворять свое любопытство
4. He was addicted to heroin.	d) хорошо подумать
5. Think twice before you do something very dangerous.	e) желание, стремление
6. I just had to satisfy my curiosity, so I opened the box.	f) рискованный человек /человек, любящий риск
7. Being an actor or an actress can be rather dangerous, sometimes they have to do different risky things.	g) доходить /дойти до грани возможного (2)
8. I do sky diving for the thrill and excitement of this sport.	h) пристраститься к …
9. Personally I am not a risk taker, so white rafting or scuba diving is not for me.
10. I think moderation in everything is the key and I never take things to the edge.

15. Express your ideas why people take up doing x-treme sports.

1. to go to extreme                                             7.thrill/excitement
2. to take things to the edge                   8.to have a desire
3. to take risks/to do risky things                      9.to satisfy one’s curiosity
4. a risk taker                                                     10.to acquire sense of individuality
5. to be addicted to                                           11.to overcome difficulties
6. to acquire self-confidence                 12.to protest against something

16. Read the text.

EXTREME SPORTS

A Skydiving   consists of jumping with a parachute out of an airplane for recreation or in competitions. Competitive events include jumping for style, landing with accuracy, and making free-fall formations. Modern skydivers typically free-fall from 3657 m above the ground until 762 m, where they open their parachutes.

B Skiboardingis the art of descending a hill on skiboards. Skiboards are basically a cross between skis and a snowboard. They are about half the length of regular skis (between 80 and 100 cm long), and about twice as wide. The design allows the rider to do everything that skiers and snowboarders do plus go backwards, turn 360’s on the ground, execute one foot turns and perform more tricks than was ever thought possible on normal skis.

C Bungee jumping consists of jumping from a great height while attached to a long piece of elastic that is just short enough to prevent the jumper from hitting the ground.

D Base jumping consists of jumping with a parachute from high places such as buildings or mountains.

E Street luge is the pavement version of ice luge. Both involve lying flat on your back and steering a luge not much bigger than a skateboard with your head just inches off the ground. Complete fearlessness is essential for this sport, as well as a thick piece of rubber, preferably from a car tyre, as footwear. Top lugers can reach speed of 145 km per hour, yet their only way of braking is to use their feet, which often causes painful injuries.

F Ice-climbing As the name suggests, practitioners of this activity climb glaciers with the aid of an ice axe and a great deal of other specialist equipment. As well as all the equipment, incredible physical and mental strength are essential, together with the ability to work closely with other team members in the most dangerous situations.

17. What can you say about the importance of sport? Write 10 -15 sentences.

Healthy eating

18.Read the article about healthy eating and answer the following questions.

-What is a healthy weight?

-Why is a healthy weight important?

-Why is losing weight so hard?

- How can you change your lifestyle?

- How can you fit physical activity into your busy day?

A healthy weight is the natural weight you can reach through good eating, regular physical activity, managing stress, and not smoking. Reaching a specific weight is not as important as the lifestyle changes you make to become healthy.

Weight is only one component of health. Even if you carry some extra weight, by eating right and getting plenty of physical activity, you'll feel better, have more energy, and reduce your risk of weight-related diseases. In fact, you may be healthier than a thin person who eats poorly and isn't physically active.

While a diet may help you lose a few pounds quickly, following a strict diet long-term is unrealistic and requires extraordinary strength of will. Once you stop dieting and exercising, the weight comes back. Some people fall into an unhealthy cycle of losing and gaining weight, which may be worse for the body than just being overweight.

It's also difficult to overcome the obstacles to weight loss: lack of time for exercise, huge portions at restaurants, holidays centered around food, and illness or injury.

Research shows that people who are most successful in improving their health have chosen a healthier lifestyle rather than targeted weight loss. A lifestyle of healthy eating and regular physical activity will improve your health and quality of life, no matter what you weigh.

First you'll need to learn the skills to make lifelong changes and find the sup­port you need to create a healthy lifestyle that's right for you. Look forbalanced, realistic, and enjoyable ways to fit healthful changes into your life.

Making small changes, such as being aware of your portion sizes, eating more fruits and vegetables, and adding a few more steps to your daily routine, can improve your health.

There are some important rules:

Don't diet. Abandon the idea that you'll go on a diet and quickly lose a certain amount of weight. This approach almost always fails. Instead, create a plan to eat healthier that works for you.

Think about your relationship with food. Do you overeat? If so, try to analyze why overeat? Are you bored, stressed, or sad? Do you rely on fast foods or conve­nience foods because you don't know how or don't like to cook? Do you use food as a reward?

Slowly change your eating habits. Rather than following a particular diet, develop a plan for a healthful eating that includes lots of fruits and vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein such as chicken and fish. You could set a goal of eating at least 5 servings of fruits and vegetables a day. If you make small, reasonable changes, rather than depriving yourself of everything you love, you will be more successful.

Set small goals. Your goals should be specific and within your reach. A goal to simply work out more and eat better is too general. Instead, make a plan to be active 3 to 4 times a week. For example, start with a goal to walk for 15 minutes three times a week, and then slowly increase it to 20 minutes.

If you want a more structured way to and then; it doesn't mean you've failed. Get exercise, consider joining a health club. Try to make physical activity. Find an activity that you love and make a part of your day.

19. Answer the questions given above.

1.          Do you smoke?

2.          Do you drink alcohol?

3.          Do you often eat unhealthy food?

4.          Do you prefer to watch TV to doing sports?

5.          Do you use drugs?

20. Read the text and discuss it in groups.

Unhealthy habits

The health of a person is the main value in the life. It cannot be bought with any money! There is no price for it. Being the sick person, you cannot realize all your dreams and be successful in the modern world. However, how to be healthy, when there are many bad habits?

Do not begin! Do not the first cigar, the first sip of alcohol! Everything begins so simply, but comes to the end with a trouble. It was said so much about the harm of smoking. However, not only have the teens also the junior pupils begun to smoke. There is no such organ, which would not suffer from smoking. Smoking is not a harmless pastime. It is necessary to have the will - power to stop smoking.

In addition to smoking, we can name the other bad habit the drinking of alcohol. Very often, they combine with each other. Alcohol is a poison!  Having penetrated into an organism, it has destroyed the brain of the person for some months. A great man said that drinking alcohol is a voluntary mad. Under the influence of alcohol, the person can make rash actions. The matter is that alcohol is the drug, and drugs influence on the brains of the person. Especially alcohol is very dangerous for the young. In addition, the usage of drugs … They ruin all human organs, so the drug addicts die young. Few of them live longer than several years after they have started taking drugs.

21. Discuss in pairs.

American fast food is popular all over the world. Discuss thesequestions with your partner.

1. Do you often eat food from American fast food chains? What isyour favorite fast food?

2. Do you think fast food is bad for you? Do you try to avoid eatingtoo much? If you have children, do you restrict how much they areallowed to eat?

3. Do you think fast food chains have a responsibility to make theirproducts healthy and non-fattening, and to advertise themhonestly, or do you think it is our responsibility as consumersto decide whether to eat them or not?

22. Translate the words:

A broken leg, a bruise, a stomach ache, a bite, a cold, a cough, a headache, a sprained ankle, an earache, a cut, a sore throat, a toothache, a temperature, a burn.

23. Divide these words from exercise 22 into 2 groups: injuries and illnesses.

24.Read the dialogue “At the Doctor’s”.

Patient: Good morning, doctor.

Doctor: Good morning, Mr. White. What’s the matter with you?

Patient: Oh, Doctor, it's quite difficult to describe my condition! The things seem to be awful. I've got all the illnesses you have ever seen during your practice. Perhaps I’m the first patient who will die in your study. First of all, I’ve got a terrific headache. It has been lasting since Friday and it seems to me that it'll never end. Besides I’m constantly coughing, evidently I've caught a cold. I have a sore throat and I haven’t been sleeping for the last fortnight already.

Doctor: Please, don’t worry. I’m sure, you won’t die here or somewhere else. I’ll try to help you. Have you taken your temperature?

Patient: Of course, I have. It’s 37.5 (thirty seven point five).

Doctor: Well, let me see... Open your mouth... The things don’t seem so bad as you imagine. You’ve really caught a cold: your headache, cough and insomnia are the direct aftereffects of it. The temperature is not very high, and your lungs are all right, but I’ll write out some prescriptions for pills and tonic... You have to take them four times a day during this week. Besides I have no doubts that you’ve been run down and you need to have a short rest.

Patient: Really? Maybe you’re quite right, Doctor. I’ll try to follow your advices, but as for my rest... Unfortunately I have no time at all.

Doctor: But you’ll have a nervous breakdown!

Patient: Well, I'm ready to make my will and prepare for a better world!

Doctor: Good luck, Mr. White. See you later.

Patient: In a better world?

Doctor:No, no! Let’s hope for the best.

25. Work with a partner. Make your own dialogue and act it out.

Тема 2.3.

Город, деревня, инфраструктура.

Цель работы: активизировать лексику по темам в разных видах деятельности: чтение, аудирование, говорение.

Время выполнение – 8 ч.

1.Write your address.

Building (№…) ………..                   Settlement/Village/Town/City ……

Block ……….                                    Region ………

Flat ………                                                    Autonomous District ……….

Entrance ……….                                           Postcode ………..

Floor ……….                                    Country…………

Street ………                                    

2.Work in pairs. Perform a dialogue, ask and answer the following questions.

What is your address?

Do you live far from the city centre?

How long does it take you to get to … ?

What transport do you take to get from ……. to ……..?

3. Study the grammar.

СПЕЦИАЛЬНЫЕВОПРОСЫ/SPECIALQUESTIONS

Вопрос, который относится к какому-либо члену предложения и задается с целью получения новой конкретной информации, называется специальным вопросом. Он начинается с вопросительного слова:

Wh-words

Порядок слов в специальных вопросах обратный, за исключением вопросов к подлежащему. Обратите внимание, что вопросительное слово what имеет два значения: какой и что:

What subject do you like best?

Какой предмет твой самый любимый?

What is your favourite subject?

Какойтвойлюбимыйпредмет?

What do you know about this picture?

Что вы знаете об этой картине?

4. Fill in the gaps with question words.

1 ………. type of music do you prefer: pop, rock, heavy metal?

2………. do you like fantasy?

3………. is your favourite actor or actress?

4………. do your pen friends live?

5………. do your parents have holidays?

6………. do you usually spend your weekends?

7………. flowers does your girlfriend like?

8………. questions does this questionnaire have?

9………. nickname is "Twiggy"?

10………. snow falls in Finland?

6. Choose the right preposition or adverb of place and direction from the box.

along, right, in (2), across, on your left, into, straight, from left to right, through, around

1. I keep my car...........the garage, not... the street.

2...............you can see the Houses of Parlia- ... ment.

3. Turn...........just after the school.

4. The photo shows,............. his sons Alex, Andrew, Nick and Gregory.

5. G o..........., don't make any turns!

6. They remove trees...........highways that are dead or diseased.

7. Is it legal to ride your bike...........the tunnel?

8. "The Shop...........the Corner" is an American romantic comedy.

9. The administration plans to open a waterpark just...........the street.

10. Am I allowed to drive...........Canada with my US car?

7. Study the following words and expressions.

to get off — выходить

up the stairs — наверх (no лестнице)

square — площадь

exit — выход

straight — прямо

side street — переулок; также back street; lane (вназванииулицы)

down the stairs — вниз

crowded — переполненный, многолюдный

towards — по направлению к, в сторону чего-либо

crossroads — перекресток

8. Read the text.

Today Alexander and his foreign friends are going to the rock concert "Music, help!" in the Polytechnic Museum. Alex lives on the outskirts of Moscow. He does not know how to get to this place, so he asks his father:

— Dad, can you tell me the way to the Polytechnic Museum? How can I get there quickly?

— Sure. It's situated in the very centre of Moscow. Take the metro and get off at the Lubianka station. Then go up the stairs to the street. There is a square opposite the exit, called Novaya Ploshchad. The Polytechnic Museum is a big long building just in front of you. Go straight across the Square. It is behind the bus stop.

— Thanks Dad.

Alexander goes to the local metro station. He leaves the entrance to his block of flats, walks along the side street, turns left and then right. It takes him only a ten-minute walk to get to the metro station. Alex goes down the stairs and takes a train. In forty minutes he is at the Lubianka station. He turns left to the escalator. Today the station is not so crowded. He goes up. He sees the old building of the Polytechnic Museum across the square and walks straight towards it. At the crossroads next to the Museum he meets with his friends - Peter, Jane and Nora. They are glad to see Alex. They come into the Museum hall. The concert starts in a quarter of an hour.

9. Are these statements true or false? Correct the false ones.

1. Alexander goes to the Polytechnic Museum for the first time.

2. He knows a quick way to get there.

3. He lives on the outskirts of Moscow and far from the metro station.

4. There are a lot of people at the Lubianka station.

5. The Polytechnic Museum is in LubianskayaPloshchad.

6. It's a modem tall building.

7. There is a bus stop just in front of it.

8. His groupmates are at the entrance waiting for him.

9. The concert starts in fifteen minutes.

10. The friends want to attend this concert as they are fond of country music.

10. Listen to the dialogue (track 13) and fill in the gaps with the words from the box. Draw a map of this area.

opposite, turn right, walk, on the right, tell me the way, turn left, along the street, cross, s go ahead, crossroads

— Excuse me. Can you...........to the college, please?

— Yes, of course. Now.............Then..............to Narrow street. Go to the first...........and.............to Fancy Street. It's five-minutes'.

— Shall I ...........the crossroads first?

— No, the college is ..........., next to the bank and

— Thanks a lot.

— You are welcome.

11. Read the text and answer the question:

Why do the British drive on the opposite side of the road?

The "rule of the road" in mainland Europe and the majority of countries in the world, including the United States, is "to drive on the right".

In the United Kingdom and some of her former dominions: Australia, New Zealand, Kenya, Zambia, South Africa, Zimbabwe, some Caribbean Islands including Barbados and St Lucia, India and Pakistan and the Mediterranean island of Malta, the rule of the road remains to drive on the left. This also applies in Japan and Thailand.

The origin of this rule dates back to how people travelled in feudal societies. As most people are right-handed, it made sense to carry any protective weapon in this hand. When passing a stranger on the road, it would be safer to walk on the I left, so ensuring that your weapon was between yourself and a possible opponent. Knights would hold their lances in their right hand, therefore passing on each others' left.

Revolutionary France changed this historic practice, as part of its social rethink. Their military general and Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte was left-handed, therefore his armies had to march on the right, so he could keep his sword arm between him and the advancing enemy. From that time any part of the world that was colonized by the French would travel on the right, and the rest would remain travelling on the left.

12. Put questions to the words in the italics.

1. Kate likes to walk along the streets in good weather.

2. You need to turn to the right.

3. His father leaves his car in the street.

4. Alex has his English lessons three times a week.

5. He drives fast.

6. They drive on the right side of the road in that country.

7. We have several thousands books in our home library.

8. Peter's granny cooks very tasty dishes.

9. She is looking for a map to find that workshop.

10. A waiter brings the customers their desserts.

13. Put the words in the right order.

1. when | start | competitions | your | do?

2. from | left | to get to | turn | Red Square | here.

3. in | popular | kind | of transport | what | is | China | a?

4. she | does not | why | the hospital | take |the metro | to get to?

5. he | does | play | football | how often?

6. rides | a motorbike | your | who | family | | in?

7. old | this | bridge | is | how?

8. lead | side | does | to where | this | street?

9. get off | at | third | stop | the train | the.

10. coming | give way | to cars | at crossroads | from the right.

14. Match the questions with the answers.

1 Excuse me, sir. Can you show me the way to the British Museum? 2 Excuse me. Where is the nearest post office here? 3 Is the bank around the corner? 4 How long does it take you to get to the station? 5. Where is the cafe here?

a. You turn left, and it is right there. By the way, they have a special menu this week. b. Only ten minutes. c. No. It is at the right-hand corner of Darwin Street. Can you see that ban machine? d. Yes, sure. It is over there. This way. e. It is on the left to the crossroads.

15. Say how you get to the most popular place in your area from your home using the following prompts.

I live in ... (city), in ... street.

... is . .. my home.

To get to the metro/bus station .. . (name) I .. . (walk, take a bus No. 46 etc).

It takes me . . . minutes.

I have to change the line at the . .. station and go to the .. . station.

It takes me . . . minutes / ... stops.

The . .. metro line/bus is usually .. . (crowded, empty).

Then I go up the stairs to the street and turn . . .

.. . is ... (on the left etc).

16. How do you get to:

• your college? • your favourite shopping centre? • thenearestcinema?

17. Study the grammar.  Modalverbs.

Модальными глаголами называются глаголы, которые обозначают не действия, а способность, допустимость, возможность, вероятность, необходимость совершения действия. Книмотносятся: can, may, might, must, should, ought to, need.

Смысловой глагол после модальных глаголов употребляется в инфинитиве без частицы to.

Модальные глаголы не нуждаются во вспомогательном глаголе, чтобы образо­вать вопрос или отрицание.

Can (настоящеевремя — сап; прошедшее — could, was able to;будущее — will be able to).

Выражает:

1)                  физическую способность делать что-либо:

Can you swim? — Yes, I can.— Ты умеешь плавать? — Да, умею.

Неcould/ wasabletowintherace. — Онсмогвыигратьгонку.

They couldn't/ were not (weren't) able to ice-skate. They had never done it before.

— Они не могли кататься на коньках. Они никогда этого не делали.

After a few lessons you will be able to drive a car. — Посленесколькихуроковтысможешьводитьмашину.

2)                  разрешение или запрет сделать что-либо:

Dad, can I go to an exhibition tomorrow? — You can go only if you do your homework. — Папа, могуяпойтинавыставкузавтра? — Можешь, нотоль­коеслисделаешьуроки.

3)                  просьбу:

Can/ couldyoulendmeyourlaptop? — Ты не мог бы одолжить мне свой ноутбук?

May  (настоящеевремя — may,прошедшее — might,будущее — willbeallowed)

Выражает:

1)      разрешение или запрет, данные другим человеком, законом, обществом:

May I smoke here?     — No, you may not. {вежливый запрет)

— No, youcan't, (разговорный вариант)

You will be allowed to go to the exhibition only if you do your homework. — Тысможешьпойтинавыставку, толькоеслисделаешьуроки.

2)      вероятность или предсказание:

Robert may join our party today. ButI'mnotsure. — Вероятно, Роберт придет на нашу вечеринку. Но я не уверен.

Might

По сравнению с глаголом mayвыражает меньшую вероятность того, что событие произойдет или  произошло:

Itmighthappenverysoon. — Это может произойти очень скоро.

Не mighthavevisitedthismuseum. — Он мог бывать в этом музее {возможно, когда приезжал в данную страну).

Must

(настоящее время — must,прошедшее — hadto,будущее — willhaveto) Выражает:

1)      обязанность, настоятельную рекомендацию, долженствование:

We must eat healthy food. — Мы должны есть здоровую пищу.

Youmustn'ttouchthosewires. — Нельзя дотрагиваться до проводов.

Неdidn't have to do the shopping yesterday. Thefridgewasfull. — Ему не нужно было идти вчера в магазин. Холодильникбылполон.

Will you have to go to work tomorrow? — No, I don't have to. I'vegotadayoff. — Тебе нужно завтра на работу? — Нет, у меня выходной.

2)      уверенность:

The children must be at school by now. It'salmost 10 o'clock. — Дети должны быть в школе к этому времени. Уже 10 часов.

Неmust come to this meeting. He has to do a report! — Ондолженприйтинавстречу. Он выступает с докладом!

Should/Oughtto

Shouldупотребляется значительно чаще, чем oughtto. Should,а не oughttoупотребляется в вопросительных предложениях и официальных за­явлениях.

Выражают:

1)      обязанность, долженствование, совет:

Candidates should be prepared to answer some questions. — Кандидатыдолжныбытьготовыответитьнавопросы.

WhatshouldIdotogetauniversitydegree? — Что мне нужно сделать, что­бы получить диплом о высшем образовании?

Youshouldreadthisnewbook. — Советую тебе прочитать эту новую кни­гу-

We ought to find the way out. — Мыдолжнынайтивыход.

Yououghttomeether; she'sreallynice. — Ты должен познакомиться с ней: она очень милая.

2)      уверенность:

The children should be at school by now. — Детидолжныбытьвшколекэтомувремени.

It should be a nice day tomorrow. — Завтрабудетпрекрасныйдень.

3)      сожаление, упрек по поводу того, что действие было / не было совер­шено:

They should have called the police. — Онидолжныбыливызватьполицию. Не shouldn'thavedrivensofast. — Он не должен был ехать так быстро.

Need

(употребляется только в форме настоящего времени)

Выражает:

1)      необходимость совершить действие:

Needhecomehere? — Нужно ли ему приходить сюда?

Youneedn'tcomesoearly. — Вам не нужно приходить так рано.

2)      сожаление по поводу того, что действие было совершено напрасно: Youneedn'thaveсотеsoearly. — Вам не нужно было приходить так рано.

18. Retell the dialogues from exercise 18 using modal verbs.

19. Translatethewords: backpack, baggage hall, boarding pass, check-in desk customs, departure gate, passport, passport control, queue, security check, sign, ticket.

20.Use the words to describe what you do at the airport.

When you arrive at the airport you go to the check-in desk and show … .

21.Work in pairs, ask and answer “how to get to …” at the airport, use modal verbs.

Тема 2.4.

Досуг.

Цель работы: активизировать лексику по теме в разных видах деятельности: чтение, аудирование, говорение.

Время выполнение – 10 ч.

1.Match the words with the pictures. What unites all these things?

2.Can you answer these questions?

Do you have much free time? What is your favourite hobby? Why do you like your hobby? Are there any hobbies you would like to try? Which hobbies do you think are the most difficult?

3. Study the grammar.LOVE, LIKE, ENJOY etc + INFINITIVE/Ving

После глаголов love, like, dislike, hate, start, begin, continue, stop и некоторых других может употребляться как инфинитив смыслового глагола, так и смысловой глагол с окончанием -ing:

I love to watch / watching films at night.

He likes to play / playing football.

She hates to wash / washing the dishes.

            They enjoyreading.                                                                         

I am finishing reading this book.

            to stop doingsth = not to continue an activity                                 

            to stop to dosth = to stop what you are doing in order to do sth

4. Rewrite the sentences using love/like/enjoy + Ving.

1. I (to love, to read) and (to listen to) the music.

2. He (not to like, to play) chess.

3. We (to like, to correspond) with each other very much.

4. Bob (to hate, to wash) the dishes.

5. We (to enjoy, to travel) round our country.

6. They (to like, to chat) with each other in the evenings.

7. Mary and her mum (to love, to do shopping).

8. My parents (not to like, to go) to the theatre.

9. I (to hate, to stay) at home at the weekends!

10. What do you really (to enjoy, to do)?

11. What do you (to like, to make)?

12. She (to continue, to work) in the school library.

13. Finally it (to stop, to rain).

14. After you (to finish, to study) take some time to relax.

15. Unfortunately many people (to dislike, to do) morning exercises.

5. Study the following words and expressions.

hobby — увлечение

concern — беспокойство

to share sb's ideas with sb — делитьсямыслямискем-либо

activity — деятельность

entertainment — развлечение

performance — спектакль, представление

toattend — посещать

leisure — отдых, досуг

sense — чувство

excitement — восхищение

expectation — ожидание, надежды

pursuit — занятие

topasssb'sfreetime — проводить свободное время

environment — экологический

occupation — занятие

tosurftheInternet — сидеть в Интернете, бродить по Интернету

to go in for sport — заниматьсяспортом

contest — состязание, конкурс

pastime — времяпрепровождение

calm — спокойный

widespread — распространенный

rabbit — кролик

trick — трюк

plant — растение

cactipl— кактусы

motorbike — мотоцикл

part — деталь

the World Wide Web — Всемирнаяпаутина

reggae — регги (музыкальное направление)

gainer — предпочтение

fantasy — фэнтези

to develop — развиваться

to satisfy — удовлетворять

6.Read the text. Make a list of all the people's activities mentioned in the text.

Alexander thinks that he has too much hobbies and too little time. He wants to share his concern with his friend Peter from Poland. As Peter is coming to Moscow only in two month’s time, Alexander decides to write him. But before writing an email, he puts his ideas in his diary:

“Nowadays it's hard to name all the activities, entertainments and hobbies practiced by people in their free time. A growing number of people prefer watching films, performances, sporting events on TV to attending them. There exist quite different sorts of leisure activities which give thousands of people a sense of excitement and expectation. There are various pursuits at people choose to pass their free time. Today people spend hours watching different informative, educational or environment programmes. Other popular occupations are surfing the Internet, playing computer games, listening to the radio, reading books (often ebooks!), painting and so on. Many people prefer to go in for different kinds of sports and lead an active way of life. Sometimes they participate in competitions or contests and have a very good pastime. There are people that prefer a calm way of spending their free time. They are fond of walks in parks or gardens. More serious people prefer to visit museums, art galleries or theatres.

Aerobics and shopping are two of the most popular pursuits for women. Cooking is also a very widespread activity among them. But nothing can be compared to your favourite hobby. A hobby is a special interest or activity that you do in your free time. Some people have animals as hobbies. They keep rabbits, or go fishing, or train dogs to do tricks. Some are crazy about plants. They try to grow cacti or tropical flowers in their kitchens and sitting rooms. Others are mad about their cars or motorbikes. They spend their Saturdays and Sundays washing them, painting them or buying new parts to make them go even faster. Many people make things as a hobby ..."

7.Are these statements true or false? Correct the false ones.

1. Alexander writes in his diary a list of all activities, entertainments and hobbies practised by people in their free time.

2. Alexander has no hobby and wants to select one.

3. He meets with his friend to discuss this problem.

4. Hobbies give people a sense of excitement and expectation.

5. Today people spend a lot of time watching different informative, educational or environment programmes.

6. Women prefer aerobics, shopping and cooking.

7. A hobby is an active pastime like sports or training dogs.

8. In order to relax most people prefer a calm way of spending their free time.

9. Animals can also be a hobby.

10. People prefer ready-made things to hand-made ones.

7.Listen to the text (track 10) and name all Alexander's hobbies. Listen again and check.

8.Put the words under the following headings. Some words can go under several headings. Use a dictionary if necessary.

Knitting & Sewing, Drawing & Painting, Stamp Collecting, Cooking

Watercolous, spoon, exhibition, wool, salt, album, frying pan, canvas, pattern, gas cooker, pencil, needle, food processor, sewing machine, cutting board, button, magnifying glass, brush, scissors, knife, fabric, forceps, eraser, measuring tape, fork, mannequin, sketch, cotton, pepper, thread, paper, catalogue.

9.Make sentences.

1. he | not | jazz | enjoy.

2. we | like | not | shopping.

3. interests | have | I | many.

4. hates | ebooks | she | reading.

5. he | buy | to | fishing rods | like.

6. time | spend | much | they | don't | at home.

7. good | a | of | educational | collection | CDs | has | Lucy.

8.I | for | hobby | this | need | and | needles | yarn.

9. David | fond | is | of | coins | collecting.

10. makes | happy | reading | me | and | to | music | listening.

10.Complete the text with the words and phrases from the box.

music, favourite, listen to music, information, news, collect, singers, programmes, compact discs, museums

Rich people often...........paintings, rare things and other art objects. Often such private collections are given to ..........., libraries. As for me, I like to ................ Therefore I collect..............I like different music................I collect discs of my favourite groups and..............I carefully study the printed................I try to find everything about m y...........singers. I also like to watch music.............on TV. I want to keep up with the...........in the world of music.

11.Put the verbs in the correct form.

A hobby is what a person (to like) to do in his or her spare time. Hobbies (to differ) like tastes. Your hobby (to make) your life more interesting. The most popular hobby (to be) doing things. It (to include) a wide variety of activities from gardening to travelling, from chess to volleyball. Both grown-ups and children (to be fond) of playing different computer games. This hobby (to become more and more popular every year. Making things (to include) drawing, painting, handicrafts. Many people (to collect) something - coins, stamps, compact discs, toys, books.

12.Read the text and guess what hobby is described.

Playing chess, mountain climbing, astrology, reading, model trains collecting, animal communication, playing football, knitting, horse riding, photography, yoga, parachuting, riding motorbikes, cooking, exploring volcanoes and underwatercaves, sewing, travelling, dancing, fishing, computers, fashion, windsurfing, playing the piano, aerobics in the water, collecting postcards, diving.

13.Which hobbies are more suitable for women, for men and for both?

Playing chess, mounting climbing, astrology, reading, model trains collecting, animal communication, playing football, knitting, horse riding, photography, yoga, parachuting, riding motorbikes, cooking, exploring volcanoes and underwater caves, sewing, travelling, dancing, fishing, computers, fashion, windsurfing, playing the piano, aerobics in the water, collecting postcards, diving.

14.Talk about your favourite hobby using the following prompts.

I have . . . (many, several, a few, only one) hobbies/hobby.

My favourite hobby is . ..

I enjoy ...

It is ... (expensive, cheap, free).

I do it. . . (in a company, alone).

This hobby is done . . . (inside, outside).

I love it because it is . . . (funny, relaxing, intellectual etc).

The best thing about my hobby is that. . . But I don't like . . .

15.Peter replies to Alexander's email. What does he advise? Write 100 —140 words.

16.Divide the following words into four groups, those which describe a)theatre and filming (acting), b) music, c) painting, d)writing.

Theatre, music, painting, a musician, drama, tragedy, a playwright,  a band, costumes, symphony, to sing, theatrical, jazz, popular, the paint, colours, a performance, to be staged, the script, comedy, audience, biography, director, gallery, novel, painter, painting, poet, poetry, sculpture, studio, writer.

17.Complete the newspaper articles with the correct form of some of the words from the exercise above. Complete the groups with highlighted words.

1)      Young Talent.

There’s an exhibition of new …….. called Young Talent at the university ……. This month. It’s mainly ……. And drawings, but there are a few massive outdoor ……….. situated in the park next door.

2)      Secrets Told.

A revealing …….. of the best-selling …… Jonathan Lee is out now. It tells the story of the writer’s life, from his childhood experiments with writing ………, to how he came up with the ideas for his series of murder mystery …….. , X-Filed. He spoke to a lively ……… at the King’s Arms in Manchester last night.

3)      Hollywood Hopes.

There’s trouble in Hollywood this week for the Project Z movie. The script has been rewritten, and the ……. of the original script is complaining that a lot of her good ideas have now gone. But the …….. have already been in the …….. for several days ready to start filming. Time is money in show business, so the …… , Frankie Jones, needs to show that he’s in charge and end this argument quickly.

18.Discuss the quiz questions.

What is the difference between…

1)a studio and a gallery?

2)a director and a writer?

3) an artist and a painter?

4) a novel and a biography?

5) an author and a poet?

6) a sculpture and a painting?

19. Divide the words on “Painting” into 3 groups.

Impressions    Genres Methods of painting

A water colour, a sketch, profound, line, a portrait, elusive [ɪˈluːsɪv], a landscape, in dots, a self-portrait, banal, a seascape, outstanding, a historical painting, in strokes, a flower piece, a battle piece, deep, space, a still life.

Тема 2.5.

Новости, средства массовой информации.

Цель работы: активизировать лексику по теме в разных видах деятельности: чтение, аудирование, говорение. Время выполнение – 8 ч.

1.      Прочитайте и перевидите текст.

Mass Media

The mass media play an important role in our lives. Newspapers, radio and especially TV inform us of what is going on in this world and give us wonderful possibilities for education and entertainment. They also influence the way we see the world and shape our views.

Of course, not all newspapers and TV programmes report the events objectively, but serious journalists and TV reporters try to be fair and provide us with reliable information.

It is true that the world today is full of dramatic events and most news seems to be bad news. But people aren't interested in ordinary events. That is why there are so many programmes and articles about natural disasters, plane crashes, wars, murders and robberies. Good news doesn't usually make headlines. Bad news does.

Some people say that journalists are given too much freedom. They often intrude in people's private lives. They follow celebrities and print sensational stories about them which are untrue or half-true. They take photos of them in their most intimate moments. The question is — should this be allowed?

The main source of news for millions of people is television. People like TV news because they can see everything with their own eyes. And that's an important advantage. Seeing, as we know, is believing. Besides, it's much more difficult for politicians to lie in front of the cameras than on the pages of newspapers.

Still, many people prefer radio. It's good to listen to it in the car, or in the open air, or when you do something about the house.

Newspapers don't react to events as quickly as TV, but they usually provide us with extra details, comments and background information.

The Internet has recently become another important source of information. Its main advantage is that news appears on the screen as soon as things happen in real life and you don't have to wait for news time on TV.

2. Put the verbs in the form of gerund.

1. Alex delayed (to catch) the aeroplane until the last minute.

2. Rita loves (to go) to her country house.

3. Ray gave up (to write) books.

4. Sonya continued (to work) at the college.

5. Pauline prefers (to work) with animals.

6. Steve suggested (to go) out for dinner.

7. Eric appreciated (to get) a birthday card from his mother.

8. Carlos loves (to eat) at restaurants.

9. Felix stopped (to go) to that store when a new store opened.

10. Maria can't stand (to hear) a child cry.

3. Choose the correct form (gerund or infinitive or both).

1. Bob enjoys......... . tennis.

a. playing                           b. to play                                c. both

2. Margery hates . .......... to heavy metal.

a. listening                         b. to listen                               c. both

3. Sam avoided . . . to the dentist as much as possible.

a. going                                         b. to go                                   c. both

4. Susan offered . . the student.

a. helping                           b. to help                                c. both

5. Maria wanted . . . . . . Thursday off from work.

a. taking                                         b. to take                                 c. both

6 . Christie needs . ,......... a book for reading in class.

a. buying b.                                   to buy                          c. both

7. She g o e s ............ every week.

a. skating                           b. to skate                               c. both

8 . The job involves ............reports for the management.

a. preparing                                   b. to prepare               c. both

9. Remember . . . . at the crossroads.

a. stopping                         b. to stop                                 c. both

10. She's afraid . . . by plane.

a. of going                         b. to go                                   c. both

4. Read after the speaker.

Amusement park, cereals, capital, metropolis, village, exhibition, cow, art gallery, pollution, rush hour, fresh air, townhouse, illuminations, forest, skyscraper, garbage, overpopulation, cattle, five-star hotel.

5. Study the following words and expressions.

facility — приспособление, средство, удобство, возможность

plumbing facilities — водопровод и канализация

environment — окружающая среда, обстановка

to pollute — загрязнять

criminal activities — уголовные преступления

noise — шум

vehicle — транспортное средство

to live in harmony and peace — жить в согласии и мире

community — населенный пункт rush — суета, спешка

to keep up with — идти в ногу с

to face — встречаться, сталкиваться

to supply — удовлетворять

6. Read the text.

Sometimes you may think that city life is better than village life. However there are many advantages and disadvantages of living either in a city or in a village.

There are a lot of facilities for people in the city and they have more opportunities for making money. Children can get a good education. Living in a big city with a large population, you get used to making contacts and in this way you become more socialized. There are large shops, banks, offices, cinemas, hotels, clubs, hospitals etc in and around a city. People have better transport facilities. There are the facilities or electricity, highways, communication, telecommunication, and plumbing. So people can lead a comfortable and enjoyable life. 

But there are some disadvantages too. The cost of living is very high in the city. Most goods and food products are expensive. There is no fresh air and pure water. The pace of life is high. The environment is polluted with dust, smoke, garbage and dioxide gases from factories. The streets are dusty and unclean. So it is hard to lead a healthy life. Many criminal activities often take place in the city. The city is always busy and noisy. There are a lot of vehicles and people on the roads. 

There are also many advantages in village life. Generally, people there live in harmony and peace. They have more friends in the community since it is small. The village people always try to protect their traditional habits and culture. The village has clean air, less noise, pollution and rush, and the environment is very beautiful. The village has few vehicles, so roads are less dangerous for driving or cycling. People can easily get fresh vegetables, fruits, meat and milk. 

Village life also has its bad points. Some people are not well-education. Villagers’ children go to the village school. They have difficulty in keeping up with new developments in their field or profession. They have to face many difficulties in their everyday lives, like travelling problems, entertainment and culture. They have to go to the city to supply some of their needs.

7. Are these statements true or false? Correct the false ones.

1. City life is better than village life.

2. Village life has its bad points.

3. Living in a small community makes you more sociable.

4. The village has few vehicles, so people have better transport facilities.

5. The village has a quieter environment.

6 . Village people have many difficulties, so it is hard to lead a healthy life.

7. Village people always try to protect their culture, so they have no cultural problems.

8. Roads in the village are safer for driving and cycling.

9. Plumbing facilities in the city provide people with pure water.

10. Fresh vegetables, fruits, meat and milk are not available in the city.

8. Listen to the text and fill the gaps with the words from the box.

traffic accidents, entertainment, communication, pollution, skyscrapers, facilities, living standards, recreation, comforts and luxuries

A big city is recognized by its ............, means of ............and travel, shopping centres, dwellings and various............for education, good health, security, ............ and .................Life in a big city is hectic. People are always on the run, heading towards their varied destinations. Life is uneasy and restless. The pressure is reduced by the charms that can be found only in a city. City life has many............of its own, though there are some drawbacks too. The major threat to life comes from .................., ………… etc. People lead a hard life. Still they prefer living in a city because it offers them the opportunities to improve their ............ and make their dreams come true.

9. Compare life in the city and in the village. Use the following prompts.

I live in . . .

Living in . . . (я big city, a small town, a village) has both advantages and

disadvantages.

The advantages are . . .

The disadvantages are . . .

I prefer living in . . . because . . .

10. Put the correct prepositions.

1. The girls insisted............going to the countryside.

2. Our company is proud............being competitive in the market.

3. I am looking forward............seeing you soon.

4. She concentrated............creating the designs and her husband............. printing them.

5. Are you interested............working for us?

6. We talked............visiting Birmingham.

7. On a hot summer's day who doesn't think............spending the afternoon with a fishing rod?

8. He was afraid............being misunderstood.

9. There are some homeowners who are quite good............designing their own yards.

10. Have you ever dreamed............starting a business?

11. Comment upon the proverb. Write 10 —15 sentences.

Grass is always greener on the other side of the fence. — Везде хорошо, где нас нет.

Тема 2.6.

Природа и человек (климат, погода, экология).

Цель работы: активизировать лексику по теме в разных видах деятельности: чтение, аудирование, говорение.

Время выполнение – 12 ч.

I

Как и когда употреблять there is/there are?

Эту конструкцию мы используем, когда нам надо сказать о местоположении какого-либо предмета. То есть о том, что что-то (кто-то) где-то находится. Нужно сразу запомнить, что ее мы всегда ставим в начале предложения. There is мы используем, если речь идет об одном предмете, а there are — о нескольких.

There is a book on the shelf. На полке книга.

There are two books on the shelf. «На полке две книги.»

Ex.: Use “there is (are)” construction in the necessary tense form.

1.    Look! -------- their telephone number in the letter.

2.    Chi Chester is a very old town. -------many old buildings.

3.    Excuse me, ------ a restaurant near here?

4.    How many students ------ in your group?

5.    I was hungry but -----anything to eat.

6.    ----- a football match on TV last night.

7.    ----- many people at the meeting?

8.    ------ 24 hours in a day.

9.    This box is empty. ---- nothing in it.

10.     When we arrived at the cinema ----- a long queue outside.

II

Погода. Климат

Прочитать и перевести текст

Climate in the USA

The USA is the fourth largest country in the world after Russia, Canada and China. Including the states of Alaska and Hawaii, the US covers an area of 9 millions square km.

I am going to tell you about the climate in the USA. The United States has many kinds of climate. The weather ranges from the warm, wet conditions of the Appalachians to the semi desert or desert conditions in some of the western states. It varies from southern Arizona and southern Florida, where almost there is no winter at all, to the territory of Montana, North Dakota and South Dakota, where there are long, very cold and severe winters. In other words, the US has practically all the climatic zones.

The main land mass of the US is in the temperate zone. The climatic conditions of the country are by the great mountains and the wind. West of the Rocky Mountains, running all the way from the Canadian border to Mexico, there are vast areas where almost no trees grow. In this section of the country, there are deserts, which receive as little as 12-13 centimeters of rainfall a year. Yet, west of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, there are places in which 250 centimeters of rainfall. It is one of the wettest places in the USA.

There are all kinds of differences in the climate of the US. For instance, all along the western coast, the temperature changes little between winter and summer. In some places, the average difference between July and January is as little as 10 degrees Centigrade. The climate along the northern part of this coast is similar to that of England. However, in the north central part of the country the temperature difference between winter and summer is very great - 36 degrees Centigrade and even more. The coldest days of January may be - 40 degrees Centigrade, and the hottest July days may be 45. In the eastern part of the US, the difference between summer and winter is also very distinct, but not so extreme. In the southeastern corner of the country, the climate is mild and spring is like winter, but in summer, the temperature may be very high.

Hawaii, the 50th state is a chain of over 100 islands, lying in the Pacific and stretching from southeast to northwest for 2,575 kilometers. Although this state is located in tropical zone, its climate is favourable, because of the ocean currents that pass its shores and the winds that blow across the land from the northeast. The temperature usually remains close to the annual average of 24 degrees Centigrade.

The situation in Alaska is different. In those parts of the state, which lie above the Arctic Circle, Alaska is still a land of icebergs and polar bears. Ice masses lay buried in the earth, which is permanently frozen land to a depth of 90 or more meters. From early May until early August, the midnight sun never sets on this flat, treeless region, but the sun cannot melt the icy soil more than two thirds of a meter down. The Japan Current of the Pacific warms Alaska, and the Arctic cools it. The temperature may drop as low as - 43 degrees Centigrade in some places, and may drop to 30 degrees in others. In the north, in any given year more than 11 meters of snow may fall.

Ответить на вопросы

1. What is the climate in the USA?

2. What are the climatic conditions of the country by?

3. Where are there and semi desert desert climate conditions in the USA?

4. Where is the severe and very cold winter in the USA?

5. Where are the wettest places of the USA situated?

6. Where are the temperature changes between winter and summer little in the USA?

7. What part of the USA coast is similar to that of England?

8. Where are great temperature changes between winter and summer in the USA?

9. Why is the climate favourable in Hawaii?

10. Where can we find the permanently frozen land in the USA?

11. Where can we find the midnight sun in the USA?

Записать  и выучить слова по теме

1.    average - средний

2.    border - граница, рубеж

3.    desert - пустыня

4.    icebergs - айсберги

5.    main land mass - континентальная часть

6.    midnight sun - полуночное солнце

7.    North Dakota - штат Северная Дакота

8.    permanently frozen land - «вечная мерзлота»

9.    rainfall - дождевые осадки

10.     Rocky Mountains - Скалистые горы

11.     semi desert - полупустыня

12.     severe - суровый

13.     shores - побережье

14.     similar - подобный

15.     South Dakota - штат Южная Дакота

16.     the Appalachians - горы Аппалачи

17.     the Sierra Nevada Mountains - горы Сьерра-Невада

18.     to grow (past grew, p.p. grown) - расти, вырастать

19.     to be buried - быть похороненным

20.     to determine - определять

21.     to drop - падать, погружаться

22.     to fall (past fell, p.p. fallen) - выпадать, падать

23.     to melt - растопить, расплавить

24.     to range - здесь: варьироваться

25.     to remain - оставаться

26.     to stretch - простираться

27.     two thirds of - две трети чего-нибудь

28.     vast - обширный

29.     wet - мокрый, влажный

Climate of Great Britain

The climate of any country depends on its geographical position. Great Britain is situated on the British Isles. The British Isles lie to the west of the continent of Europe. The total land area of the United Kingdom is 244,000 square kilometers. The mountains are in the west and north of the country. There are lowlands in the south and east. There are many rivers in Great Britain but they are not long. The western coast of Great Britain is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and Irish Sea. The waters of the North Sea wash the eastern coast. The English Channel, which is 32 kilometers wide, separates the southeast of Great Britain from France. So Great Britain is surrounded by water. Not far from the British Isles, there is warm Golf Stream. All these facts influence the climate of the country. The climate of Great Britain is mild, temperate and wet. In the country, it is not hot in summer and it is not very cold in winter. Spring is very beautiful season because everything is covered with flowers. Autumn is wet and cool. In January, average temperature is from 3 to 7 degrees below zero and in July, it is from 16-17 degrees above zero. It often rains in Great Britain. It does not often snow in Great Britain. The weather changes very quickly. In the morning, it may be shining brightly and in the afternoon, it may rain. That is why radio and television inform people about weather forecast very often. The British joke, "In other countries it is climate, in Britain we have weather."

Разыграть диалоги

1- Hello, Charles.

- Hello, Dick, lovely day, isn't it?

- Absolutely wonderful, nice and warm. What is the weather forecast for tomorrow? Do you know?

- Yes, it says it will be bright and sunny.

- How nice. Nice weather for outing.

- You are right.

2- Oh, that is you Tony. What is it like outdoors?

- It seems to be clearing up.

- What do you mean by clearing up?

- A big improvement on what we have been having. Quite different from the forecast.

- They say we are in for snow. It is supposed to cloud over this afternoon.

- Let's hope it keeps fine for the weekend.

Подведение итогов работы, оценивание

III

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The Problem of Environmental Protection

Environmental protection is the main problem facing humanity nowadays. The image of a sick planet has become firmly established in the public mind lately. Ten years ago, the word 'ecology' hardly meant anything for the majority of people, but today we cannot help bearing it in our minds. It has happened because of the growing effect of the rapid industrial development of the natural world, which has negative features of its own. As a matter of fact, the state of environment has greatly worsened of late.

There is no doubt that soil; water and air are contaminated with toxic wastes. Over the past few years we have been constantly speaking about ozone holes, droughts, high level of radiation, about food contaminated with chemicals. Scientists in many countries are very much concerned about drastic changes in weather patterns. The worst drought, the mildest winter and the most devastating hurricanes have become typical in those parts of the world where they used to be a rare occurrence.

Weather patterns have been changing recently due to the global warming-up process and its major reason — the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is created by carbon dioxide emissions, released by industrial facilities and a constantly increasing number of cars. Thus, it is of vital importance that the world should start cutting down the release of gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect. What is the reason for people getting so much worried about the state of environment? The answer to this question is fairly simple. The thing is the deterioration of the environment is telling heavily on people. They are paying for this with their health. In addition, it is obvious what all people need is a healthy environment.

To solve this burning problem it is necessary for people to combine efforts, to raise safety standards at all industrial facilities, to adequately process by-products of industry, to set up an international space laboratory to monitor the state of environment and set up an international centre for emergency environmental assistance. All these measures will help us in solving these important problems and prevent us from dangerous illnesses and diseases.

Ответить на вопросы

-     What can cause air pollution?

-     What does acid rain harm?

-     What do you call scientists who study the weather?

-     Is there a lot of trash in your town?

-     What do you think you should do to protect the environment?

Разыграть диалог.

– Do you know what Greenpeace is?

– I have heard about it, but I am not sure I know what they do.

– It is a public organization against nuclear energy. I have seen a program on TV about them.

– Do you think they can help to control the use of nuclear power?

– I do not know. Nevertheless, they are very energetic. They dressed up as corpses, walked about the shopping area, and whispered to people that they should be careful because there might be a radioactive cloud over their heads on that day.

–      It looks funny to me. Why did you watch that program? There was an important football match on television the same evening.

 Раскрыть скобки

 1). When we (pollute) the air, the climate (change).

2). Nature (damage) when people (throw) away plastic bottles.

3). Animals (hurt) when we (leave) litter in the forest.

4). When trees (break), birds (disturb).                                      

5). When litter (throw) in the river, water pollution (cause).

Ответить в краткой форме.

1. What environment groups/organizations do you know? (name at least three)

2. What was the first national park in the world?

3. What are the two aims of national parks?

4. What is the difference between a national park and a nature reserve?

5. What are the three R’s?

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Our Earth

The Earth is the only planet in our solar system where there is life. If you look down at the Earth from a plane, you will see how wonderful our planet is. You will see blue rivers, lakes, seas and oceans. You will see high snowy mountains, green forests and fields.

There is more water on the Earth than land. Everything what is alive on the Earth needs water, air and the Sun. The nature around us is called environment. Since ancient times, man has tried to make his life easier. He invented machines and instruments, chemicals and atomic power. Today these inventions pollute the world we live in. In this world around us, there are two things that do not belong to any one country: air and ocean water. In both the air and the water, there is much pollution. People are concerned about the air and the water that are used by everyone, and they are concerned about the future of the Earth.

One of the most important pollution problems is the oceans. Many ships sail in the ocean water – fishing ships, some ships carrying people, some carrying oil. If a ship loses some of the oil in the water, or waste from the ships is put into the ocean, the water becomes dirty. Many sea birds die because of the polluted water.

Many kinds of fish die in the sea, others are contaminated. Fishermen catch contaminated fish, which may be sold in markets, and people may get sick if they eat it. Lakes and rivers are becoming polluted, too. Some beaches are dangerous for swimming.

The second important problem is air pollution. Cars and factories pollute the air we use. Their fume also destroys the ozone layer which protects the Earth from the dangerous light of the Sun. Aerosols create large “holes” in the ozone layer round the Earth. Burning coal and oil leads to global warming which may bring about a change in the world’s climate.

Another problem is that our forests are dying from acid rain. Deforestation, especially destruction of tropical forests, affects the balance of nature in many ways. It kills animals, changes the climate and ecosystem in the world. A person can do some damage to the environment but the greater part of pollution certainly comes from industry. Modern industry production is the main threat to nature. Today people are worried about the threat of nuclear power.

Chernobyl disaster of 1986 in the result of the explosion of a nuclear reactor has badly affected Russia. About 18 per cent of the soil in the country is unfit for farming, and many districts are dangerous to live in.

At present, there are different organizations and parties in Europe and America that actively work to protect the nature from the harm. They want to stop the damage that is done by man to the nature in the result of nuclear tests and throwing poisonous waste into the seas and rivers.

It is time we asked ourselves a question: What can I do to protect nature? If we want our children to live in the same world we live in, or in a better and healthier world, we must learn to protect the water, the air and the land from pollution.

Ответить на вопросы.

1. What will you see if you look down at the Earth from a plane?

2. What does everything alive on the Earth need?

3. Why did man try to invent machines and instruments?   

4. Where is there much pollution today?

5. What pollutes water in the seas?

6. What pollutes the air we use?

7. What is the main threat to nature?

8. How much land in Belarus is unfit for farming?

9. What do different organizations in Europe and America do?

10. Are nuclear power stations necessary?

Закончите предложения.

1. If you look down at the Earth from a plane, ...

2. Everything what is alive on the Earth needs...

3. People are concerned about...

4. Many birds and fish die because...

5. Polluted air destroys...

6. Burning coal and oil leads to...

7. Modern industry production is...

8. Different organizations try to...

Правильно или неправильно.

1. The area of land is the same as the area of water on our planet.

2. Technical progress pollutes nature.

3. People are concerned about the future of the Earth.

4. The most important pollution problem is the land.

5. The ozone layer protects the Earth from the Sun.

6. People know how to protect the air, the water and the land from pollution.

7. The greater part of pollution comes from cars.

Работа с презентацией «Ecological problems».

IV

Present Simple

Present Simple – простое настоящее время. Оно показывает действие, которое происходит регулярно, с определенной периодичностью. На первый взгляд может показаться, что это время один в один похоже на наше настоящее время. И действительно, в большинстве случаев функции Present Simple и русского настоящего времени совпадают. Но различия все же есть. У Present Simple много других задач, и человек, желающий владеть английским языком на высоком уровне, должен в них разбираться. В этой статье мы рассмотрим, как образуется Present Simple и когда употребляется.

Как образуется Present Simple

Утверждение

Образуется Present Simple очень просто, мы убираем у глагола частицу to и ставим его на второе место в предложении, после подлежащего. Present Simple – одно из немногих времен, где не используется вспомогательный глагол в утверждении.

Подлежащим может быть местоимение или существительное. С местоимениями he, she, it и существительными в единственном числе (a boy – мальчик, a girl – девочка, a plant – растение) у глагола появляется окончание -s (-es).

Окончание -es добавляется к глаголам, которые заканчиваются на -o, -y, -s, -sh, -ch, -tch, -x, -z. Это делается для того, чтобы в слове не стояло рядом два труднопроизносимых звука.

·       She does (она делает).

·       He teaches (он обучает).

·       She watches (она смотрит).

·       He mixes (он смешивает).

Следует обратить внимание на глаголы, оканчивающиеся на -y. После -y используются 2 вида окончаний:

1.    Если слово оканчивается на согласную и -у, используется окончание -es. В этом случае -y меняется на -i:

·       I try (я стараюсь). – He tries (он старается).

·       They carry (они носят). – She carries (она носит).

2.    Если слово оканчивается на гласную и -у, используется -s. В этом случае никаких изменений с -у не происходит:

·       You buy (ты покупаешь). – He buys (он покупает).

·       We play (мы играем). – She plays (она играет).

Отрицание

Для того чтобы построить отрицательное предложение, мы обращаемся к вспомогательному глаголу do (does) и отрицательной частице not. Здесь снова отдельно от всех будут местоимения he, she, it и существительные в единственном числе – с ними используется форма does. С остальными местоимениями и существительными употребляется do. Частицу not мы ставим между вспомогательным глаголом и основным.

Таблица: Present Simple и порядок слов в вопросительных предложениях

Наречие	do/does	Подлежащее	always/usually/often	Сказуемое	Дополнение/обстоятельство
	Do	you	always	have	breakfast?
	Does	Chris	often	play	tennis?
What	do	you	usually	do	at weekends?

V

Geography and climate of Russia

The Russian Federation occupies the largest part of Eastern Europe and North Asia, covering 17 million square kilometers. The length from west to east is 9,000 km, and from north to south the country’s dimensions range from 2,500 to 4,000 thousand km. Russia borders 14 countries to the northwest, to the west, to the south and to the southeast. Russia’s longest coastlines run along the Arctic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.

Large plains constitute up nearly 70 per cent of Russia’s landmass. The East European Plain stretches to the Ural Mountains, traditionally considered the eastern edge of Europe. East of the Urals lies the West Siberian Plain. Between the Yenisei and Lena rivers is the high Middle Siberian Plateau, which meets the Central Yakutian Plain to the east.

Mountains are found in eastern and southern part of Russia. To the south in the European part is the North Slope of the Big Caucasus Range, which includes Elbrus, the country’s highest mountain peak at 5,642 m. A belt of mountains ranges stretches through southern Siberia. Along the Pacific coast are the mountains of Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands, which feature active volcanoes.

Russia has about 120,000 rivers, whose total length exceeds 2.3 million km. The largest rivers are the Amur (4,400 km), the Volga (3,530 km), the Yenisei (4,102 km), the Ob (5,410 km) and the Lena (4,440 km). There are about two million lakes and seas, the largest of which are Baikal, Ladoga, Onega and the Caspian Sea.

The climate of Russia varies from the sea climate in the far northwest to the sharp continental climate of Siberia and the monsoon climate in the Far East Region. Most of the country, however, enjoys a moderate continental climate, with cold winters and rather warm summers. The average temperature in January ranges from zero to minus five degrees C in the west and around the Caucasus, to minus 40 or minus 50 degrees C in Yakutia. Snow covers the land for 60 to 80 days in the south and 260 to 280 days in the far north. The average temperature in July is 24 to 25 degrees C near the Caspian lowland and one degree C in northern Siberia. Precipitation in the west comes primarily from the Atlantic Ocean and in the Far East from the Pacific Ocean, ranging between 100 mm a year in semi desert areas of the lowlands near the Caspian Sea to 2,000 mm in the Caucasus and Altai Mountains.

Подведение итогов работы, оценивание

Тема 2.7. Образование в России и за рубежом, среднее профессиональное образование.

Цель работы: активизировать лексику по теме в разных видах деятельности: чтение, аудирование, говорение.

Время выполнения – 10 ч.

I

Read and translate:

I live and study in Omsk

I live and study in Omsk. Omsk is my native city. It was founded as a fortress in 1716 by Colonel Buhgolts which in our days became the largest industrial and cultural center of Siberia.

The population of Omsk is more than 1 million people. Omsk is situated in the Western Siberia on the banks of the rivers Irtysh and Om.

The name of our city is connected with such a famous person as Dostoevsky who spent some years in Omsk’s jail and Vrubel who was a great Russian painter.

Omsk is a developed industrial centre. The enterprises of power engineering, oil processing, chemical and petrochemical industries, metalworking, mechanical engineering and firms dealing with food industry, form the basis of city industry. 90% of the production manufactured in Omsk falls to its share.

Omsk is a big transport point. There are all types of transport here: air, river, railway, motor and pipeline one. Over 3 500 flights connect Omsk with districts of Russia and 500 ones with foreign countries. New international airport “Omsk-Fedorovka” is under construction.

Omsk with all regional centers and big cities.

There are many theaters, museums, and monuments in Omsk. I can’t but mention Omsk Drama Theatre which is well-known in Russia. The Theatre for Young spectators, The Music Theatre, the Fifth Theatre are very popular among people in Omsk.

Omsk is known as a city of students. There are many universities, colleges and professional schools in my city. They train specialists for different industries.

Young people can go in for sport in their free time. We have good facilities for hockey, figure skating, volleyball, gymnastics, swimming. These kinds of sport are very popular in Omsk. Omsk gymnast girl E. Kanaeva is an Olympic Champion. Our city is known for its hockey team "Avangard" as it was the champion of Russia. Roman Sludnov, Alexey Tischenko, Irina Chaschina are great sportsmen and they make Omsk is known all over the world.

I am proud of my native city. I think there are a lot of opportunities for Omsk to become one of the leading cities in the world.

Выучить слова

Прочитайте слова, обратите внимание на их произношение и

перевод:

native - родной

was founded – был основан

a fortress - крепость

population - население

is situated - находится

developed - развитый

industry - промышленность

am proud - горжусь

Составить вопросы к тексту

II

Прочитайте текст, переведите его на русский язык.

Transport Logistics of Omsk

Omsk is a large transport center of Siberia. It is an important link

for transport communications in Siberia as well as in the Russian

Federation. The city is located on the cross of two major traffic arteries -

the Trans-Siberian Railway and the Irtysh River.

All types of transportation are represented in Omsk: air, river, railway, motor and

pipeline. At present, a new international airport “Omsk-Fyodorovka” is being constructed.

Omsk has two railway stations: “Omsk-Passazhirsky” and “Omsk-Prigorodny”. Both railway stations have been recently reconstructed and comply with the European standards.

The number of vehicles used for transportation of public transport enterprises is 1281units. To improve working efficiency of municipal passenger transport in 2010 the Administration of the city of Omsk carried out works.

The new system allows control public transport in a more effective way.

Works to improve the performance of municipal passenger transport (improvement of quality and safety of transportation services) are carried out using the system software facilities (video monitoring inside the vehicle, installation of electronic boards at the stops, posting timetables on website of the Administration of the city of Omsk, sending the information to cell phones, etc.)

It is planned to equip the stops located within the city with electronic boards operating in the unified satellite navigation system in 2011 within the framework of navigation system development in order to make Omsk citizens more informed on municipal passenger transport schedule.

Repair and reconstruction of traffic network is one of the priority directions of the city development. The Administration of the city of Omsk defined basic directions of Omsk social and economic development up to the year 2016. In this regard the Plan for the development of Omsk traffic network “City roads for the period until 2016” was approved.

Volume of funds necessary for the construction and reconstruction of transport facilities funded with all sources of financing amounts to 35 billion rubles.

Industry-specific development of production areas and provision of their territories with proper public utilities and transport infrastructure is taken into account for the city development.

It is envisaged to allocate on the territory of Northwest industrial zone a multimodal transport and logistics complex which will become a modern high-tech center for serving and processing of cargo traffic. The complex will fully satisfy the needs of economic sector and social sphere in cargo transportation.

Напишите сообщение о своем родном городе (поселке).

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III

Read and translate:

My college

At present, I am a first-year student of Omsk Industrial Economic College. This year I entered one of the biggest College of oil and gas profile in Russia. Choosing my professional way, I decided to follow my father's footsteps. More than 15 years ago, he graduated from Omsk Industrial college, which was set up in 1966.

 Nowadays our College consists of five brunches- apartments. There are technological, electromechanical, economical, information technology and petrochemical.

Everything flows, everything changes. Our College is not an exception. Therefore, modern information technologies became an integral part of educational process. All educational buildings are connected with each other by the Intranet. The College has at its disposal 12 multi-media laboratories, 50 display classrooms. We are proud of our library: its fund is about 1 million books. It should be noted that the registration of the library users is made automatically and all of them are provided with the electronic readers' cards.

The training course lasts 4 years. Each year is divided into two terms. Two times a term the students have the credits when they take credit tests. The final mark is the summary of all credits. In summer, the third- and fourth-year students have field placement at plants and factories of oil and gas fields.

Our College has three hostels, so, out-of-town students have possibility to choose: to rent apartments for the period of education or to live in a hostel. During their vacation, they go to see their parents.

The students' life is very interesting and saturated. Omsk Industrial Economical has rich cultural and sports traditions. All-College teams have won the first prizes at regional and town competitions. Our students participate in students' festivals where one may apply one's talents.

To tell the truth, I like to study at Omsk Industrial College. In four years, I will graduate from the College and I will do my best to become a good specialist.

Какие утверждения правильные, а какие – ложные.

1.    Our College is one of the biggest Colleges of agricultural profile in Russia.

2.    Is College its disposal 10 laboratories.

3.    The training course lasts 4 years.

4.    Unfortunately, all-College teams disgrace our College.

Ответь на вопросы

1.    When was Omsk Industrial College set up?

2.    What does our College consist of?

3.    What is the teaching staff of our University?

4.    How many hostels has our College?

5.    Did modern information technologies become a part of educational process of our College?

6.    Where can students apply their talents?

IV

Степени сравнения прилагательных:

Имя прилагательное в английском языке имеет две степени сравнения.

Положительная (the Positive Degree). Обозначает качество предмета, без сравнения этого качества

1.    Сравнительная (the Comparative Degree). Используется для сравнения качества двух и более предметов

2.    Превосходная (the Superlative Degree). Используется для выражения наивысшей степени качества

Сравнительная степень односложных прилагательных, некоторых двусложных и имен прилагательных оканчивающихся на y образуется при помощи прибавления суффикса -er к положительной степени.

·       cold (холодный) - colder (холоднее)

·       noisy (шумный) - noisier (более шумный)

Превосходная степень вышеперечисленных прилагательных образуется при помощи прибавления суффикса -est, и употребляется с определенным артиклем.

·       cold (холодный) - the coldest (самый холодный)

·       noisy (шумный) - the noisiest (самый шумный)

Если прилагательное заканчивается на согласную букву, перед которой стоит одна гласная, то в сравнительной и превосходной степени сравнения в английском языке конечная согласная удваивается.

·       big (большой) - bigger (больше) - the biggest (самый большой)

Если прилагательное заканчивается на букву y, перед которой стоит согласная буква, то в сравнительной и превосходной степени y меняется на i.

·       pretty (милый) - prettier (милее) - the prettiest (самый милый)

Если перед y стоит гласная, то y остается без изменений

·       grey (серый) - greyer (более серый) - the greyest (самый серый)

Большинство прилагательных, у которых два и более слогов, сравнительную степень образуют при помощи слова more, а превосходную при помощи слова most. Само прилагательное остается в положительной степени.

·       Difficult (сложный) - more difficult (более сложный) - the most difficult (самый сложный)

Существует группа прилагательных, образующих степени сравнения не по правилам.

·       good (хороший) - better (лучше) - the best (самый лучший)

·       little (маленький) - less (меньше) - the least (наименьший)

·       bad (плохой) - worse (хуже) - the worst (самый плохой, худший)

·       much (много с неисчисл.) - many (многие с исчисл.) - more (больше) - the most (больше всего)

Для усиления сравнительной степени употребляются слова much, far, a great deal.

Для усиления превосходной степени употребляются слова by far, much

При сравнении двух предметов одинакового качества используют конструкцию as + прилагательное в положительной степени + as

V

Read and translate:

Professions of the colleges

Petroleum engineers are involved in many aspects of the exploration and production process. They work with Geologists and geophysicists to analyze data to locate drilling sites where oil and gas may have accumulated in commercial quantities. Petroleum engineers work as drilling engineers to confirm the presence of oil and gas by drilling an exploration well. The job of the drilling engineer is to design and implement a procedure to drill the well as economically as possible.

These operations are conducted to protect the safety of the drilling crew and under the guidelines of state and national rules and regulations. A drilling engineer must manage the complex drilling operation including the people and technology. It is also important that the well be drilled so that the formations of interest can be evaluated as to its commercial value to the oil-company. Once the well is completed, the production engineer takes over. His job is to analyze, interpret, and optimize the performance of individual wells. The production engineer is responsible for determining how to bring hydrocarbons to the surface.

Geophysicists. Geology and geophysics are closely related fields. Geophysicists use the principles of physics, mathematics, and chemistry to study not only the earth's surface, but its internal composition, ground and surface waters, atmosphere, oceans, and its magnetic, electrical, and gravitational forces. Geophysicists use three methods of oil exploration: magnetic, gravity, and seismic exploration. In magnetic exploration a magnetometer is used to determine the strength of the earth's magnetic field at a specific point on the earth's surface. In gravity exploration a gravity meter, or gravimeter, is used to determine the strength of the earth's gravity at a specific location. The magnetometer and gravity meter are used to locate hidden, subsurface petroleum traps. In seismic exploration, sound is transmitted into the ground by an explosive, such as dynamite, or by a thumper truck. As the sound passes into the subsurface, it is reflected off subsurface rock layers and returns to the surface as echoes. The echoes are detected and recorded at the surface with microphones called geophones, or jugs. The recordings are processed to form a picture of subsurface rock layers

Geophysicists may specialize in areas such as geodesy, seismology, or marine geophysics, also known as physical oceanography. Geodesists study the size and shape of the earth, its gravitational field, tides, polar motion, and rotation. Seismologists interpret data from seismographs and other geophysical instruments to detect earthquakes and locate earthquake-related faults. Geomagnetists measure the Earth's magnetic field and use measurements taken over the past few centuries to devise theoretical models to explain its origin.

Paleomagnetists interpret fossil magnetization in rocks and sediments from the continents and oceans, which record the spreading of the sea floor, the wandering of the continents, and the many reversals of polarity that the earth's magnetic field has undergone through time.

The production engineer will determine the most efficient means to develop the field considering the viscosity of the crude oil, the gas-to-oil ratio, the depth and type or formation, and the project economics. The production engineer is also responsible for developing a system of surface equipment that will separate the oil, gas, and water.

Reservoir engineers determine the fluid and pressure distributions throughout the reservoir, the natural energy sources available, and the methods most useful in recovering the maximum amount of oil or gas from the reservoir. The reservoir engineer develops complex computer-based mathematical programs to model the fluid flow and formation pressures.

A well-log analyst takes down hole data during drilling or after a well is completed to evaluate the well's production potential. The well-log analyst helps take and analyze core samples. He often uses sophisticated electronic, nuclear, and acoustical tools that are sent down the well on a wire-line. Information from these tools is sent up the well bore to a computer system on the surface where engineers retrieve and interpret the data. This information helps the petroleum engineer determine if it is financially feasible to drill deeper, produce the well from explored zones of interest or take additional measurements. Working in conjunction with geologist, reservoir, and production engineers the well-log analyst will work with the team to decide where the next well should be drilled.

Chemical engineers are involved in many aspects of the oil and gas industry. Chemical engineering deals with processes that combine (or engineer) chemicals to produce desired products. Chemical engineers are responsible for transforming crude oil and natural gas into finished products such as gasoline and plastics. This process usually includes a chemical reaction in which two or more chemicals are combined to form a new chemical. The chemical engineer must also understand other processes such as separation, heat transfer, and fluid flow.

In the oil and gas industry, chemical engineers are employed to study the flow of fluids in oil and gas reservoirs, design and operate natural gas processing plants, construct and manage oil and gas pipelines, and to build and operate refineries. Chemical engineers work in developing and running the plants that manufacture chemicals such as polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride from natural gas liquids and crude oil.

Chemical engineers may work in research where they team with chemists to translate reactions from the laboratory to large-scale economical industrial production. Chemical engineers may design the large processes units where reactions occur and multi-story distillation towers where the products are separated. Chemical engineers work with mechanical and electrical engineers to improve the operation of plants and pipelines and to design instruments to measure and control processes.

The petroleum landman is responsible for obtaining permission to drill a well. Before land may be drilled on private land. In the United States and Canada, the land must be leased from the landowner that owns the subsurface oil and gas. Permits must be obtained from various government agencies before a well can be drilled. The permit helps to insure that the drilling company restores the land after the well is drilled and that it properly plugs and abandons nonproductive wells.

The petroleum landman is responsible for: acquisition or disposition of oil, natural gas or surface interests, negotiation, drafting or management of agreements respecting such interests, and supervision of land administration activities respecting such interests.

Petroleum landman are responsible for the acquisition, administration and disposition of mineral and/or surface rights for petroleum exploration and production companies, as well as related service and financial companies in the energy industry. Petroleum landman members work closely with their exploration, production, financial and legal counterparts within these companies to formulate and implement exploration strategies and to negotiate a wide variety of exploration, production, joint venture and other related arrangements. Petroleum landman need a fundamental understanding of oil and gas law and exploration and production operations.

The public affairs department provides interface with investors, media, and the public. Shareholder information is coordinated by this function. Public affairs department writes press releases on company achievements that are sent to the media.

Like any other large business, the petroleum industry employs accountants, information scientists, attorneys, human resources specialists, public relations experts, economists, secretaries, and technicians.

As the industry recognizes the importance of information and knowledge management, experts in these areas are needed to ensure that information flows smoothly in the company and that best practices are captured and shared. Typical disciplines in this area would be computer science and management information systems.

Like any other business, the petroleum industry needs attorneys. The global aspect of the industry means that company lawyers may be involved in negotiating contracts between the company and sovereign nations. Specialized courses in oil and gas law as well as a good understanding of industry basics are required.

Keeping track of the sources and uses of company funds is the responsibility of the petroleum industry accountants. Accountants working in the upstream area need specialized training and experience in accounting for exploration and production expenses and revenues in addition to their basic training.

The oil and gas industry is employing greater numbers of graduates with masters in business administration (MBA). Petroleum companies look to these graduates to bring managerial training to complement an undergraduate degree in technology. These graduates work in the finance department with engineers and scientists to analyze project economics and funding. Other MBAs are operating trading desks to buy and sell energy futures and derivatives. Many MBAs work in the planning department to help develop the company's goals and strategy.

VI

Present Perfect tense

Present Perfect Tense (Present Perfect) — это настоящее совершенное время в английском языке. Оно обозначает действие, которое завершилось в настоящий момент времени.

В этом и состоит основная сложность времени Present Perfect для изучающих. В русском языке нет времени аналогичного Present Perfect. Для нас если что-то происходит сейчас — это и есть настоящее, а если совершилось — это уже прошлое.

Но не для англичан. Они воспринимают время немного по-другому. По логике носителей языка, действие вполне может закончиться и в настоящем или близко к настоящему моменту. Для выражения такой связи прошлого с настоящим и существует Present Perfect.

Из-за этих особенностей в понимании действий и времени — на русский язык Present Perfect обычно переводится глаголом в прошедшем времени.

I have already done my homework — Я уже сделал домашнее задание

В этом примере используется время Present Perfect (have done), потому что речь идет о том, что действие (работа над домашним заданием) закончилось совсем недавно.

Но на русский язык мы переводим предложение используя прошедшее время (уже сделал).

Как образуется Present Perfect?

Время Present Perfect образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола have / has и Past Participle (третьей формы смыслового глагола: V3).

Вспомогательный глагол меняется в зависимости от подлежащего:

·       I / You / We / They → have (для 1-го, 2-го лица и форм множественного числа)

·       She / He / It → has (для 3-го лица единственного числа)

Завершает конструкцию времени Present Perfect смысловой глагол в третьей форме (V3).

Если смысловой глагол правильной формы — то его третья форма (V3) образуется при помощи окончания -ed.

Если смысловой глагол неправильный — то его третью форму (V3) берем из таблицы неправильных глаголов.

Например:

·       to try → tried (пытаться) to cook → cooked (готовить) to finish → finished (заканчивать)

·       to get → got (получать) to keep → kept (хранить) to see → seen (видеть)

Утверждение:

Утвердительное предложение в Present Perfect образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола have / has и смыслового глагола с окончанием -ed для правильных глаголов или третьей формы неправильного глагола (V3) по формуле:

·       I / You / We / They + have + Ved (V3)

·       She / He / It + has + Ved (V3)

I have decided — Я решил

You have played — Ты играл

He has done — Он сделал

It has turned on — Оно включилось

В предложениях и повседневной речи часто можно встретить сокращенную форму вспомогательных глаголов have / has. Она образуется при помощи добавления к подлежащему ‘ve (для have) или ‘s (для has):

·       I have = I’ve

·       You have = You’ve

·       We have = We’ve

·       They have = They’ve

·       She has = She’s

·       He has = He’s

·       It has = It’s

I’ve done my tasks — Я выполнил свои задачи

He’s washed the dishes — Он вымыл посуду

Отрицание:

Отрицательные предложения в Present Perfect образуется при помощи добавления частицы not после вспомогательного глагола have / has, но перед основным смысловым глаголом. Формула выглядит следующим образом:

·       I / You / We / They + have not + Ved (V3)

·       She / He / It + has not + Ved (V3)

I have not done my homework — Я не сделал домашнюю работу

They have not come — Они не пришли

She has not finished her tasks — Она не выполнила свои задачи

It has not turned on — Оно не включилось

В отрицании частицу not можно сократить путем присоединения ее к вспомогательному глаголу have / has:

·       Have not = haven’t

·       Has not = hasn’t

I haven’t washed my hair — Я не помыл волосы

She hasn’t been to London yet — Она еще не была в Лондоне

Вопрос:

Вопросительное предложение в Present Perfect образуется путем постановки вспомогательного глагола have / has в начало предложения. Формула будет такой:

·       Have + I / You / We / They + Ved (V3)

·       Has + She / He / It + Ved (V3)

Have I bought all the presents? — Я купил все подарки?

Have you finished the classes? — Ты закончил занятия?

Переведите на английский язык:

1.    Я знал этого мальчика, когда я ходил в школу.

2.    Они никогда не встречались раньше.

3.    Мои родители поженились 20 лет назад.

4.    Я уже целую вечность не видела своих друзей!

5.    Я только что приготовил кофе, будешь?

6.    Генри отправил письмо своим родителям на прошлой неделе.

7.    Он еще не получил ответ.

8.    Я потерял телефон вчера и до сих пор не нашел его.

9.    Он был таким голодным, что съел все, что было в холодильнике, и уснул.

10.     Уже 11 часов утра, а она все еще не встала.  

Тема 2.8.

Культурные и национальные традиции, краеведение, обычаи и праздники

Цель работы: активизировать лексику по теме в разных видах деятельности: чтение, аудирование, говорение.

(Время выполнения – 10 ч.)

1. Match the left and right columns.

1. Buckingham 2. Trafalgar 3. Hyde 4. Royal Botanic 5. Rolling 6 . Doctor 7. British 8 . National Portrait 9. Queen 10. Robert

a. Park b. Gallery c. Burns d. Airways e. Palace f. Victoria g. Garden h. Watson i. Stones j. Square

2. Study the grammar.

СТРАДАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ

THE PASSIVE VOICE

The Passive Voice показывает, что лицо или предмет, обозначенные подлежащим, являются объектами чьего-либо действия:

The British Isles are separated from the Continent by the sea. — Британские острова отделены от континента морем. Ср. с активным залогом.: The sea separates the British Isles from the Continent.

ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ СТРАДАТЕЛЬНОГО ЗАЛОГА

The Passive Voice образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени, лице и числе и причастия прошедшего времени (Participle II) смыслового глагола:

to take

Например:

Отрицательная и вопросительная формы образуются по тем же правилам,

что и формы действительного залога:

Luggage is not (isn't) examined by customs officers.

Was our luggage examined by the customs officers?

В английском языке есть глаголы, которые в пассивном залоге требуют употребления by-phrase — фразы, указывающей на деятеля производимого

действия: to accompany, to attend, to attract, to cause, to characterize,

to control, to follow, to govern, to influence, to join, to rule, to visit и др.:

The country is ruled by the Prime Minister. — Страной руководит премьер-министр.

3. Put the verbs in the correct form.

1. The UK (to be) constitutional monarchy. This (to mean) that the official head of state (to be) the monarch, but his or her powers (to limit) by the constitution. The British constitution (not to write) in any single document. Only some of the rules (to write) down in the form of ordinary laws (to pass) by Parliament at various times.

2. The British national flag (to call) "Union Jack". It (to symbolize) the Union of England, Scotland and Ireland and (to date) back from 1801. The flag (to make) up of the crosses of the patron saints of England, Ireland and Scotland. Wales (not to represent) because when the flag first (to appear), it already (to unite) with England.

4. Read after the speaker.

Northern Ireland, Northwest England, the British Isles, the Straits of Dover, the English Channel, Birmingham, Liverpool, Manchester, Glasgow, Edinburgh, Belfast, the Highlands, the River Thames, the River Severn, Gloucester, Gloucestershire.

5. Study the following words and expressions.

The British Isles — Британские острова

the Straits of Dover — пролив Па-де-Кале

sheep-breeding — овцеводство

scenery — пейзаж

moor(land) — вересковая пустошь

plain — равнина

sovereign — монарх

to reign — править

fertile — плодородный

populated — населенный

mountainous — гористый

vast — обширный

rocky — скалистый

coastal — прибрежный

valley — долина

machinery — машиностроение

food processing — пищевая

промышленность

industry — отрасль

6. Read the text.

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland with an area of 244.000 square miles is situated in the British Isles, which are separated from the European continent by the North Sea, the Straits of Dover and the English Channel.

It consists of four parts - England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The population of the UK is over 62 million. Four out of five people live in towns. The largest cities in the country are London, Birmingham, Liverpool, Manchester, Glasgow and Edinburgh. Nevertheless, agriculture is also well-developed, especially sheep-breeding in Scotland.

The territory of the country is small but it has a wide variety of landscape and scenery. There are moors, rivers, lakes, mountains, hills and plains there.

Politically the UK is a monarchy: the head of state is the King or Queen. In practice the Sovereign reigns, but does not rule: Great Britain is governed by the Government. The present Sovereign is Queen Elizabeth II. The real ruler of the country is the Prime Minister representing the party in power.

The heart of the UK is England. It is the richest, the most fertile and most populated in the country. The north and the west of England are mountainous, but the remainder of the territory is a vast plain. In Northwest England there are many beautiful lakes with green, wooded or grassy shores and grey mountains all around.

The smallest country is Wales. The largest part of Wales is covered with rocky mountains, which are difficult to climb. Most people in Wales live in the coastal plains.

Scotland is a land of mountains, wild moorlands, narrow valleys and plains, famous lakes, known as lochs and no end of large and small islands. The Highlands of Scotland are among the oldest mountains in the world. One third of the people in Scotland live in or near its capital, Edinburgh, and its great industrial centre, Glasgow.

Northern Ireland became a part of the United Kingdom in 1920. The land is mountainous and has few natural resources. Farming, machinery and equipment manufacturing, food Processing, textile and electronics manufacturing are the leading industries. Belfast is the capital and the largest city.

The capital of the UK, London, stands on the Thames. The Thames is the busiest and the most important river in the UK, but it is not very long.

6. Are these statements true or false? Correct the false ones.

1. Great Britain consists of three parts.

2. The territory of the country is large: 244,000 square miles. (Transform it into square kilometres: 1 mile = 1,609 km.)

3. The smallest part is Wales.

4. Most people in Wales live in the mountains.

5. The Highlands are the oldest mountains in the world.

6. They are situated in Wales.

7. Glasgow is a great agricultural centre.

8. Northern Ireland is rich in natural resources.

9. The real ruler of the country is the Queen.

10. The United Kingdom is a parliamentary republic.

7. Listen to the sentences and match the dates with the events. Listen again and check.

a. 1588 b. 1805 c. 1689 d. 1847 e. 1707 f. 1790s g. 1815 h. 1853 - 56 i. 122 j. 1783

1. The Duke of Wellington defeated Napoleon. 2. The period of the Crimean War. 3. Hadrian's Wall was built. 4. The Invincible Armada was destroyed. 5. Britain was engaged into the Napoleonic Wars. 6 . The Ten-Hours' Bill was issued. 7. The Kingdom of Great Britain was formed. 8 . Britain recognized American independence. 9. The naval Battle of Trafalgar was fought. 10. King James landed in Ireland.

8. Fill in the gaps with the following words and word combinations.

a. customs and traditions b. sheep-breeding c. from a cultural aspect d. Oxford University e. the House of Lords f. ships

g. the Straits of Dover h. computing and electronics i. varied j. the House of Commons k. shipyards l. textiles

1. The British Parliament consists of ............and ................. 2. Englishmen always respect their............... 3. The United Kingdom is separated from the continent by ............... 4. Many young people from all over the world would like to enter............... 5. Agriculture is developed in Scotland, especially............... 6 . The climate of the UK is ............... 7. Liverpool is famous............as the Beatles were organized there. 8 . Among British industries the most developed a r e ............... 9. Two thirds of the world's............used to come from U K ................. 10. In the early 18th century British............manufacture was based on wool which was processed by individual artisans.

9. Put the verbs in the correct form.

Jane (to be) very excited because her friend Alexander (to come) to London tomorrow morning. His plane (to arrive) at 8:30. Of course, she (to meet) him at the airport. Then she (to take) him to her house. They (to have) breakfast together. After that she (to take) him to some places of interest. She (to be) sure her friend (to be) pleased with that because this is his first visit to the United Kingdom. She (to plan) to take him to the National Gallery and the British Museum. She (to arrange) a trip to Regent's Park. She (to hope) her guest (to enjoy) his stay in London.

10. Choose one of the British cities and write about it using the following plan:

• geographic location;

• scenery;

• climate;

• flora and fauna;

• population;

• main industries;

• places of interest.

11. Give general information about the United Kingdom using the following prompts.

Britain which is formally known as the United Kingdom of . . . is the political unity of . . .

It is located . . .

Its total area is about. . .

The coasts of the UK are washed by . . .

The scenery is . . .

The capital of the UK is . . .

The official language is . ..

The national symbols of the UK are . . .

Its form of government is a . . .

Officially the supreme legislative authority is the . . . and the two Houses of Parliament: . . .

But the Queen . . .

There are three major political parties:. . .

The largest cities are . . .

The chief river is . . .

Britain's major industries include .. .

12. Do you know what superstition is? Match the left and right columns and read the superstitions.

1. Lucky to knock 2. The luck runs out of the horseshoe 3. Friday the thirteenth 4. The bride and groom 5. If you drop a table knife, 6 . Unlucky to spill 7. Cut your hair 8. To give someone a purse or wallet without money in it 9. If your palm itches, 10. The one who catches the bridal bouquet

a. salt. b. is a very unlucky day. c. will bring that person bad luck. d. when the moon is growing. e. you will soon receive money. f. if it is upside down. g. expect a male visitor. h. will be the next to marry. i. must not meet on the day of the wedding. j. on wood.

13. Study the grammar.

АРТИКЛИ С ГЕОГРАФИЧЕСКИМИ НАЗВАНИЯМИ
ARTICLES WITH GEOGRAPHIC NAMES

Артикль the употребляется:

·         с названиями стран, в состав которых входят слова Union, Kingdom, States, Federation, Republic и т.п.: the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, the United States, the Irish Republic;

·         с названиями во множественном числе: the Netherlands, the Philippines;

·         с названиями-аббревиатурами: the USSR, the UK, the USA.

Артикль the употребляется в названии the Hague.

АРТИКЛИ С НАЗВАНИЯМИ СТРАН СВЕТА
ARTICLES WITH THE POINTS OF THE COMPASS

the north the south

the east the west

the northwest the northeast

the southwest the southeast

15. Read after the speaker. Do you know what holidays these words are related to?

Barbecue, parade, basket, poppy, harvest festival, fireplace, bonfire, firework, wreath, jack-o'lantern, teddy bear, cranberry sauce, the Declaration of Independence, two minutes' silence, lamb.

16. Study the following words and expressions.

custom — обычай

wassail — празднование святок

superstition — суеверие, примета,

обычай

precedent — прецедент

politeness — вежливость

feature — черта (характера),

особенность

fireplace — камин

lucky draw prize — лотерейный

выигрыш (билеты раздаются

на входе)

blessing — благословение

priest — священник

to reflect — отражать

Aboriginal culture — культура

аборигенов

prairie — прерия

tribal elder — старейшина племени

carved — резной

bone — кость

17. Read the text.

Great Britain

Some English customs and traditions are famous all over the world. Tea and talking about the weather, for example. England is a land rich with traditions ranging from wassailing to special holiday events and superstitions.

In Great Britain there is no written constitution, only customs, traditions and precedents. Traditionally the Queen reigns but does not rule.

English people have traditions not only in political, but in social life. They like to spend their  free time in Pubs where they can have a glass of beer and talk about different things with their friends.

A typical feature of an English house is a fireplace, even when there is central heating in the house. Many families have pets — a dog, a cat or a bird.

Politeness is a characteristic feature of English people. They often say "Thank you", "Sorry", "Beg your pardon".

Australia

Many Australians come together on St Patrick's Day to celebrate Irish culture and remember St Patrick. Some organizations hold St Patrick's Day breakfasts and lunches where lucky draw prizes are given and Irish food and drinks are served. On St Patrick's Day parades people wear traditional Irish costumes or dress in green.

Ireland

Many families prepare their homes for Easter Sunday by doing "spring cleaning" to prepare the house for blessing by the local priest which is a religious ceremony that dates back hundreds of years.

Canada

Canadian culture reflects a heavy influence of British, American and Aboriginal culture and traditions. For example, according to Canadian prairie etiquette, if a neighbour brings you a plate of food, you must return the plate dirty; washing it will bring bad luck.

New Zealand

Church weddings are the most traditional marriage celebrations in New Zealand. According to custom, the groom should not see the bride before she joins him at the front of the church on their wedding day. The Maori wedding ceremony is conducted by a tribal elder and the couple is blessed in the Maori language. Wedding rings made of carved bone are also popular amongst those wishing to include the ancient culture in their Wedding.

18. Are these statements true or false? Correct the false ones.

1. All English traditions are famous all over the world.

2. Wassailing is a kind of English superstition.

3. According to the British constitution the Queen reigns but does not rule.

4. English people like to spend their free time at home.

5. You can find fireplaces in English houses where there is no central heating.

6 . British people are very polite.

7. Many Irish people come to Australia to celebrate St Patrick's Day.

8. Many Australian families do "spring cleaning" on Easter Day.

9. In New Zealand all the wedding ceremonies should be conducted in accordance with Maori customs.

10. Canadian culture reflects an influence of Australian traditions.

19. Listen to the dialogues and fill in the gaps with the words from the box.

pumpkins, trick-or-treating, Christmas tree, ghosts, Christmas, witches, Halloween, presents, funny, goblins, decorated, lanterns

1. — Hello, Alex!

— Hi, Ann! Haven't seen you for ages! Where have you been?

— Oh, I was at my relatives'. We celebrated...............It was wonderful! We ……the house and the ............... I love this tradition. I bought............. for my relatives and I got a lot of nice ...............

— You're lucky. Did you go out anywhere?

— Yes, we walked a lot. And we also visited some of their friends.

— Do you plan to go there n ex t............?

— Yes, I'd love to.

2. — Hello, Nadia! What are your plans for October 31st?

— Hi, Pete! Don't you know we are celebrating............? It's an old English tradition and we also like it.

— Yes, I heard something about it, but I never took part in it. Could you tell me about it?

— Sure! Listen. On that day many homes are decorated and lit by ............made from............. that have been hollowed out.

— Really? That's interesting. Go on, please.

— We dress up a s ............, ............. a n d .............. and g o ............. to neighbours.

— But why?

— Well, it's an old tradition. Besides, it's rather...............

20. Fill in the gaps with articles where necessary.

1. The oldest country in the world i s ............Iran, which was known as .............Persia until 1934.

2. The hunters got lost in ............Rocky Mountains.

3. ...............Iceland is a volcanic island.

4. The highest peak i n ............North America i s .............Mount McKinley.

5. They are planning to v is it............Lake Chad in .............North Central Africa during their holiday.

6. Although............Australia is the smallest continent, it is the largest island in the world.

7. Europe extends from.............British Isles in .............west towards...........Urals in ........... east.

8. Republic of Ireland is a state in .............West Europe.

9. Dead Sea, also called............. Salt Sea, is a salt lake bordering............. Jordan to ............east an d .............. Israel an d .............West Bank to .............west.

10. ..............Tasmania, located............. southeast of .............mainland Australia, is a major tourist attraction due to its diverse and spectacular scenery, unspoilt wilderness and heritage.

21. Fill in the gaps with the following words and word combinations.

a. gifts b. the USA c. turkey d. February e. politeness f. wool sack g- Thanksgiving Day h. cranberry sauce i. domestic j- the eve k. chimney sweeps

1. Halloween or ............of All Saints' Day is celebrated on October 31. 2. Though there are few ............working today, a Sweeps Festival is celebrated in Rochester on the first weekend in May, in honour of this old profession. 3. St Valentine's Day is celebrated on ............14. 4. To present............on Christmas is a good tradition. 5. ...........is a characteristic feature of English people. 6. I know that many English people like ............ animals. 7. Thanksgiving Day is very popular in ............... 8. The people can spend............with their families, as it is a four-day holiday. 9. As the ........... cooks, make the simple homemade................ 10. The Lord Chancellor presides over Parliament sitting on a .............. which symbolizes the importance of wool in English

Тема 2.9.

 Научно-технический прогресс.

 Время выполнения – 8.ч.

Цель работы: активизировать лексику и грамматику по теме в разных видах деятельности: чтение, аудирование, говорение.

Mechanization

I. Запомните следующие слова и выражения. Переведите предложения с их использованием

1. feedback control — управление с обратной связью

Development of automation has provided the three basic building blocks: a source of power to perform some action, feedback control, and machine programming.

2. accomplish — выполнять, совершенствовать

An automated system is designed to accomplish some useful action.

3. available — доступный, пригодный

There are many sources of power available.

4. versatile — универсальный, разносторонний

Electrical power is the most versatile.

5. fossil fuel — угольное топливо

Electrical power can be readily generated from fossil fuel.

6. solar — солнечный

They use a solar powered water pump.

7. nuclear — ядерный

It is a nuclear reactor.

8. processing — обработка, технология

The actions performed by automated systems are generally of two types: processing, transfer and positioning.

9. shaping — строгание, придание формы

10. molding (moulding) — формовка, отливка

11. data — данные

The process may involve the shaping of metal, the molding of plastic, or the processing of data.

12. entail — вызывать, влечь за собой

All these actions entail the use of energy.

13. state — состояние, положение

There is a normal state of a system.

14. condition — условие, состояние

They lay down conditions.

15. product — изделие

It is most readily seen in automated manufacturing systems designed to perform work on a product.

II. Прочитайте и переведите текст

MECHANIZATION

Mechanization was the first step necessary in the development of automation. The simplification of work made it possible to design and build machines that resembled the motions of the worker. These specialized machines were motorized and they had better production efficiency. Development of automation has provided the three basic building blocks:

•  a source of power to perform some action,

•  feedback control,

•  machine programming.

Almost without exception, an automated system will exhibit all these elements. An automated system is designed to accomplish some useful action, and that action requires power. There are many sources of power available, but the most commonly used power in today’s automated systems is electricity. Electrical power is the most versatile, because it can be readily generated from other sources (e.g., fossil fuel, hydroelectric, solar, and nuclear) and it can be converted into other types of power (e.g., mechanical, hydraulic, and pneumatic) to perform useful work. In addition, electrical energy can be stored in high-performance, long-life batteries.

The actions performed by automated systems are generally of two types:

•  processing,

•  transfer and positioning.

   In the first case, energy is applied to accomplish some processing operation on some object. The process may involve the shaping of metal, the molding of plastic, the switching of electrical signals in a communication system, or the processing of data in a computerized information system. All these actions entail the use of energy to transform the entity (e.g., the metal, plastic, electrical signals, or data) from one state or condition into another more valuable state or condition. The second type of action — transfer and positioning — is most readily seen in automated manufacturing systems designed to perform work on a product. In these cases, the product must generally be moved (transferred) from one location to another during the series of processing steps. At each processing location, accurate positioning of the product is generally required. In automated communications and information systems, the terms transfer and positioning refer to the movement of data or electrical signals among various processing units and the delivery of information to output terminals (printers, video display units, etc.) for interpretation and use by humans.

III. Ответьте на следующие вопросы

1. What was the first step necessary in the development of automation?

2. Which basic building blocks of automation do you know?

3. What is the most commonly used power in today’s automated systems?

4. Which actions do automated systems perform?

5. What does processing mean?

IV. Переведите предложения на английский язык

1. Машины были оснащены электрическими приводами.

2. Они имели лучшую производительность.

3. Автоматическая система проектируется для выполнения какойлибо полезной работы.

4. Электрическая энергия является наиболее универсальной, так как она может быть легко получена из других источников энергии.

 5. Изделие должно быть перемещено из одной позиции в другую.

V. Найдите соответствие между английскими и русскими словами

1. available                  придание формы

2. solar                                    ядерный

3. nuclear                    доступный

4. shaping                   состояние

5. fuel                         изделие

6. state                        топливо

7. product                    отливка

8. molding                  универсальный

9. versatile                  солнечный

VI. Скажите, соответствуют ли действительности данные утверждения?

1. Mechanization was the second step necessary in the development of automation.

 2. Electrical power is the most versatile.

3. The actions performed by automated systems are generally of four types.

4. At each processing location, accurate positioning of the product is not generally required.

 5. Electrical energy can be stored in long-life batteries.

VII. Скажите на английском языке, какие операции могут быть автоматизированы

VIII. Вставьте данные слова в соответствующие предложения

refer — to accomplish — be transferred

1. Energy is applied _____________ some processing operation on some object

2. The product must generally _____________ from one location to an other during the series of processing steps.

3. The terms transfer and positioning _____________ to the movement of data or electrical signals among various processing units and the delivery of information to output terminals.

IX. Переведите однокоренные слова

1. processing — to process — processible — processed

2. transfer — to transfer — transference — transferred

3. positioning — position — to pose — positional

Прочитайте и переведите текст

ROBOTS (РОБОТЫ)

The word robot was introduced into the English language in 1921 by the playwright Karel Capek in his satirical drama, R. U. R. (Rossum’s Universal Robots). In this work, robots are machines that resemble people, but work tirelessly. Initially, the robots were manufactured for profit to replace human workers but, toward the end, the robots turned against their creators, annihilating the entire human race (Figure 1.1). Capek’s play is largely responsible for some of the views popularly held about robots to this day, including the perception of robots as humanlike machines endowed with intelligence and individual personalities. This image was reinforced by the 1926 German robot film Metropolis, by the walking robot Electro and his dog Sparko, displayed in 1939 at the New York World’s Fair, and more recently by the robot C3PO featured in the 1977 film Star Wars. Modem industrial robots certainly appear primitive when compared with the expectations created by the communications media during the past six decades.

These systems were of the master — slave type, designed to reproduce faithfully hand and arm motions made by a human operator. The master manipulator was guided by the user through a sequence of motions, while the slave manipulator duplicated the master unit as closely as possible. Later, force feedback was added by mechanically coupling the motion of the master and slave units so that the operator could feel the forces as they developed between the slave manipulator and its environment. In the mid-1950s the mechanical coupling was replaced by electric and hydraulic power in manipulators.

While programmed robots offered a novel and powerful manufacturing tool, it became evident in the 1960s that the flexibility of these machines could be enhanced significantly by the use of sensory feedback.

This work is one of the first examples of a robot capable of adaptive behavior in a reasonably unstructured environment. The manipulative system consisted of an ANL Model-8 manipulator with 6 degrees of freedom controlled by a computer through an interfacing device. This research program later evolved as part of project MAC, and a television camera was added to the manipulator to begin machine perception research.

In 1974, CincinnatI. Milacron introduced its first computer controlled industrial robot. Called “The Tomorrow Tool”, it could lift over 100 lb as well as manipulate moving objects on an assembly line.

Figure 1.2 – Place of FMS in automation

The flexible manufacturing system (FMS) technology has a relatively brief history. The progress of computing machines has made it possible to introduce a wide-scale automation of all branches of industry which gave rise to independent development of automation processes.

The development of FMS began with the appearance of industrial robots, processing centres1, microcomputers, computer-aided designing, etc. followed by the introduction of robotized complexes and flexible modules, automated lines and shops and at last automated factories provided with flexible technology and computer- based artificial intelligence. Figure 1.1 shows a place of FMS in automation.

The main reasons for designing and implementing FMS are the economic benefits of the system. They include first of all greater productivity, which means a greater output and a lower unit cost on a smaller floor space.

III Ответьте на следующие вопросы

1. When was the word robot introduced?

2. What systems were designed to reproduce faithfully hand and arm motions made by a human operator?

3. How many degrees of freedom had an ANL Model-8 manipulator?

4. When was the VERSATRAN commercial robot introduced?

5. What were the main reasons for designing and implementing FMS?

IV Переведите значение 100 lb в метрическую систему мер, используя приложение ПЗ

V. Переведите предложения на английский язык

1. Роботы — это машины, похожие на людей.

2. Гибкость этих машин могла быть значительно повышена использованием обратной связи по измерительной информации.

3. В 1974 году был представлен первый промышленный робот, управляемый от компьютера.

4. Гибкие производственные системы имеют относительно короткую историю.

5. Прогресс вычислительной техники позволил внедрить автоматику во все отрасли промышленности.

VI. Найдите соответствие между английскими и русскими словами

1. conjunction                             соединение

2. Walking                                    гибкий

3. environment                            степень

4. Degree                                      наделять

5. Flexible                                     неопределенный

6. endow                                      внешняя обстановка

7. Unstructured                          шагающий

VII. Скажите, соответствуют ли действительности данные утверждения?

1. During the late 1950s research programs were started to develop remotely controlled mechanical manipulators for handling radioactive materials.

2. The slave manipulator duplicated the master unit as closely as possible.

3. It became evident in the 1970s that the flexibility of these machines could be enhanced significantly by the use of sensory feedback.

4. The device, called the MH-1, could fee! blocks and use this information to control the hand so that it stacked the blocks without operator assistance.

5. The development of FMS began before appearance of industrial robots.

VIII. Вставьте данные слова в соответствующие предложения

guided – manufactured – include

1. Initially, the robots were ........................... for profit to replace human workers.

2. The master manipulator was ……………………... by the user through a sequence of motions.

3. They ……………………. first of all greater productivity.

IX.Определите, в каких словах начальные буквы «re» означают повторяемость действия

replace — reinforced — reproduce — resemble — reprogrammed — research — relative — reasonably — reported

Грамматика: Неопределённые местоимения:

Неопределенное местоимение some

1. Английское местоимение some не имеет категории рода, числа и падежа. Оно употребляется как определение перед существительным или самостоятельно. На русский язык оно чаще всего не переводится и в английском языке часто, но не всегда, употребляется в утвердительных предложениях.

Примеры:There are some letters on the shelf. – На полке несколько писем (утвердительное предложение).

Pass me some bread, please. – Передайте мне хлеб, пожалуйста (побудительное предложение).

Who has got some coloured pencils? – У кого есть цветные карандаши? (специальный вопрос)

2. Местоимение some часто употребляется в вопросах, на которые ожидается получение ответа «yes» – “да”. Some также употребляется в вопросах, когда содержащиеся в них просьба или предложение подсказывают слушателю ответить положительно- «yes».

Примеры:Could I have some more coffee, please? – Yes, of course. – Можно мне еще кофе, пожалуйста? Да, пожалуйста.

3. Местоимение some часто употребляется для создания контраста.

Примеры:Some museums are worth visiting, but others aren’t. Некоторые музеи стоят того, чтобы их посетить, но другие нет.

Неопределенное местоимение any

1. Английское местоимение any не имеет категории рода, числа и падежа. Оно употребляется как определение перед существительным или самостоятельно. В английском языке чаще всего употребляется в отрицательных предложениях, но не всегда.

Примеры:There is not any chalk in this box. – В этой коробке нет (совсем) мела (отрицательное предложение).

Have you got any writing paper? – У вас есть какая-нибудь бумага для записей? (вопросительное предложение)

If you need any information, tell me. – Если тебе нужна какая-либо информация, скажи мне (условное предложение)

I can come and see you any day next week. – Я могу прийти и увидеть тебя в любой день на следующей неделе.

2. Местоимение any употребляется после слов с отрицательным значением, например without – без, если не, never– никогда, seldom – нечасто, rarely – редко, hardly – едва, почти не и т.д.

Примеры:I found a taxi without any trouble. – Я нашла такси без (каких-либо) проблем.

Неопределенное местоимение one

1. Местоимение one имеет категории падежа и числа и в предложении выступает в роли определения. Форма притяжательного падежа образуется как у существительного. Форма множественного числа образуется прибавлением окончания –s.

Примеры:One must always be in time for classes. – На занятия нужно приходить вовремя. (предложение соответствует русскому неопределенно-личному предложению для обозначения неопределенного лица)

My new house is much bigger than my old one. – Мой новый дом намного больше, чем старый (во избежание повтора ранее упомянутого существительного).

2. Неопределенный артикль a/an употребляется с one в том случае, если перед ним стоит прилагательное, например, a blue one, но не a one.

Примеры:I’m looking for a dress. I want a red one. – Я ищу платье. Я хочу красное.

I’m looking for a dress. I want one with beading. – Я ищу платье. Я хочу расшитое бисером.

3. Часто местоимение one употребляется после указательных прилагательных this и that. Но множественное число ones употребляется только после these и those, когда перед ними стоит прилагательное.

Примеры:Which picture do you prefer, this one or that one? – Какую картину вы предпочитаете, эту или ту?

I like these shoes more than those. – Мне эти туфли нравятся больше чем те.

I like these shoes more than those white ones. – Мне нравятся эти туфли больше, чем те белые (перед местоимение ones стоит прилагательное white).

4. Местоимение one может употребляться в вопросах Which one(s)..? и после each.

Примеры:Which one is correct? – – Какой из них правильный? (например об ответе)

Еach one did his part. – Каждый выполнил то, что ему полагалось.

5. Местоимение one(s) употребляется только вместо исчисляемых существительных. С неисчисляемыми существительными (glass – стекло, water – вода, sand – песок и т.д.) существительное или повторяется, или его часто можно опускать.

Примеры:There is some brown sugar in the cupboard, but there isn’t any white (sugar). – В шкафу есть коричневый сахар, но нет белого (сахара).

Производные от местоимений some и any – something, anything, somebody, anybody, anyone, someone, и т.д.

1. Производные неопределенные местоимения образуются добавлением к some и any -thing, -body, -one и не имеют категории рода и числа. Разница между something/somebody и anything/anybody и т.д. аналогична разнице между some и any.

2. Производные неопределенные местоимения something/somebody/someone употребляются, чаще всего, в утвердительных предложениях, а anything/anybody/anyone употребляются в отрицательных предложениях и вопросах.

Примеры:It may be something you need, something you want or something you desire. – Это может быть что-то, что тебе нужно, что-то, что ты хочешь или что-то, о чем ты мечтаешь.

Somebody has written in my book. – Кто-то написал в моей книге.

There isn’t anybody watching the TV at the moment. – В данный момент никто не смотрит телевизор.

Have you got anything to say? У вас есть что сказать?

Но обратите внимание, что очень часто в английском языке something/somebody и т.д. употребляются в вопросах, когда мы ожидаем или хотим получить ответ «yes» (при выражении предложений и просьб).

Примеры:Can I get you something to drink? – Могу я предложить вам что-нибудь выпить?

Would you like someone to help you? – Вы бы хотели, чтобы вам кто-нибудь помог?

3. Если производные от местоимения some и any выступают в роли подлежащего, глагол употребляется в единственном числе.

Примеры:Something is wrong with you. – Что-то с тобой не так.

Anything is possible! – Возможно все!

4. Местоимения, заканчивающиеся на –body или –one, например, somebody/someone, anybody/anyone имеют категорию падежа – общий и притяжательный. Форма притяжательного падежа образуется по аналогии с существительным.

Примеры:There was someone’s bag in the hall. – В прихожей висела чья-то сумка.

Automation and Society (Автоматизация и Общество)

I.Запомните следующие слова и выражения. Переведите предложения с их использованием

1.   skill — мастерство, умение

Greater emphasis is placed on knowledge-based work and technical skill.

2.   machine maintenance — техническое обслуживание

The types of jobs found in modern factories include more machine maintenance.

3.   proficient — умелый, опытный

Workers in automated facilities must be technologically proficient to perform these jobs.

4.   shortage — нехватка, недостаток

There has developed a shortage of technically trained personnel.

5.   state-of-the-art — современный, передовой

6.   stateoftheart — современное состояние, положение дел (в науке и технике)

The laboratory equipment available in schools does not always represent the state-of-the-art technology.

7.   workmanship — квалификация, качество работы

Despite the claims of high quality from good workmanship by humans, automated systems typically perform the manufacturing process with less variability than human workers.

8.   scrap — отходы материала

Increased process control makes more efficient use of materials, resulting in less scrap.

II. Прочитайте и переведите текст

AUTOMATION AND SOCIETY

Over the years, the social merits of automation have been argued by labour leaders, business executives, government officials, and college professors.  Automation affects not only the number of workers in factories but also the way of work that is done. The automated factory is oriented toward the use of computer systems and sophisticated programmable machines rather than manual labour. Greater emphasis is placed on knowledge-based work and technical skill rather than physical work. The types of jobs found in modem factories include more machine maintenance, improved scheduling and process optimization, systems analysis, and computer programming and operation. Consequently, workers in automated facilities must be technologically proficient to perform these jobs. Professional and semiprofessional positions, as well as traditional labour jobs, are affected by this shift in emphasis toward factory automation.  A number of issues related to education and training have been raised by the increased use of automation, robotics, computer systems, and related technologies. As automation has increased, there has developed a shortage of technically trained personnel to implement these technologies competently. This shortage has had a direct influence on the rate at which automated systems can be introduced.  Advantages commonly attributed to automation include increased productivity, more efficient use of materials, better product quality, improved safety, shorter workweeks for labour, and reduced factory lead times. Higher output and increased productivity have been two of the biggest reasons in justifying the use of automation. Despite the claims of high quality from good workmanship by humans, automated systems typically perform the manufacturing process with less variability than human workers, resulting in greater control and consistency of product quality. Also, increased process control makes more efficient use of materials, resulting in less scrap. Worker safety is an important reason for automating an industrial operation. Automated systems often remove workers from the workplace, thus safeguarding them against the hazards of the factory environment. Automation is an opportunity to relieve humans from repetitive, hazardous, and unpleasant labour in all forms. And there is an opportunity for future automation technologies to provide a growing social and economic environment in which humans can enjoy a higher standard of living and a better way of life.

III Ответьте на следующие вопросы

1.   Have the social merits of automation been argued?

2.   Does automation affect the way work that is done?

3.   Do the types of jobs found in modem factories include more machine maintenance?

4.   What is the correlation between automation and labour content?

5.   What is an important reason for automating an industrial operation?

IV. Переведите предложения на английский язык

1.   Важным аспектом автоматизации является повышение производительности.

2.   Автоматизированные заводы ориентированы на использование компьютерных систем и сложных программируемых машин.

3.   Рабочие, обслуживающие автоматическое оборудование, должны быть квалифицированы.

4.   Автоматические системы обычно выполняют технологический процесс с меньшими отклонениями, чем рабочие.

5.   Автоматизация позволяет освободить людей от монотонного и опасного труда.

V. Найдите соответствие между английскими и русскими словами

1.   skill    недостаток

2.   maintenance           квалификация

3.   proficient    отходы материала

4.   shortage      умелый

5.   workmanship         обслуживание

6.   scra    мастерство

VI.Скажите, соответствуют ли действительности данные утверждения?

1.   The biggest controversy has focused on how automation affects employment.

2.   Automation does not affect the number of workers in factories.

3.   Besides affecting individual workers, automation has an impact on society in general.

4.   A properly justified automation project will increase labour content.

5.   Worker safety is an important reason for automating an industrial operation.

VII.Вставьте данные слова в соответствующие предложения

mustbe — raises — hasfocused

1.   The biggest controversy    on how automation affects employ

ment.

2.   Workers in automated facilities    technologically proficient.

3.   The shortage of skilled staffing in automation technologies      

the need for vocational and technical training.

Тема 2.10.

Искусство и развлечения

Цель работы: активизировать лексику по теме в разных видах деятельности: чтение, аудирование, говорение.

Время выполнения – 9 ч.

1. Study the grammar.

LOVE, LIKE, ENJOY etc + INFINITIVE/Ving

После глаголов love, like, dislike, hate, start, begin, continue, stop и некоторых других может употребляться как инфинитив смыслового глагола, так и смысловой глагол с окончанием -ing:

I love to watch / watching films at night.

He likes to play / playing football.

She hates to wash / washing the dishes.

They enjoy reading.

I am finishing reading this book.

to stop doing sth = not to continue an activity

to stop to do sth = to stop what you are doing in order to do sth

2. Rewrite the sentences using love/likelenjoy + Ving.

1. I (to love, to read) and (to listen to) the music.

2. He (not to like, to play) chess.

3. We (to like, to correspond) with each other very much.

4. Bob (to hate, to wash) the dishes.

5. We (to enjoy, to travel) round our country.

6. They (to like, to chat) with each other in the evenings.

7. Mary and her mum (to love, to do shopping).

8. My parents (not to like, to go) to the theatre.

9. I (to hate, to stay) at home at the weekends!

10. What do you really (to enjoy, to do)?

11. What do you (to like, to make)?

12. She (to continue, to work) in the school library.

13. Finally it (to stop, to rain).

14. After you (to finish, to study) take some time to relax.

15. Unfortunately many people (to dislike, to do) morning exercises.

3. Study the following words and expressions.

hobby — увлечение

concern — беспокойство

to share sb's ideas with sb — делиться мыслями с кем-либо

activity — деятельность

entertainment — развлечение

performance — спектакль, представление

to attend — посещать

leisure — отдых, досуг

sense — чувство

excitement — восхищение

expectation — ожидание, надежды

pursuit — занятие

to pass sb's free time — проводить свободное время

environment — экологический

occupation — занятие

to surf the Internet — сидеть в Интернете, бродить по Интернету

to go in for sport — заниматься спортом

contest — состязание, конкурс

pastime — времяпрепровождение

calm — спокойный

widespread — распространенный

rabbit — кролик

trick — трюк

plant — растение

cacti pi — кактусы

motorbike — мотоцикл

part — деталь

the World Wide Web — Всемирная паутина

reggae — регги (музыкальное направление)

gainer — предпочтение

fantasy — фэнтези

to develop — развиваться

to satisfy — удовлетворять

4. Read the text. Make a list of all the people's activities mentioned in the text.

Nowadays it's hard to name all the activities, entertainments and hobbies practiced by people in their free time. A growing number of people prefer watching films, performances, sporting events on TV to attending them. There exist quite different sorts of leisure activities which give thousands of people a sense of excitement and expectation. There are various pursuits at people choose to pass their free time. Today people spend hours watching different informative, educational or environment programmes. Other popular occupations are surfing the Internet, playing computer games, listening to the radio, reading books (often ebooks!), painting and so on. Many people prefer to go in for different kinds of sports and lead an active way of life. Sometimes they participate in competitions or contests and have a very good pastime. There are people that prefer a calm way of spending their free time. They are fond of walks in parks or gardens. More serious people prefer to visit museums, art galleries or theatres.

Aerobics and shopping are two of the most popular pursuits for women. Cooking is also a very widespread activity among them. But nothing can be compared to your favourite hobby. A hobby is a special interest or activity that you do in your free time. Some people have animals as hobbies. They keep rabbits, or go fishing, or train dogs to do tricks. Some are crazy about plants. They try to grow cacti or tropical flowers in their kitchens and sitting rooms. Others are mad about their cars or motorbikes. They spend their Saturdays and Sundays washing them, painting them or buying new parts to make them go even faster. Many people make things as a hobby ..."

5. Are these statements true or false? Correct the false ones.

1. Alexander writes in his diary a list of all activities, entertainments and hobbies practised by people in their free time.

2. Alexander has no hobby and wants to select one.

3. He meets with his friend to discuss this problem.

4. Hobbies give people a sense of excitement and expectation.

5. Today people spend a lot of time watching different informative, educational or environment programmes.

6. Women prefer aerobics, shopping and cooking.

7. A hobby is an active pastime like sports or training dogs.

8. In order to relax most people prefer a calm way of spending their free time.

9. Animals can also be a hobby.

10. People prefer ready-made things to hand-made ones.

6. Listen to the text and name all Alexander's hobbies. Listen again and check.

7. Listen and repeat after the speaker.

[e] men head met set

man — men — mean heard — head — had mate — met — meat sit — set — sat test — death — red friend — said — many check — shelf — leg felt — bread — well

8. Put the words under the following headings. Some words can go under several headings. Use a dictionary if necessary.

Knitting & Sewing, Drawing & Painting, Stamp Collecting, Cooking

Watercolous, spoon, exhibition, wool, salt, album, frying pan, canvas, pattern, gas cooker, pencil, needle, food processor, sewing machine, cutting board, button, magnifying glass, brush, scissors, knife, fabric, forceps, eraser, measuring tape, fork, mannequin, sketch, cotton, pepper, thread, paper, catalogue.

9. Make sentences.

1. he | not | jazz | enjoy.

2. we | like | not | shopping.

3. interests | have | I | many.

4. hate | ebooks | she | reading.

5. he | buy | to | fishing rods | like.

6. time | spend | much | they | don't | at home.

7. good | a | of | educational | collection | CDs | has | Lucy.

8. I | for | hobby | this | need | and | needles | yam.

9. David | fond | is | of | coins | collecting.

10. makes | happy | reading | me | and | to | music | listening.

10. Complete the text with the words and phrases from the box.

music, favourite, listen to music, information, news, collect, singers, programmes, compact discs, museums

Rich people often...........paintings, rare things and other art objects. Often such private collections are given to ..........., libraries. As for me, I like to ................ Therefore I collect..............I like different music................I collect discs of my favourite groups and..............I carefully study the printed................I try to find everything about m y...........singers. I also like to watch music.............on TV. I want to keep up with the...........in the world of music.

11. Put the verbs in the correct form.

A hobby is what a person (to like) to do in his or her spare time. Hobbies (to differ) like tastes. Your hobby (to make) your life more interesting. The most popular hobby (to be) doing things. It (to include) a wide variety of activities from gardening to travelling, from chess to volleyball. Both grown-ups and children (to be fond) of playing different computer games. This hobby (to become more and more popular every year. Making things (to include) drawing, painting, handicrafts. Many people (to collect) something - coins, stamps, compact discs, toys, books.

12. Read the text and guess what hobby is described.

Playing chess, mountain climbing, astrology, reading, model trains collecting, animal communication, playing football, knitting, horse riding, photography, yoga, parachuting, riding motorbikes, cooking, exploring  volcanoes and underwater caves, sewing, travelling, dancing, fishing, computers, fashion, windsurfing, playing the piano, aerobics in the water, collecting postcards, diving.

13. Talk about your favourite hobby using the following prompts.

I have . . . (many, several, a few, only one) hobbies/hobby.

My favourite hobby is . ..

I enjoy ...

It is ... (expensive, cheap, free).

I do it. . . (in a company, alone).

This hobby is done . . . (inside, outside).

I love it because it is . . . (funny, relaxing, intellectual etc).

The best thing about my hobby is that. . . But I don't like . . .

1.      Peter replies to Alexander's email. What does he advise? Write 100 —140 words.

Тема 2.11.

Отдых, каникулы, отпуск. Туризм

Цель работы: активизировать лексику по теме в разных видах деятельности: чтение, аудирование, говорение.

Время выполнения – 10 ч.

1.Study  the grammar.

THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Времяthe Present Continuous обычно используется, когда мы:

1) описываем действия, происходящие в момент речи:

I'm sitting at ту desk and listening to the teacher. — Я сижу за столом и слушаю учителя.

It's snowing. — Идет снег.

They are playing draughts now. — Сейчас они играют в шашки.

2) говорим о длительных действиях, совершающихся в настоящий период, но не обязательно в момент речи:

I'm learning to ride a horse. — Я учусь верховой езде.

My dad is doing his thesis. — Мой отец пишет диссертацию.

My elder brother is studying at university. — Мой старший брат учится в университете.

3) рассказываем о запланированных будущих действиях (и уверены в их совершении, так как имеется договоренность, план и т.п.):

What are you doing tomorrow afternoon? - Чтотыделаешьзавтраднем?

My grandparents aren't coming on Saturday. — Мои бабушка и дедушка не приедут в субботу.

I'm graduating from college next year. — 1 Я оканчиваю колледж в следующем году

КОНСТРУКЦИЯ TO BE GOING TO DO STH
TO BE GOING TO DO STH STRUCTURE

Конструкция tobegoingtodosth (собираться, намереваться) выражает:

1) намерение совершить действие, выраженное инфинитивом;

2) предсказание будущего действия, признаки которого имеются в настоящем.

Обычно не употребляется с глаголом to go.

What are you going to do tonight? — Чем собираешься заняться вечером?

It'sgoingtorain. — Собирается/будет/пойдет дождь, (есть признаки)

She is going to the exhibition tomorrow. — Она идет на выставку завтра.

Наречия и словосочетания, характерные для The Present Continuous Tense.

at the moment, (right/just) now, currently, today, tomorrow, this week/month/year, next week/month/year.

ГЛАГОЛЫ, КОТОРЫЕ ОБЫЧНО

НЕУПОТРЕБЛЯЮТСЯВTHEPRESENTCONTINUOUS

То know, to mind, to understand, to believe, to forget, to remember, to mean, to doubt, to recognize, to like, to dislike, to prefer, to want, to care, to hate, to love, to need, to appreciate, to seem, to see, to taste, to hear, to belong, to cost идр.

ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Noun/pronoun + to be + verb –ing

I am working. You are working. He is working Am I working? Are you working? Is he/she/it working?

Are youworking on your project?  Yes, I am. No, I am not. No, I'm not

I am not working. I'm not working.	We are not working. We're not working. We aren't working.
You are not working. You're not working. You aren't working.	You are not working. You're not working. You aren't working.
He/She/It is not working. He's/She's/It's not working. He/She/It isn't working.	They are not working. They're not working. They aren't working

2. Put the verbs in the Present Continuous where possible.

1. He (to have) breakfast now.

2. Liza (to write) an email to her pen friend.

3. The teachers (to speak) to their parents at the moment.

4. Natasha (to play) the piano and her friends (to listen) to her.

5. Look! It (not to rain) anymore. The weather is fine.

6. Where is Sergey?...........he (to wash) the dishes in the kitchen?

7. The doctor is busy, he (to examine) the patient.

8. The baby (not to cry), she (to sleep).

9. This week I (to study) hard for my exams.

10. I (to want) to leave now.

11. President Dmitry Medvedev and Prime Minister Vladimir Putin still (to decide which of them will run in the 2012 presidential election.

12. These pictures (to belong) to the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

13. I (to hear) what you (to say).

14. Our grandparents (to take) us to their home town in June.

15. What...........the average car (to cost) today?

3. Put the verbs in the Present Continuous or Present Simple.

1. She usually (to sing) only for her friends.

2. Kate always (to help) her parents. She (to wash) the dishes after meals, (to vacuum clean), (to dust) the furniture.

3. Steve (to go) shopping very seldom but today he (to buy) a new jacket.

4. Where are the students? — They (to have) dinner at the canteen.

5. My mother (to plant) flowers every summer. This summer she (to plant) asters.

6. This food (to taste) good.

7. I (to look) at this man but (not to recognize) him.

8. My aunt is a famous writer. She (to write) historical books. She (to write) a book about life in 16th-century Scotland.

9. Why...........you (to wear) this funny hat? — I (to go) to a party tonight.

10. What...........you (to do) these days? — I (to work).

4. Study the following words and expressions.

to decide — решать

place of interest — достопримечательность

toarrive — прибывать

coach — туристический автобус

suggestion — предложение

luxurious — роскошный

ferry — паром

deck — палуба

cabin — каюта

lounge — холл, фойе, гостиная

entertainment — развлечение

Promenade — палуба-улица со множеством магазинов и ресторанов

suite — многокомнатный гостиничный номер

tax-freeshop — магазин беспошлинной торговли

smorgasbord — шведский стол; также buffet

helicopter — вертолет

City Hall — ратуша

attraction — достопримечательность

5. Read the text.

Planning a trip.

We are at Alexander's flat. Alexander and his are deciding which places of interest they are visit during their winter holidays.

Alexander: We are leaving Moscow for St Petersburg by train on January 3rd at night. At about 5 am we are arriving in St Petersburg and taking a coach to Helsinki. In Helsinki we are having lunch, a tour of the historical centre of the city and free time.

Jane: Any suggestions on how to spend the free time?

Nora: Going shopping! Shopping streets are Aleksanterinkatu and Esplanadi. They are connected to Senate Square.

Alexander: At 5 pm we are moving to Stockholm in the luxurious ferry Symphony.

Nora is telling her friends about this 14-deck ferry, its cabins, lounges, restaurants and cafes, shops and entertainments. It is famous for its Promenade, luxurious suites with a bathroom, tax-free shops, 600-seat restaurant "Buffet" (or smorgasbord) with a fantastic choice of dishes, spa salons, night clubs and bars, a swimming pool, cinema and even a helicopter deck!

Alexander: At 9:30 am we are in Stockholm where we are visiting the Royal Palace, Drama Theatre, City Hall, Cathedral, Old Town and many other attractions. Stockholm is one of the most crowded museum-cities in the world with around 100 museums. At 5 pm we are leaving Stockholm for Helsinki and back to St Petersburg and Moscow.

Peter: Excellent. I think we are going to have a very interesting trip.

6. Are these statements true or false? Correct the false ones.

1. Alexander and his friends are planning to visit several Scandinavian countrie

2. They are travelling by train.

3. In Helsinki they are staying at a luxurious 5-star hotel.

4. Senate Square is the historical centre of Stockholm.

5. The shopping streets in Helsinki are in the very centre of the city.

6. Alexander is giving some information about the ferry.

7. The 14th deck of Symphony ferry is a helicopter deck.

8. They are arriving in Stockholm in the evening.

9. Stockholm is rich in museums.

10. Their coach arrives in Moscow in the morning.

6.Study the activities that people can do to have a rest:

Go abroad, travel around the country, visit friends/family, go to the beach, sunbathe, go sightseeing, go shopping, go on a boat trip, go for a walk, stay with friends, stay in, eat out, do hobby, go camping, go fishing … .

7.What would you do? Discuss in pairs.

8.Imagine that over a few weeks you are going to send material to a publishing house compiling travel guides in English. Plan a bus tour of your city/area.

            Hop-on/hop-off bus tours, also often known as loop tours, provide a quick and convenient way to get an overview of a city. They are frequently used by visitors on their first day or two in a new city as it quickly gives them an overview of how the area is laid out, while a tour guide provides a history and interesting facts of the city as well. After seeing most of the major sites via the hop-on/hop-off bus, they can then determine an itinerary for the rest of their stay, deciding which area of the city they want to visit again on their own and which sites they would like to see in more detail.

Hop-on/hop-off tours are also used by visitors who only have a very short amount of time in an area. The loop tour enables them to cover a lot of ground in a short period of time and experience most of the major attractions of a city.

Decide on: - a route;

-          the number of stops;

-          the duration of

-           the tour;

-          the most interesting attractions to visit, their history, interesting facts;

-          the best places to eat, shop and rest.

Maketheproject.

9.Match the English sentences with their Russian equivalents.

At the hotel

Яхотелбы ...                                                  to reserve (book, engage)

a room in advance

остановиться в гостинице                          tosignin (out)

оформить проживание в гостинице                      reservearoomin ...

забронировать (заказать) комнату заранее           boarding-house

снять (освободить) номер в гостинице     I’dlike

аннулироватьзаказ                                       to register at a hotel

Забронируйте, пожалуйста, номерв ...       to cancel the reservation

гостиница, отель                                                      to put up (stop) at a hotel

пансион                                                                    hotel

10.Translate the following phrases using the given prompts.

Моя фамилия ... X.	last name
Что Вы можете сказать о городских гостиницах?	say of
Мне платить вперед ?	pay in advance
приотъезде	on departure
Сколько стоит номер в сутки?	the price per night
В гостинице есть ... ?
удобства	conveniences
прием в стирку личных вешей	laundry service
кондиционирование воздуха	air-conditioning
электрический камин	electric fire
Какие еще удобства есть в ...?	facilities
Есть ли у вас ... ?
танцевальный зал	ballroom
Ресторан	restaurant
плавательный бассейн	swimming-pool
теннисный корт	tennis court
площадка для игры в гольф	golf course
Биллиард	billiards
Я хотел бы снять номер	to book a room for
на сутки	a night
две недели,	a fortnight
Я забронировал его	Reserve
поэлектронной почте	By….
по телефону
вот подтверждение	the confirmation
Я бы хотел комнату с видом на…	Overlooking the/with the view on/ facing
море, площадь, в сад, горы.
Этот номер мне (не) подходит	suit
Есть ли номер … ?
подешевле
получше
потише
Включает ли стоимость номера…?	include
завтрак
обслуживание	personal services
Где и когда у вас завтрак?	to be served
На каком этаже мой номер?
Где находится …?
бюро обслуживания	service bureau
обмен валюты	currency exhange
авиа (железнодорожная) касса	air (rail) ticket office
лифт
Дайте, пожалуйста, ключ от номера…	thekeyto…
Есть ли в номере …. ?
кондиционер/телевизор/телефон	an air-conditioner
Помогите мне, пожалуйста, заполнить бланк	to fill in the form
The reception clerk’s replies
К сожалению, в настоящий момент у нас есть только ….. .	double rooms/single rooms/expensive rooms/ a cheap back room/ a room with no bath
На какое время вы у нас остановитесь?	to stay with …
Ваш номер на … этаже.
Простите, сэр, но заполняя карточку прибытия, Вы пропустили колонку (строку)	the column (the line)
… имени гостя/ фамилии/ даты рождения/ места рождения/ постоянного адреса/подписи	the guest
Вот Ваш ключ, сэр.
Если вам что-нибудь будет нужно, нажмите кнопку звонка.  Вам помогут…	to press the button You can have your …
Погладить костюм/почистить ботинки/ постирать рубашку/ принести обед в номер…	Pressed/…
К Вашим услугам	… isatyourservice
портье/горничная	Porter/chambermaid
При гостинице Вы найдете…	On the premises of this hotel …
салон красоты/киоск канцелярских товаров/ справочное бюро/ парикмахерская/ пункт обмена валюты	a beauty parlour/ stationary stall/ information bureau/ hairdresser’s/ foreign exchange desk
Пожалуйста, когда Вы выходите из гостиницы, не забывайте оставить ключ у нас.	to live the key with ….

11.Work in pairs, make a dialogue “At a hotel” and then act it out.

Тема 2.12.

Профессии, карьера

Цель работы: активизировать лексику по теме в разных видах деятельности: чтение, аудирование, говорение.

Время выполнения – 14 ч.

I Read and retell:

My future profession

The production engineer will determine the most efficient means to develop the field considering the viscosity of the crude oil, the gas-to-oil ratio, the depth and type or formation, and the project economics. The production engineer is also responsible for developing a system of surface equipment that will separate the oil, gas, and water.

Reservoir engineers determine the fluid and pressure distributions throughout the reservoir, the natural energy sources available, and the methods most useful in recovering the maximum amount of oil or gas from the reservoir. The reservoir engineer develops complex computer-based mathematical programs to model the fluid flow and formation pressures.

A well-log analyst takes down hole data during drilling or after a well is completed to evaluate the well's production potential. The well-log analyst helps take and analyze core samples. He often uses sophisticated electronic, nuclear, and acoustical tools that are sent down the well on a wire-line. Information from these tools is sent up the well bore to a computer system on the surface where engineers retrieve and interpret the data. This information helps the petroleum engineer determine if it is financially feasible to drill deeper, produce the well from explored zones of interest or take additional measurements. Working in conjunction with geologist, reservoir, and production engineers the well-log analyst will work with the team to decide where the next well should be drilled.

Chemical engineers are involved in many aspects of the oil and gas industry. Chemical engineering deals with processes that combine (or engineer) chemicals to produce desired products. Chemical engineers are responsible for transforming crude oil and natural gas into finished products such as gasoline and plastics. This process usually includes a chemical reaction in which two or more chemicals are combined to form a new chemical. The chemical engineer must also understand other processes such as separation, heat transfer, and fluid flow.

In the oil and gas industry, chemical engineers are employed to study the flow of fluids in oil and gas reservoirs, design and operate natural gas processing plants, construct and manage oil and gas pipelines, and to build and operate refineries. Chemical engineers work in developing and running the plants that manufacture chemicals such as polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride from natural gas liquids and crude oil.

Chemical engineers may work in research where they team with chemists to translate reactions from the laboratory to large-scale economical industrial production. Chemical engineers may design the large processes units where reactions occur and multi-story distillation towers where the products are separated. Chemical engineers work with mechanical and electrical engineers to improve the operation of plants and pipelines and to design instruments to measure and control processes.

The petroleum landman is responsible for obtaining permission to drill a well. Before land may be drilled on private land. In the United States and Canada, the land must be leased from the landowner that owns the subsurface oil and gas. Permits must be obtained from various government agencies before a well can be drilled. The permit helps to insure that the drilling company restores the land after the well is drilled and that it properly plugs and abandons nonproductive wells.

The petroleum landman is responsible for: acquisition or disposition of oil, natural gas or surface interests, negotiation, drafting or management of agreements respecting such interests, and supervision of land administration activities respecting such interests.

Petroleum landman are responsible for the acquisition, administration and disposition of mineral and/or surface rights for petroleum exploration and production companies, as well as related service and financial companies in the energy industry. Petroleum landman members work closely with their exploration, production, financial and legal counterparts within these companies to formulate and implement exploration strategies and to negotiate a wide variety of exploration, production, joint venture and other related arrangements. Petroleum landman need a fundamental understanding of oil and gas law and exploration and production operations.

The public affairs department provides interface with investors, media, and the public. Shareholder information is coordinated by this function. Public affairs department writes press releases on company achievements that are sent to the media.

Like any other large business, the petroleum industry employs accountants, information scientists, attorneys, human resources specialists, public relations experts, economists, secretaries, and technicians.

As the industry recognizes the importance of information and knowledge management, experts in these areas are needed to ensure that information flows smoothly in the company and that best practices are captured and shared. Typical disciplines in this area would be computer science and management information systems.

Like any other business, the petroleum industry needs attorneys. The global aspect of the industry means that company lawyers may be involved in negotiating contracts between the company and sovereign nations. Specialized courses in oil and gas law as well as a good understanding of industry basics are required.

Keeping track of the sources and uses of company funds is the responsibility of the petroleum industry accountants. Accountants working in the upstream area need specialized training and experience in accounting for exploration and production expenses and revenues in addition to their basic training.

Прочитать и перевести текст:

My future profession.

проектировать - design

диагностика - diagnostics

система - system

техник - technician

предприятия - the enterprise

коммуникация - communication

механизация - mechanization

аппаратчик-оператор - apparat operator

инженер-схемотехник - circuit engineer

программист-разработчик - software developer

инженер-системотехник - systems engineer

оператор полуавтоматических линий - semi-automatic lines operator

инженер механизации, автоматизации и автоматизации производственных процессов - engineer of mechanization, automation and automation of production processes

конструктор вычислительных систем - designer of computing systems

иженер измерительных приборов и автоматики - instrumentation and automation engineer

материаловед - material scientist

техник-электромеханик - electrical technician

разработчик автоматизированной системы управления - developer of an automated control system

Text

Automation of technological processes and production is a specialty that allows you to create modern hardware-technical and software tools that can design, research, conduct technical diagnostics and industrial tests. Also, a person who has mastered this profession will be able to create modern management systems.

Techniques for the automation of technological processes and production must be guided in the very structure of the enterprise where he works. He must know the production technology of a particular enterprise, the requirements of development and patent research. The work of a specialist in this field does not go without means of computer technology, communications and communication. Before introducing new means of automation and mechanization into production, a technician studies its economic efficiency. The field of automation and mechanization of production processes does not stand still but is constantly evolving. The advanced domestic and foreign experience is constantly being strengthened by new knowledge and developments. And this is the merit of the profession of a technician in the automation of technological processes and production.

Work in this specialty can be carried out in the following positions: apparat operator; circuit engineer; software developer; systems engineer; semi-automatic lines operator; engineer of mechanization, automation and automation of production processes; designer of computing systems; instrumentation and automation engineer; material scientist; electrical technician; developer of an automated control system.

Example: a graduate can go to a car factory to work on a conveyor for cars, or to the field of electronics to create microcontrollers, processors, and other important and useful elements. Automation of technological processes and production is a complex specialty, implying a large amount of knowledge, so it will be necessary to approach it with all responsibility. But as a reward, we should accept the fact that there are ample opportunities for creativity.

Questions:

1. The directionality of this specialty?

2. What knowledge should a technician have in this specialty?

3. What positions can a technician work in?

II

Future simple tense

Как образуется время Future Simple

Утверждение

Для того чтобы образовать Future Simple, нам нужен вспомогательный глагол will. На первом месте будет подлежащее, за ним следует will, на третьем месте – основной глагол без частицы to.

Возможно, вы когда-то слышали, что вспомогательные глаголы Future Simple – это shall и will. Да, так было, но давно. Сегодня will – единственный вспомогательный глагол, а shall иногда употребляется в вопросах.

I/He/She/It/We/You/They + will + глагол
I will come. – Я приду. He will win. – Он выиграет. She will understand. – Она поймет. It will break. – Оно сломается.	We will find. – Мы найдем. You will see. – Вы увидите. They will agree. – Они согласятся.

В утвердительном предложении will объединяется с местоимением и образует сокращенную форму:

·       I’ll come.

·       She’ll understand

·       They’ll agree.

Отрицание

В отрицательном предложении между вспомогательным глаголом и основным появляется частица not.

I/He/She/It/We/You/They + will not + глагол
I will not come. – Я не приду. He will not win. – Он не выиграет. She will not understand. – Она не поймет. It will not break. – Оно не сломается.	We will not find. – Мы не найдем. You will not see. – Вы не увидите. They will not agree. – Они не согласятся.

В отрицательном предложении will объединяется с частицей not, образуя сокращенную форму. Но здесь есть одна особенность – изменение формы слова: will + not = won’t. Например:

·  It won’t break.

·  We won’t find.

·  You won’t see.

Вопрос

Вопрос в Future Simple начинается со вспомогательного глагола will, за которым следуют подлежащее и основной глагол.

Will + I/he/she/it/we/you/they + глагол
Will I come? – Я приду? Will he win? – Он выиграет? Will she understand? – Она поймет? Will it break? – Оно сломается?	Will we find? – Мы найдем? Will you see? – Вы увидите? Will they agree? – Они согласятся?

III Read and translate:

Inventors and their inventions

1.    Shrapnel - kind of an artillery shell. It is named in honor of Henry Shrapnel (1761-1842) - British Army officer.

2.    Hugo Schmeisser - a famous German arms designer. He designed automatic rifle StG 44 during the Second World War.

3.    Sandwich was named after John Montagu, Earl Sandwich (1718-1792).

4.    The saxophone was designed in 1842 by the Belgian Adolphe Sax music master and patented it four years later.

5.    "Rubik's Cube" was invented in 1974 by Hungarian sculptor and professor of architecture Erno Rubik.

6.    Belgian brothers Émile and Leon Nagant developed Nagant revolver.  Nagant revolver was used in many countries at the end of XIX - the middle of the XX century.

7.    Mauser K96 - German pistol, designed in 1895. In Russia, Mauser became very popular. Fidel Mauser headed experimental arms factory "Mauser".

8.    The American gunsmith Maxim developed Maxim machine gun in 1883. Maxim machine gun was widely used during the Anglo-Boer War, 1899-1902, World War I and World War II.

9.    Oliver Winchester - American businessperson. In 1855, he bought firm Smith & Wesson and switched to production of weapons, mostly hunting, which is often called by his name.

10.     Whatman paper - white paper. Distinguished by high resistance to abrasion. James Whatman paper manufacturer made it in the middle 1750s in England.

11.     An American colonel, a hero of the Civil War Berdan, developed Berdan rifle.

12.     Strass - imitation gemstone made of glass, from the name of the inventor, the jeweler Georg Strasse (1701-1773).

13.     Walter - a pistol, called by the name of the manufacturer.

14.     Browning - gun manufacturing company of the same name, the name of its founder, Belgian gunsmith John Moses Browning (1855-1926).

Заполните таблицу

invention	inventor	profession
1.      the ball-point pen
2.      Rolls-Royce car
3.      Pasteurization
4.      waterproof raincoat
5.      the bowler hat
6.      the pistol with a barrel
7.      the diesel engine
8.      the counter of radioactivity
9.      the telegraphic alphabet
10.  alphabet and font for blind person

IV Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты:

Модальные глаголы в английском языке не употребляются самостоятельно, а в сочетании с инфинитивом основного смыслового глагола, после них не ставится частица to (исключение составляет ought).

I can do it. – Я могу сделать это.

You ought to be there. – Вам следует быть там.

Глаголы can и may имеют форму настоящего времени и прошедшего could, might. Глаголы must, ought и need имеют форму только настоящего времени.

Модальные глаголы в английском языке имеют одну форму для всех лиц и чисел. Вопросительная форма образуется без вспомогательных глаголов. Отрицательная форма образуется при помощи частицы not.

I can't do it. – Я не могу этого сделать.

May I use your phone? – Могу я воспользоваться вашим телефоном.

Модальных глаголов в английском языке сравнительно немного и каждый из них имеет свое значение.

1.    Модальный глагол can:

·       употребляется для выражения возможности или способности совершения действия;

I can type very fast. – Я могу печатать очень быстро.

·       для выражения сомнения, удивления.

Can they arrive tomorrow? – Неужели они приедут завтра?

2.    Модальный глагол could:

·       для выражения возможности, способности в прошлом;

I could type very fast. – Я умела печатать очень быстро.

·       в главной части условных предложений.

If I had much money I could buy a new car. – Если бы у меня было много денег, я бы мог купить машину.

3.    Модальный глагол may:

·       для выражения разрешения;

You may use my phone. – Вы можете воспользоваться моим телефоном.

·       для выражения предположения.

He may know her. – Возможно, он знает её.

4.    Модальный глагол might:

·       для выражения предположения в настоящем и будущем с большей степенью сомнения.

He might know her. – Он, может быть, знает её (а может и нет).

5.    Модальный глагол must:

·       для выражения долженствования;

You must do it. – Ты должен сделать это.

·       для выражения предположения;

It must be him. – Это должно быть он.

·       для выражения запрета.

You mustn't touch it. – Тебе запрещается трогать это.

6.    Модальный глагол ought to:

·       для выражения морального долга, совета в отношении настоящего и будущего.

He ought to help me. – Он должен мне помочь.

7.    Модальный глагол need:

·       для выражения необходимости. Употребляется в форме Present Simple в вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях.

Need I do it? – Мне нужно делать это?

No, you needn’t do it. – Нет, не нужно делать этого.

8.    Модальный глагол to be to:

 употребляется для выражения необходимости совершения действия, согласно предварительной договоренности. После него употребляется частица to.

My friend is to call you tomorrow. – Мой друг должен позвонить вам завтра.

9.    Модальный глагол have to:

 используется для выражения совершения действия в силу определенных обстоятельств.

She had to go there. – Ей пришлось поехать туда.

10.              Глагол should:

используется для выражения морального долга или совета.

Tom shouldn't have done it. – Тому не следовало делать этого.

Модальные глаголы в английском языке придают речи эмоциональность, передают тонкие оттенки значения и отношения говорящего к предмету разговора, вследствие чего значение модальных глаголов в английском языке велико.

Выполните упражнения:

Упражнение 1. Вставьте подходящий модальный глагол (can / may)

2.    ______ you see anything in this dark room?

3.    ______ I borrow your rubber, please? Yes, of course you ______.

4.    Kate______ speak English.

5.    Mike has got many books so he______ read them.

6.    ______ I borrow your pen?

7.    Only a person who knows the language very well ______ answer such a question.

8.    Most children______ slide on the ice very well.

9.    You ______find any kind of information on the Internet.

10.              British Parliament ______issue laws and form the budget.

11.              ______ I try on this coat?

12.              You ______not talk loudly in libraries.

13.              He ______read and write in English.

Упражнение 2. Complete the sentences with the correct modal verb. Use must, mustn't, or don't have to.

I _________________ (1) go to school from Monday to Friday. We ___________________ (2) wear a uniform, so I normally wear sports clothes. We ___________________ (3) arrive late, and we ___________________ (4)   go to every class. In class, we __________________ (5)  shout, play or sing. We _____________________ (6) have lunch at school, so I sometimes go home. When school finishes, I ___________________ (7)  look after my little sister. When my parents come home I ______________________ (8) stay in, so I usually go out with my friends. When I get home,                                      I __________________ (9) do my homework. I ____________________ (10) go to bed late, except on Fridays, when I _________________ (11) go to bed before midnight.

Упражнение 3. Вставьте подходящий модальный глагол (mustn’t / needn’t)

1.    Shall I turn on the light? — No, you ______. It is still light in the room.

2.    You______ make your bed. I'll do it for you.

3.    You ______buy mineral water, we have plenty.

4.    We______ stay up late.

5.    You______ take an umbrella today. The sun is shining.

6.    It’s prohibited to go into that building. You______ go in.

7.    The meeting is very important. We______ be late.

8.    I______ forget my keys or I won’t get in.

9.    You______ bring sandwiches. We can stop at a cafe.

10.              Pupils______ smoke.

11.              In this school pupils ______wear school uniform. They can wear jeans and T-shirts.

VI

ПРЕДПРИЯТИЯ ОМСКА

Text “Omsk tire plant” (Omskshina)

History. It was founded in 1942.

In pursuance of the decision of the SNK of the USSR of March 16, 1938, the People’s Commissariat of mechanical engineering issued an order on June 1, 1938

No. 422 “on the construction of the Omsk tire plant in the city of Omsk”. Construction began in 1938, but by 1941 the plant was not ready for commissioning. The only Yaroslavl tire factory operating in the country at this time was in the front line and was preparing for evacuation, so the rapid establishment of automobile tire production in the East of the country became an extremely important state matter. It was necessary to take urgent measures for the speedy completion of the construction of a tire factory in Omsk, which by the autumn of 1941 had been completed, only the walls of the main production building were built. The plant did not have a complete set of technical and power equipment necessary for starting at least one production line, basic materials, and qualified personnel. At the factory site in early November 1941, trains arrived with people and equipment from the Yaroslavl and Leningrad tire factories. In the main building of the plant, heavy and bulky technological equipment was installed in the open air, and new production shops were built nearby. At the same time, a number of industries were built that were necessary to provide the tire plant with raw materials: a cord factory and a soot factory. The first military winter was severe, but the construction and installation of the plant was carried out in any weather, around the clock, seven days a week. The work of the people of that time can be called heroic without exaggeration. February 24, 1942 – the date that is considered the birthday of the Omsk tire plant. On this day, the first Omsk tire for “polutorki” was assembled. The history of the Omsk tire plant clearly traces three stages: the first-from 1938 to 1964. – formation period in the war and postwar years; the second, from 1964 to 1994 – a time of expanding production, achieving high economic performance and development of the social sphere, ending a period of decline in production; and third, from 1994 to the present time – a difficult period of privatization and restructuring of production, the conquest of lost positions, reaching a qualitatively new level of work.

The most popular products in the automotive industry are wholesale and retail sales to organizations and individuals within the country. A significant share of exports.

Product: -Kama Bicycle tires -Winter, summer and universal tires for cars, trucks, buses, trolleybuses, special equipment under the brands Cordiant, TyRex, Omskshina.

Questions:1)When was the Omsk tire plant founded?
2)How many stages in the history of the Omsk tire plant can be traced? 3)What products are produced?

Text “Omsk oil refinery” (ONPZ)

Omsk oil refinery is one of the largest oil refineries in Russia. Owned by Gazprom Neft.

History. It was commissioned on September 5, 1955. The creation of an oil refinery in the center of Western Siberia was dictated by the need to provide energy products to the developing national economy of the country – the Urals, Siberia, Kazakhstan and other regions using raw materials from Bashkiria. Already in the 1960s, it produced a large range of petroleum products, oils, and lubricants. The production of petrochemical products began, which created and opportunity not only to provide the developing industry of Siberia, but also to get the basis for creating a large petrochemical complex in Omsk. With the opening of the fields in Western Siberia, the plant began to receive light Siberian oil.

Omsk oil refinery (hereinafter-Omsk refinery) is the largest producer of oils in Russia – motor, hydraulic, turbine and other for the regions of Siberia, the East, and Central Asia.
The plant is the industry leader in refining efficiency: the processing depth is 91.7%, and the yield of light oil products of the Euro-5 environmental class is 72.6%.

Product. –Gasolines -Diesel fuel -Fuel for jet engines -Fuel for ship installations -Other types of products. Questions: 1)In what year was the Omsk oil refinery founded? 2)What products does it produce? 3)How does the abbreviation ONPZ translate?

Text “Omsk Rubber”

Production of petrochemical products.

History.The construction of the plant began in 1958. In 1962, the first shop started working. At the VI Plenum of the CPSU regional Committee on October 24, 1962, the plant’s Director, A.D. Sverdlov, made a report about the plant’s launch. The head of the shop P. p. Troshkin and the head of the Bureau of rationalization, invention and technical information of the plant A.V. Nazarov presented the first briquette of Omsk rubber to the Presidium of the Plenum. This day is considered the birthday of the plant.

In 1963, a whole complex of workshops producing synthetic rubber and raw materials for it was already in operation. Since 1964, the Omsk synthetic rubber plant has been operating cost-effectively. The plant for the first time in the Soviet Union began producing a new product, methylethylpyridine – a valuable raw material for the pharmaceutical, food, vitamin and paint industries.

Product:

-Fuel

-Technical acetone

-Synthetic phenol

-Motor gasoline

-Synthetic latex

-Butadiene-nitrile rubbers

-Butadiene-methyl styrene rubbers

-Hydrocarbon gas

Questions:

1)The date of Foundation of the “Rubber” plant? 2)”Omsk Rubber” production of what products? 3)In what year did the first shop start working?

Тема 3.1.

Разведка, добыча и подготовка нефти

Цель работы: активизировать лексику и грамматику по теме в разных видах деятельности: чтение, аудирование, говорение.

Время выполнения – 10 ч.

1.Переведите текст на русский язык.

The Petroleum Industry

Petroleum, coal, and natural gas are the most widely used sources of energy in the modem world. They are of primary importance in the industrialized countries, where vast amounts of energy are consumed to operate all the different kinds of machines that work for mankind today. These three energy sources are referred to as fossil fuels.

Fossils are the traces or remains of plant or animal life that existed in previous ages. They were covered by sand or mud, which in time was itself covered by the water of the seas. Pressure changed the remains into oil, coal, or gas. Petroleum is composed largely of the marine animals and plants that lived so long ago.

When petroleum first went on market, it was called rock oil to distinguish it from the other kinds of oil. Since then, modern technology has become such an enormous consumer of energy that petroleum is probably the most valuable product in the world. It is often called “black gold”.

Up until the industrial revolution human beings did not us energy in the same quantities as we do nowadays. Energy was used for heat and light and preparation of food. The main fuels were wood, vegetable and animal oils. It has only been since World War II that oil has replaced соаl as our primary energy source. The growth of the petroleum industry has taken place in a little more than a hundred years. The origin of the industry can be dated to 1859, when the first underground oil well was drilled in the USA. Before that time the petroleum came from seepage in places where pressure had forced it out onto the surface of the ground. The first important commercial product from crude petroleum was kerosene. Gasoline and kerosene were by-products. Later, after the invention of the internal combustion engine, gasoline turned out to be a more efficient energy source in the automobiles. Gasoline once an unwanted by-product, suddenly became the most popular fuel in the world. Oil by-products have also become more efficient and cheaper than other fuels, it is used to power most forms of transportation. A ton of coal produces less energy than a barrel of oil, and oil is easier to transport. Another important factor in the growth of the oil industry has been the development of petrochemicals. Various modem plastics and different fertilizers are made of petroleum. The greatest problem of the petroleum industry is that petroleum is not a renewable natural resource. As the use of oil has increased, so have the predictions that oil will soon be exhausted. The oil industry however is engaged in research to find not only substitutes but also the other sources of energy.

fossil - окаменелость;

trace - след;

remains*-' остатки;

petroleum - нёф гь;

deposit — месторождение;

crude oil - неочищенная неф гь;

mixture - смесь;

distillation - очистка;

gasoline - бензин;

kerosene - керосин;

asphalt - битум;

by-product - субпродукт;

petrochemicals - нефтехимикаты;

consume - потреблять;

pressure - давление;

quantity количество;

replace - заменить;

drill - бурить;

force out - выталкивать;

invention - изобретение;

renewable - возобновляемый;

exhaust - исчерпывать;

substitute — заменять.

2.Перескажите текст устно на английском языке, пользуясь опорой.

The Search for Oil

In the early days of commercial oil exploration, around 150 years ago, pros­pectors drilled around the areas where oil seeped to the surface, trying to find the underground source of the oil. Sometimes they were lucky but often they found nothing.

Today, drilling for oil is an extremely expensive business and has to be ap­proached scientifically. Through science we have discovered how oil and gas were formed. Rock structures that contain oil or gas are hidden by the sea or other rock layers, and we have to do a full survey of the area. This is where geologists and geophysicist are valuable.

A geologist looks at the makeup of rocks - where they are and the forma­tions they make. A geophysicist uses the physical characteristics of rocks - their magnetic and gravitational properties, and how sound waves travel through differ­ent kinds of rocks - to help understand the structures below the Earth’s surface.

The rocks that may contain oil or gas are less dense than the others. These differences can be detected by remote sensing surveys carried out from ships, that make no direct contact with the rock structures beneath the sea.

Aircraft can also be used to measure the gravitational pull of the Earth over an area. Small differences in the gravitational pull are caused by variations in the density of the underlying rocks. Because some rocks are more magnetic than oth­ers, we can also measure variations in the strength of the Earth’s magnetic field.

General survey techniques cover large areas quite quickly and easily and help to build a broad picture of the rock structures. If the results are encouraging the second stage of explorations is undertaken.

words: well - скважина

marsh - болото

offshore - в открытом море

development - разработка

wildcat well - разведочная скважина

confirm - подтверждать

deny - отрицать

profitable - выгодный

wellhead - устье скважины

casing - обсадка

pertain - иметь отношение к чему-либо

well bore - ствол скважины

 power plant - силовая установка

 hoisting system - талевая система

circulating system - промывочная, циркуляционная система

Fractionation

Fractionation of the LPG is one of the most important operations in a gas processing plant,

since several finished products, or fractions, are obtained as saleable products. The fractionation process is a distillation, or physical separation, in which fluids in a mixture are fractionated by the difference in their boiling points, after a series of vaporizations and condensations in one or more distillation columns.

Although fractionation of hydrocarbon liquids is essentially a twentieth century development, the process can be traced back as far as 1830 when liquefied butane was marketed in Great Britain for domestic use.

In 1923, low-temperature and low-pressure towers were constructed to fractionate liquids, with the resulting gases used only to supply heat and power. Pressure on the petroleum industry during World War II stimulated considerable research and development to find alternative uses for LPGs. Refineries that had previously flared the lighter hydrocarbons, found these compressible gases were useful in the refining process.

By 1943, the bulk of aviation fuel and motor gasoline involved LPGs in feedstock or blending agents. Synthetic rubber, plastics and many modern chemicals incorporate LPGs in some phase of their manufacture. Fractionation now includes the production of many other products, as well as pure hydrocarbons. Many facilities use large fractionation equipment that is able to produce products from a given feedstock with a maximum boiling range of 0.5°C.

This module introduces the steps involved in fractionating raw hydrocarbons to obtain finished products such as propane, butane, isobutane and frac oil.

Fractionation Terminology

Fractionation: the process of separating soluble liquid hydrocarbon components from one another.

Feed:the stream of hydrocarbon mixture that enters the fractionator.

Overhead product:the lighter hydrocarbon component(s) distilled from the feed.

Bottom product: the original feed mixture with the overhead product removed.

Тема 3.2

Первичная переработка нефти

Цель работы: активизировать лексику и грамматику по теме в разных видах деятельности: чтение, аудирование, говорение.

 Время выполнения – 12 ч.

Learning Material

Simple Distillation

Simple distillation is the process of converting a liquid into a vapour, by the application of heat, and subsequently condensing the vapour to obtain a high quality product. This process is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Simple Distillation Process  

The liquid is boiled in a flask, or still, while the overhead vapour is condensed in a tube, or condenser, surrounded by cold water. The distillate (overhead product) is collected, after condensing, in a receiver. In this illustration, we separate the more volatile (lower boiling point) components by vaporization from the less volatile (higher boiling point) hydrocarbons in the feed.

The process may seem simple, merely raising the temperature of the mixture to the boiling point of the component that is to be boiled off. However, in a mixture of liquids with different boiling points, each component has its own characteristic vapour pressure. The total vapour pressure is the sum of the partial vapour pressures of the components in the feed. When the total vapour pressure is equal to the pressure in the space above the liquid surface in the flask (or still), the mixture starts to boil. Boiling starts at a temperature somewhere in the range of the boiling points of the components, and depends on the proportion of the components in the mixture. The Initial Boiling Point (IBP) is defined as the temperature of the liquid when the first drop of distillate condenses into the receiver.

The components with lower boiling points and higher vapour pressures are the first to distill. The temperature gradually increases during distillation and the liquid becomes richer in the higher boiling components. The last drop of liquid boils and distills into the receiver at the highest boiling temperature, which is the Final Boiling Point (FBP).

Since simple distillation results in only partial vaporization of the desired component, it is an ineffective and undesirable process. Satisfactory separation is attained in a series of distillations, such as in the Fractional Distillation Process.

This chapter is divided into three parts. The first deals with the planning of a refinery’s operation, which includes its optimized crude runs, product slate, and any process expansion or debottlenecking that may be required to meet this optimized operation. The second part deals with the process economic evaluation of a proposed new refinery or new facilities within an existing refinery. The third part is a brief description and discussion of a refining company’s participation in the execution of an approved engineering and construction project. This second part of the chapter is closely related to the first part in so far that process studies and the ultimate selection of any process or processing route is based on the approved marketing strategy for the refining company. This in turn is based on the conclusions following the work undertaken in Part 1. The final phase in this refinery operation is described in Part 3. This outlines the preparation of contracts to third parties for the installation of new or expanded facilities. It includes the choice of the type of contract to be solicited and follows with the selection of a suitable engineering company to execute the work. Finally, it discusses the company’s activities associated with the execution of the project by contractors and the subsequent commissioning and acceptance of the completed facilities.

В английском языке перед существительными обычно стоит определенный артикль  или неопределенный артикль. Если перед существительным артикль не стоит , принят говорить, что оно употребляется  с « нулевым»  артиклем.

  Неопределенный артикль имеет форму   «а»  перед существительным , начинающимся с  согласной и « аn» перед существительными , начинающимися с гласной буквы.

Книга    - a book                                          яблоко     - an apple       

Ручка    - a реn                                            инженер -  an engeneer

Девочка – a girl                                           рука       -an arm

  Если перед исчисляемым существительным стоят прилагательные и наречия, то артикль выносится перед первым прилагательным или наречием и согласуется уже с ним, хотя и относится к существительному.

an apple

a big apple

a very big green apple

  Неопределенный артикль  - The Indefinite Article.   A (an)   Обычно употребляется:

1.перед исчисляемым существительным в единственном числе, когда они упоминаются впервые:

I can see a book on the table.

2.С существительными , являющимися частью составного именного сказуемого:

My mother is a doctor.  My granny is a pensioner.

3.C исчисляемым. существительным после оборота   There is, а также после  It is… , this is…

It is a dog. That is a cat. There is a new school in our street.

4.После слов  SUCH, WHAT, RATHER, QUITE:

What a sunny day!

Ann is such a fine friend!

5.Перед числительными  A DOZEN, A HUNDRED, A THOUSAND,

A MILLION, в выражениях A LOT OF, A GREAT MANY OF, 

6.В некоторых оборотах : It is a pleasure, as a result,  ,  as a matter of fact, as a rule, to be in a hurry, it’s a pity.

В сочетаниях с глаголами: To have, to take, to give

To have a cold   - простудиться                  to have a good time- хорошо провести  время               

To have a toothache  - иметь зубную боль    to have a rest -отдыхать

To have a smoke  - покурить                          to take a shower-принять душ

To give a -подать руку

 Определенный артикль( Indefinite  Article).THE

Определенный артикль  может употребляться перед любым нарицательным существительным ,исчисляемым и неисчисляемым, стоящим как в единственном числе , так и во множественном, а именно:

1.           С существительными,  если говорящему ясно о каком предмете идет речь ( ссылка на известное)

Have you liked the film? – тебе понравился фильм?

2.           С существительным , который упоминается в контексте 2-й раз:

This is a pen Give me the pen, please.

 3.          Когда перед существительным стоит:

а) порядковое числительное

Gagarin is the first cosmonaut of  the world.

б)прилагательное в превосходной степени

4.           С  существительными , обозначающими предметы, единственные  в своем роде:

The sun            - солнце;        The sky - небо

The  Earth     -  земля            the world – мир( геогр.понятие)

The   Universe  - вселенная; the ground - земля

The cosmos   - космос;           the atmosphere - атмосфера    

The post     - почта;                the press - пресса

The telephone – телефон;      the radio -радио

The cinema   - кино;               the theatre – театр.

5.Если признак предмета,  названного  существительным, выражен  порядковым числительным, прилагательным  в превосходной степени или словами:

 тот же самый -  the same;  only – единственный; right – правильный;

 in the same hostel – в одном и том же общежитии

1.                       С названиями океанов,  рек, морей озер, проливов:

The Volga, the Baikal, The Thames, The Atlantic Ocean

7.           С названиями горных цепей, групп островов, пустынь:

The Urals, the British Isles, the Sahara, the Andes

8.           С названиями театров, музеев, гостиниц:

The Hermitage, the Bolshoi Theatre; the British Museum; the Metropol

1.                      С названиями кораблей и названиями большинства английских и американских газет и журналов:

The Gardian, the Titanic, the Times

НО! Названия российских газет идут БЕЗ артикля

10.         Перед названиями частей света:

Север  --   the North;                  восток -  the Еast

Юг        - the South;                     запад    -  the  West,

11.         Перед названиями стран , состоящих из нескольких частей, стран:

The Russion Federation –Российская Федерацияhe 

United Kingdom  -Соединенное королевство                      

 The USA – CША

Тема 3.3.

Вторичные процессы переработки нефтяного сырья

Цель работы: активизировать лексику и грамматику по теме в разных видах деятельности: чтение, аудирование, говорение.

 Время выполнения – 14 ч.

Fractional Distillation

In fractional distillation, the product from the first distillation is subjected to additional distillations until a purer, richer fraction of the more volatile components is obtained. In fractional distillation, the vapour produced contains more than one component, and the aim is to recover one or more of these components in a nearly pure state.

To improve the separation of the overhead fractions and to ensure a continuous condensation and re-distillation process, the equipment for simple distillation must be modified. More stills are used between the bottom still and the condenser. The stills are arranged to allow the vapour from the first still to pass through the liquid in the next still, giving up heat in each still as it rises. The liquid of the still above is of nearly the same composition as the first still, and excess liquid overflows to the still below. Figure 2 illustrates fractional distillation.

 

Figure 2: Fractional Distillation

There are several stills that sit one on top of the other. Uncondensed vapour rises through succeeding stills, where the condensing and evaporating cycle is repeated, until the top still is reached. The stills are actually trays in the fractionator where the condensing and evaporating cycles take place.

As the liquid in the fractionator becomes richer with the heavier, higher boiling point components, it flows back into the still below where it is eventually withdrawn as the bottom product. The more condensed overhead product that is returned to the still as reflux, the more effective the fractionation.

There is a countercurrent flow of vapour rising, and liquid falling, through the still. The vapour gradually becomes lighter and the liquid becomes heavier as they continually vaporize and condense in each still.

Fractional distillation is also illustrated in Figure 3. Each vessel represents one tray of a fractionating tower. The bottom vessel takes in a raw feed mixture of 20 mol% n-butane and 80 mol% n-pentane. In the first stage, the purity of the butane product is nearly doubled, the vapour containing 39% butane and 61% pentane at a temperature of 95°C. The vapours entering still No. 3 are 64% butane and 36% pentane. As the vapours rise through the tower, the purity is further increased until leaving vessel No. 5, where the purity is 98% butane.

Important features of fractional distillation include that:

• It uses heat repeatedly on each tray, making it an economical process. 

• By carefully controlling the pressure and temperatures in the tower, very high purity of both overhead and bottom products can be attained. 

• The more trays the fractionator contains, the higher the purity of the overhead product. 

• A 100% pure product cannot be produced because the vaporization and condensing actions on the trays are not 100% effective. It becomes a matter of economics as to the height of the tower and the purity expected of the overhead product.

 

Figure 3: Fractional Distillation

Factors Affecting Fractional Distillation

Efficient fractionation depends on one or more of the following factors:

1.     Top (overhead) temperature 

2.     Tower bottom temperature 

3.     Tower operating pressure 

4.     Components in the tower feed 

5.     Rate of reflux 

6.     Temperature of tower feed 

Top Temperature

The top temperature of a fractionator is the temperature of the liquid on the top tray. It is the dew point temperature of the overhead product, determined by the composition of the overhead product(s). It indicates the overhead product quality and composition. The top temperature is also the lowest temperature in the tower and is limited by the amount of cooling that can be accomplished by the reflux.

The top temperature is set just high enough to completely vaporize the overhead product. If the top temperature is too low, there will be a loss of recovered overhead product. A change in top temperature is also an indication of a change in tower feed.

Tower Bottom Temperature

The bottom temperature is controlled to maintain the quality of the bottom product. If the bottom product contains too much overhead product, the bottom temperature is raised. Raising the bottom temperature causes more heating fluid to flow through the reboiler and increases the expense of operating the unit. The bottom temperature of the tower should be maintained at the lowest point that produces a bottom product of acceptable quality.

Tower Operating Pressure

The ease with which the overhead and bottom product can be separated in the fractionator depends on the relative vapour pressure of the two streams.

 

The higher the relative vapour pressure, the easier it is to fractionate the two streams. The relative vapour pressure of liquid hydrocarbons is greater at low temperatures.

The operating pressure of the fractionator is determined by the vapour pressure of the overhead product at its condensing temperature. Suppose the reflux temperature is limited to a maximum of 40°C by the condensing water temperature. If, for example, the overhead product is propane, its vapour pressure will be approximately 1260 kPa(g) at 40°C. The minimum operating pressure of the fractionator will have to be 1260 kPa(g), because below that pressure the overhead propane product will not condense. For economical, effective operation, a fractionator should operate at the lowest possible pressure.

When the tower pressure is changed, the top and bottom temperatures must also be changed. If the pressure is increased, both temperatures must be increased to maintain the quality of the overhead and bottom products. If the tower pressure is lowered, then both temperatures must be lowered. It may be necessary to operate the fractionator at a higher pressure to maintain high flow rates.

Note:  The physical and thermodynamic properties of hydrocarbons are contained in publications such as the Engineering Data Book published by The Gas Processors Association. This material is invaluable to the process operator and should be available as reference material.

Components in the Tower Feed

The quality of the feed to the tower determines the quality of the overhead and bottom products. For example, if it is desirable to split a mixture of propane and butane into two finished products, but the feed contains appreciable amounts of ethane, then the propane product will not meet specifications.

Rate of Reflux

Whenever reflux is increased to the tower, the heat input must also be increased. It follows that the reflux rate should be as low as possible, while maintaining the quality of both the overhead and bottom products.

The procedure for determining the minimum reflux flow is to lower the reflux flow until either the overhead or bottom product quality just meets specifications. After the minimum reflux rate is determined, the reflux ratio should be calculated as follows:

Transpose this to: Reflux flow rate = (reflux ratio) x (overhead product flow rate)

The reflux ratio is different for every fractionator, but is generally between two and four. If the overhead product flow changes, the reflux rate must also be changed to maintain the product quality and efficient tower operation. This may be changed manually by the operator or accomplished by automatic controls.

Temperature of Tower Feed

The feed stream to the tower should be partly vaporized. If the feed contains 40% overhead product, then 40% of the feed should be vaporized by the heat contained in the feed.

The operator has no way of knowing what percent of the feed is vaporized, so the feed temperature should be controlled at the same temperature as the tray where the feed is entering. If the temperature of the feed cannot be changed, then the feed should enter the tower where the temperature is the same or close to the feed temperature. If the feed temperature is too high, extra vaporizing will occur and the top of the tower will be overloaded.

Тема 3.4.

Безопасная эксплуатация производства на НПЗ

Цель работы: активизировать лексику и грамматику по теме в разных видах деятельности: чтение, аудирование, говорение.

 Время выполнения – 8 ч.

Basic Elements of Automatic Systems

Запомните следующие слова и выражения.

Переведите предложения с их использованием.

1. assembly — сборка

The most familiar example of a highly automated system is assembly plant for automobiles or other complex products.

2. execution — выполнение

Automation can be defined as a technology concerned with performing

a process by means of programmed commands combined with automatic

feedback control to ensure proper execution of the instructions.

3. loading parts — погрузка деталей

The robot‘s arm can be programmed to move through a sequence of

motions to perform useful tasks, such as loading and unloading parts.

4. actuating device — приводное устройство

A feedback control system consists of five basic components: input, process

being controlled, output, sensing elements, controller, and actuating

devices.

5. numerical control (NC) — числовое управление (ЧПУ — числовое

программное управление)

Computers gave rise to the development of numerically controlled machines.

6. punched paper — перфолента

The motions of these machines are controlled by punched paper or magnetic tapes.

7. dialling — набор телефонного номера

In communications and especially in the telephone industry dialling and

transmission are all done automatically.

8. spot-weld — точечное сварное соединение

9. sheet-metal part — деталь из листового металла

Production machine makes a sequence of spot-welds on the sheet-metal parts of an automobile body during assembly.

10. sensor — датчик

Railways are also controlled by automatic signaling devices, which have sensors that detect carriages passing a particular point.

Прочитайте и переведите текст.

BASIC COMPONENTS OF AUTOMATIC SYSTEMS

Automation a is the system of manufacture performing certain tasks, previously done by people, by machines only. The sequences of operations are controlled automatically. The most familiar example of a highly automated system is an assembly plant for automobiles or other complex products.

The term automation is also used to describe nonmanufacturing systems in which automatic devices can operate independently of human control. Such devices as automatic pilots, automatic telephone equipment and auto- mated control systems are used to perform various operations much faster and better than could be done by people.

In general usage, automation can be defined as a technology concerned with performing a process by means of programmed commands combined with automatic feedback control to ensure proper execution of the instructions. The resulting system is capable of operating without human intervention. The development of this technology has become increasingly dependent on the use of computers and computer-related technologies. Consequently, automated systems have become increasingly sophisticated and complex. Advanced systems represent a level of capability and performance that sure pass in many ways the abilities of humans to accomplish the same activities.

Automation technology has matured to a point where a number of other technologies have developed from it and have achieved a recognition and status of their own Robotics is one of these technologies. It is a specialized branch of automation in which the automated machine possesses certain anthropomorphic, or humanlike, characteristics. The most typical humanlike characteristic of a modern industrial robot is its powered mechanical arm. The robot’s arm can be programmed to move through a sequence of motions to perform useful tasks, such as loading and unloading parts at a production machine or making a sequence of spot-welds on the sheet-metal parts of an automobile body during assembly. As these examples suggest, industrial robots are typically used to replace human workers in factory operations.

Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1.        What does automation mean?

2.        Has the development of automation become increasingly dependent on the use of computer-related technologies?

3.        What is robotics?

An automatic control system consists of six basic components:

1) input,

2) process (object) being controlled,

3) output,

4) sensing elements,

5)controller with comparator,

6) actuating devices.

These components are illustrated in Figure 2.1.

Computers have greatly facilitated the use of feedback in manufaction processes. Computers gave rise to the development of numerically controls machines. The motions of these machines were controlled by punched pay or magnetic tapes. In numerically controlled machining centres machine tools can perform several different machining operation.

More recently, the introduction of microprocessors and computers have made possible the development of computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacture (CAM) technologies. When using these systems of designer draws a part and indicates its dimensions with the help of a mouse, a light pen, or other input device. After the drawing has been completed the computer automatically gives the instructions that direct a machining center to machine the part.

Another development using automation is the flexible manufacturing system (FMS). A computer in FMS can be used to monitor and control the operation of the whole factory.

Automation has also an influence on the areas of the economy other than manufacturing. Small computers are used in systems called word processors, which are rapidly becoming a standard part of the modem office. They are used to edit texts, to type letters and so on.

Many industries are highly automated or use automation technology in some part of their operation. In communications and especially in the telephone industry dialling1 and transmission are all done automatically. Railways are also controlled by automatic signalling2 devices, which have sensors that detect carriages passing a particular point. In this way the movement and location of trains can be monitored.

Not all industries require the same degree-of automation. Sales, agriculture, and some service industries are difficult to automate though agriculture industry may become more mechanized, especially in the processing and packaging of foods. Nevertheless, each industry has its own concept of automation that answers its particular production needs.

Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

4.        How are computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacture technologies developed?

5.        Which basic components do automatic control systems have?

Переведите предложения на английский:

1.        Последовательность операций регулируется автоматически.

2.  Система способна функционировать без человека.

3. Система автоматического управления состоит из шести основных составляющих.

4. Многие отрасли промышленности имеют высокую степень автоматизации.

5. Каждая отрасль промышленности имеет свою концепцию автоматизации, отвечающую се потребностям.

 Найдите соответствие между английскими и русскими словами:

1.    assembly 2.    execution 3.    loading 4.    actuating 5.  dialling 6.  part 7.  spot weld

набор номера точечное сварное соединение деталь выполнение погрузка сборка приводной

Скажите, соответствуют ли действительности данные утверждения?

1. The term automation is not used to describe nonmanufacturing sys­tems.

2. Automated control systems are used to perform various operations much faster and better than could be done by people.

3. Automation has also an influence on the areas of the economy other than manufacturing.

4.         All industries require the same degree of automation.

5.        Sales, agriculture, and some service industries are difficult to automate.

Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

6.        What does automation mean?

7.        Has the development of automation become increasingly dependent on the use of computer-related technologies?

8.        What is the robotics?

Types of Automation

I. Запомните следующие слова и выражения. Переведите предложения с их использованием

1. area — область

Manufacturing is one of the most important application areas for automation technology .

2. product style — вид изделия

They are not easily changed over from one product style to another .

3. changeover — переналадка

The changeover take a period of non-productive time

4. mixture -смешивание, чередование

Flexible automation allows a mixture of different products to be pro- duced one right after another .

II. Прочитайте и переведите текст

TYPES OF AUTOMATION

Manufacturing is one of the most important application areas for automation technology. There are several types of automation in manufacturing .

Fixed automation, sometimes called hard automation refers to automated machines in which the equipment configuration allows fixed sequence of processing operations. These machines are programmed by their design to make only certain processing operations .

They are not easily changed over from one product style to another .

This form of automation needs high initial investments and high pro- duction rates. That is why it is suitable for products that are made in large volumes. Examples of fixed automation are machining transfer lines found in the automobile industry, automatic assembly machines and certain chemical processes .

 Programmable automation is a form of automation for producing products in large quantities, ranging from several dozen to several thousand units at a time. For each new product the production equipment must be reprogrammed and changed over. This reprogramming and changeover take a period of non-productive time. Production rates in programmable automation are generally lower than in fixed automation, because the equipment is designed to facilitate product changeover rather than for product specialization. A numerical- control machine tool is a good example of programmable automation, The program is coded in computer memory for each different product style and the machine tool is controlled by the computer programme .

Flexible automation is a kind of programmable automation. Programmable automation requires time to reprogram and change over the production equipment for each series of new product. This is lost production time, which is expensive. In flexible automation the num- ber of products is limited so that the changeover of the equipment can be done very quickly and automatically. The reprogramming of the equipment in flexible automation is done at a computer terminal without using the production equipment itself. Flexible automation allows a mixture of different products to be produced one right after another .

III. Ответьте на следующие вопросы

1.  How many types of automation do you know?

2. What equipment configuration does fixed sequence of processing operations allow?

3. What is programmable automation?

4. What type of automation is suitable for products that are made in large volumes? 

5. What is the difference between programmable and flexible auto- mation?

IV. Переведите предложения на английский язык

1. Эти машины нелегко переналаживаются  одного вида изделия на другой .

2. Эта форма автоматизации требует высоких начальных инвестиций .

3. Для каждого нового изделия оборудование должно перепро- граммироваться и переналаживаться .

4. Станки с числовым управлением являются примером про- граммируемого автоматического оборудования .

5. Перепрограммирование оборудования при гибкой автоматизации проводится с помощью компьютера .

V. Найдите соответствие между английскими и русскими словами

1. area                                       вид

2. style                                      переналадка

3. changeover                           смешивание

4. mixture                                             область

VI. Скажите, соответствуют ли действительности данные утверждения?

1. There are two types of automation in manufacturing  .

2. Hard automation refers to automated machines in which the equip ment configuration allows any sequence of processing operations  .

3. Production rates in programmable automation are generally lower than in fixed automation  .

4. Programmable automation does not require time to change over the production equipment for each series of new product  .

5. In flexible automation the number of products is limited so that the changeover of the equipment can be done very quickly and auto- matically  .

VII. Вставьте слова в соответствующие предложения

found — is coded — are programmed

1. These machines……………by their design to make only certain processing operations  .

2. Examples of fixed automation are machining transfer lines ............. in the automobile industry  .

3. The program ………… in computer memory for each different product style  .

Feedback Control

Запомните следующие слова и выражения. Переведите предложения с их использованием

1. engine - двигатель, машина

An outstanding early example is the flyball governor, invented in 1788 by James Watt to control the speed of the steam engine.

2. inspect - инспектировать, проводить диагностику

Using feedback devices, machines can start, stop, speed up, slow down, count, inspect, test, compare, and measure.

3. set point --- уставка, желаемое значение

The input to the system is the reference value, or set point, for the system output.

4. measuring device - измерительное устройство

The sensing elements are the measuring devices used in the feedback loop to monitor the value of the output variable.

5. bimetallic strip --- биметаллическая лента

This function is normally accomplished using a bimetallic strip.

6. flex – сгибать

The strip flexes in direct proportion to the temperature change.

7. piston cylinder - поршневой цилиндр

8. valve - клапан, распределитель

9. solenoid switch - соленоидный переключатель

10. gear - редуктор, передача

11. power screw - приводной винт

12. pulley - шкив, блок

13. chain drive - цепной привод

These mechanisms are usually designed specifically for the system and consist of devices such as motors, valves, solenoid switches, piston cylinders, gears, power screws, pulley systems, chain drives, and other mechanical and electrical components.

14. prespecified performance criterion - заданный функционал

The purpose of robot arm control is to maintain the dynamic response of the manipulator in accordance with some prespecified performance cri- terion.

15. coupling reaction force - сила реакции в соединении

16. link – звено

Its solution is complicated by inertial forces, coupling reaction forces, and gravity loading on the links

17. end-effector - рабочий орган конечного звена

The second is the fine motion control in which the end-effector of the arm dynamically interacts with the object.

18. damping - демпфирование, амортизация

19. precision - точность

The result is reduced servo response speed and damping, limiting the precision and speed.

20. feedback loop - контур обратной связи

The sensing elements are the measuring devices used in the feedback loop.

Прочитайте и переведите текст:

FEEDBACK CONTROL

The feedback principle is used in all automatic-control mechanisms when machines have ability to correct themselves. The feedback principle has been used for centuries. An outstanding early example is the flyball governor, invented in 1788 by James Watt to control the speed of the steam engine. The common household thermostat is another example of a feedback device. Using feedback devices, machines can start, stop, speed up, slow down, count, inspect, test, compare, and measure. These operations are commonly applied to a wide variety of production operations. Feedback controls are widely used in modern automated systems

The sensing elements are the measuring devices used in the feedback loop to monitor the value of the output variable. . In the heating system example, this function is normally accomplished using a bimetallic strip. This device consists of two metal strips joined along their lengths. The two metals pos- sess different thermal expansion coefficients; thus, when the temperature of the strip is raised, it flexes in direct proportion to the temperature change. As such, the bimetallic strip is capable of measuring temperature. There are many different kinds of sensors used in feedback control systems for auto- mation. The purpose of the controller and actuating devices in the feedback sys- tem is to compare the measured output value with the reference input value and to reduce the difference between them

In general, the controller and actuator of the system are the mechanisms by which changes in the process are accomplished to influence the output variable. These mechanisms are usually designed specifically for the system and consist of devices such as motors, valves, solenoid switches, piston cylinders, gears, power screws, pul- ley systems, chain drives, and other mechanical and electrical components.

Considering the robot arm control as a path-trajectory tracking problem, motion control can be classified into three major categories: joint motion controls, resolved motion controls, and adaptive controls. For these control methods, the desired motion is specified by a time-based trajectory of the manipulator

Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. What is the feedback principle?

2. Which device is an example of the feedback principle?

3. Are sensing elements used in the feedback loop?

4. What is the purpose of the controller and actuating devices in the feedback system?

5. Into which categories can motion control be classified?

Переведите предложения на английский язык

1.        Используя устройства с обратной связью, машины могут ускоряться, замедляться, сравнивать и измерять.

2.        Управление с обратной связью широко используются в современ- ных автоматических системах.

3.        Движение руки робота обычно выполняется в две фазы управления.

4.        Манипуляторы, управляемые таким образом, двигаются на медленных скоростях с вибрациями

5.        Управление движением может быть классифицировано на три главных  категории: управление сочленениями, управление по незави- симым параметрам и адаптивное управление.

 Найдите соответствие между английскими и русскими словами

1. engine                                   привод

2. flex                            амортизация

3. piston                       звено

4. valve                         сгибать

5. switch                                  шкив

6. gear                                      двигатель

7. pulley                        редуктор

8. drive                          клапан

9. link                            точность

10. damping                              поршень

11. precision                             переключатель

Скажите, соответствуют ли действительности данные утверждения?

1. The feedback principle has been used for centuries.

2. The sensing elements are not used in the feedback loop.

3. The purpose of the controller and actuating devices in the feedback system is to compare the measured output value with the reference input value.

4. When the room temperature is below the set point, the switch turns off the heater.

5. Current industrial approaches to robot arm control system design treat each joint of the robot arm as a simple joint servomechanism.

Нарисуйте схему блока управления манипулятора робота

 Вставьте данные слова в соответствующие предложения :

Variable --- dynamics ---feedback

1. The common household thermostat is an example of a ­ _____ device.

2. The output is the­­­ _____ of the process that is being measured and compared to the input.

3. The servomechanism approach models the varying _____ of a manipulator inadequately.

Stochastic Control

Запомните следующие слова и выражения.

Переведите предложения с их использованием

1.      helicopter —вертолет

Helicopters with suspended loads are used in some application tasks.

2.      stochastic disturbances — стохастические возмущения

Vibrations of the helicopter act to the load suspension point as stochastic disturbances.

3.      oscillation — колебание

It is possible to present the helicopter model as moving oscillating system.

4.      suspension deviation angle —угол отклонения подвеса

It is a suspen­sion deviation angle from the vertical axis.

5.      square-law functional — квадратичный функционал

It is required to choose U (t, x) for minimizing a square-law functional.

6.              transpose sign — знак транспонирования

The sign ' is the transpose sign.

7.              fluctuation — флуктуация, отклонение

There are vertical fluctuations from stochastic disturbances acting on a load suspension point.

Тема 3.5.

Охрана окружающей Среды

Цель работы: активизировать лексику по теме в разных видах деятельности: чтение, аудирование, говорение.

Время выполнение – 8 ч.

I

Как и когда употреблять there is/there are?

Эту конструкцию мы используем, когда нам надо сказать о местоположении какого-либо предмета. То есть о том, что что-то (кто-то) где-то находится. Нужно сразу запомнить, что ее мы всегда ставим в начале предложения. There is мы используем, если речь идет об одном предмете, а there are — о нескольких.

There is a book on the shelf. На полке книга.

There are two books on the shelf. «На полке две книги.»

Ex.: Use “there is (are)” construction in the necessary tense form.

1.  Look! -------- their telephone number in the letter.

2.  Chi Chester is a very old town. -------many old buildings.

3.  Excuse me, ------ a restaurant near here?

4.  How many students ------ in your group?

5.  I was hungry but -----anything to eat.

6.  ----- a football match on TV last night.

7.  ----- many people at the meeting?

8.  ------ 24 hours in a day.

9.  This box is empty. ---- nothing in it.

10. When we arrived at the cinema ----- a long queue outside.

II

Погода. Климат

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Climate in the USA

The USA is the fourth largest country in the world after Russia, Canada and China. Including the states of Alaska and Hawaii, the US covers an area of 9 millions square km.

I am going to tell you about the climate in the USA. The United States has many kinds of climate. The weather ranges from the warm, wet conditions of the Appalachians to the semi desert or desert conditions in some of the western states. It varies from southern Arizona and southern Florida, where almost there is no winter at all, to the territory of Montana, North Dakota and South Dakota, where there are long, very cold and severe winters. In other words, the US has practically all the climatic zones.

The main land mass of the US is in the temperate zone. The climatic conditions of the country are by the great mountains and the wind. West of the Rocky Mountains, running all the way from the Canadian border to Mexico, there are vast areas where almost no trees grow. In this section of the country, there are deserts, which receive as little as 12-13 centimeters of rainfall a year. Yet, west of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, there are places in which 250 centimeters of rainfall. It is one of the wettest places in the USA.

There are all kinds of differences in the climate of the US. For instance, all along the western coast, the temperature changes little between winter and summer. In some places, the average difference between July and January is as little as 10 degrees Centigrade. The climate along the northern part of this coast is similar to that of England. However, in the north central part of the country the temperature difference between winter and summer is very great - 36 degrees Centigrade and even more. The coldest days of January may be - 40 degrees Centigrade, and the hottest July days may be 45. In the eastern part of the US, the difference between summer and winter is also very distinct, but not so extreme. In the southeastern corner of the country, the climate is mild and spring is like winter, but in summer, the temperature may be very high.

Hawaii, the 50th state is a chain of over 100 islands, lying in the Pacific and stretching from southeast to northwest for 2,575 kilometers. Although this state is located in tropical zone, its climate is favourable, because of the ocean currents that pass its shores and the winds that blow across the land from the northeast. The temperature usually remains close to the annual average of 24 degrees Centigrade.

The situation in Alaska is different. In those parts of the state, which lie above the Arctic Circle, Alaska is still a land of icebergs and polar bears. Ice masses lay buried in the earth, which is permanently frozen land to a depth of 90 or more meters. From early May until early August, the midnight sun never sets on this flat, treeless region, but the sun cannot melt the icy soil more than two thirds of a meter down. The Japan Current of the Pacific warms Alaska, and the Arctic cools it. The temperature may drop as low as - 43 degrees Centigrade in some places, and may drop to 30 degrees in others. In the north, in any given year more than 11 meters of snow may fall.

Ответить на вопросы

1. What is the climate in the USA?

2. What are the climatic conditions of the country by?

3. Where are there and semi desert desert climate conditions in the USA?

4. Where is the severe and very cold winter in the USA?

5. Where are the wettest places of the USA situated?

6. Where are the temperature changes between winter and summer little in the USA?

7. What part of the USA coast is similar to that of England?

8. Where are great temperature changes between winter and summer in the USA?

9. Why is the climate favourable in Hawaii?

10. Where can we find the permanently frozen land in the USA?

11. Where can we find the midnight sun in the USA?

Записать  и выучить слова по теме

1.  average - средний

2.  border - граница, рубеж

3.  desert - пустыня

4.  icebergs - айсберги

5.  main land mass - континентальная часть

6.  midnight sun - полуночное солнце

7.  North Dakota - штат Северная Дакота

8.  permanently frozen land - «вечная мерзлота»

9.  rainfall - дождевые осадки

10. Rocky Mountains - Скалистые горы

11. semi desert - полупустыня

12. severe - суровый

13. shores - побережье

14. similar - подобный

15. South Dakota - штат Южная Дакота

16. the Appalachians - горы Аппалачи

17. the Sierra Nevada Mountains - горы Сьерра-Невада

18. to grow (past grew, p.p. grown) - расти, вырастать

19. to be buried - быть похороненным

20. to determine - определять

21. to drop - падать, погружаться

22. to fall (past fell, p.p. fallen) - выпадать, падать

23. to melt - растопить, расплавить

24. to range - здесь: варьироваться

25. to remain - оставаться

26. to stretch - простираться

27. two thirds of - две трети чего-нибудь

28. vast - обширный

29. wet - мокрый, влажный

Climate of Great Britain

The climate of any country depends on its geographical position. Great Britain is situated on the British Isles. The British Isles lie to the west of the continent of Europe. The total land area of the United Kingdom is 244,000 square kilometers. The mountains are in the west and north of the country. There are lowlands in the south and east. There are many rivers in Great Britain but they are not long. The western coast of Great Britain is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and Irish Sea. The waters of the North Sea wash the eastern coast. The English Channel, which is 32 kilometers wide, separates the southeast of Great Britain from France. So Great Britain is surrounded by water. Not far from the British Isles, there is warm Golf Stream. All these facts influence the climate of the country. The climate of Great Britain is mild, temperate and wet. In the country, it is not hot in summer and it is not very cold in winter. Spring is very beautiful season because everything is covered with flowers. Autumn is wet and cool. In January, average temperature is from 3 to 7 degrees below zero and in July, it is from 16-17 degrees above zero. It often rains in Great Britain. It does not often snow in Great Britain. The weather changes very quickly. In the morning, it may be shining brightly and in the afternoon, it may rain. That is why radio and television inform people about weather forecast very often. The British joke, "In other countries it is climate, in Britain we have weather."

Разыграть диалоги

1- Hello, Charles.

- Hello, Dick, lovely day, isn't it?

- Absolutely wonderful, nice and warm. What is the weather forecast for tomorrow? Do you know?

- Yes, it says it will be bright and sunny.

- How nice. Nice weather for outing.

- You are right.

2- Oh, that is you Tony. What is it like outdoors?

- It seems to be clearing up.

- What do you mean by clearing up?

- A big improvement on what we have been having. Quite different from the forecast.

- They say we are in for snow. It is supposed to cloud over this afternoon.

- Let's hope it keeps fine for the weekend.

Подведение итогов работы, оценивание

III

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The Problem of Environmental Protection

Environmental protection is the main problem facing humanity nowadays. The image of a sick planet has become firmly established in the public mind lately. Ten years ago, the word 'ecology' hardly meant anything for the majority of people, but today we cannot help bearing it in our minds. It has happened because of the growing effect of the rapid industrial development of the natural world, which has negative features of its own. As a matter of fact, the state of environment has greatly worsened of late.

There is no doubt that soil; water and air are contaminated with toxic wastes. Over the past few years we have been constantly speaking about ozone holes, droughts, high level of radiation, about food contaminated with chemicals. Scientists in many countries are very much concerned about drastic changes in weather patterns. The worst drought, the mildest winter and the most devastating hurricanes have become typical in those parts of the world where they used to be a rare occurrence.

Weather patterns have been changing recently due to the global warming-up process and its major reason — the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is created by carbon dioxide emissions, released by industrial facilities and a constantly increasing number of cars. Thus, it is of vital importance that the world should start cutting down the release of gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect. What is the reason for people getting so much worried about the state of environment? The answer to this question is fairly simple. The thing is the deterioration of the environment is telling heavily on people. They are paying for this with their health. In addition, it is obvious what all people need is a healthy environment.

To solve this burning problem it is necessary for people to combine efforts, to raise safety standards at all industrial facilities, to adequately process by-products of industry, to set up an international space laboratory to monitor the state of environment and set up an international centre for emergency environmental assistance. All these measures will help us in solving these important problems and prevent us from dangerous illnesses and diseases.

Ответить на вопросы

  What can cause air pollution?

  What does acid rain harm?

  What do you call scientists who study the weather?

  Is there a lot of trash in your town?

  What do you think you should do to protect the environment?

Разыграть диалог.

– Do you know what Greenpeace is?

– I have heard about it, but I am not sure I know what they do.

– It is a public organization against nuclear energy. I have seen a program on TV about them.

– Do you think they can help to control the use of nuclear power?

– I do not know. Nevertheless, they are very energetic. They dressed up as corpses, walked about the shopping area, and whispered to people that they should be careful because there might be a radioactive cloud over their heads on that day.

–   It looks funny to me. Why did you watch that program? There was an important football match on television the same evening.

 Раскрыть скобки

 1). When we (pollute) the air, the climate (change).

2). Nature (damage) when people (throw) away plastic bottles.

3). Animals (hurt) when we (leave) litter in the forest.

4). When trees (break), birds (disturb).                                       

5). When litter (throw) in the river, water pollution (cause).

Ответить в краткой форме.

1. What environment groups/organizations do you know? (name at least three)

2. What was the first national park in the world?

3. What are the two aims of national parks?

4. What is the difference between a national park and a nature reserve?

5. What are the three R’s?

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Our Earth

The Earth is the only planet in our solar system where there is life. If you look down at the Earth from a plane, you will see how wonderful our planet is. You will see blue rivers, lakes, seas and oceans. You will see high snowy mountains, green forests and fields.

There is more water on the Earth than land. Everything what is alive on the Earth needs water, air and the Sun. The nature around us is called environment. Since ancient times, man has tried to make his life easier. He invented machines and instruments, chemicals and atomic power. Today these inventions pollute the world we live in. In this world around us, there are two things that do not belong to any one country: air and ocean water. In both the air and the water, there is much pollution. People are concerned about the air and the water that are used by everyone, and they are concerned about the future of the Earth.

One of the most important pollution problems is the oceans. Many ships sail in the ocean water – fishing ships, some ships carrying people, some carrying oil. If a ship loses some of the oil in the water, or waste from the ships is put into the ocean, the water becomes dirty. Many sea birds die because of the polluted water.

Many kinds of fish die in the sea, others are contaminated. Fishermen catch contaminated fish, which may be sold in markets, and people may get sick if they eat it. Lakes and rivers are becoming polluted, too. Some beaches are dangerous for swimming.

The second important problem is air pollution. Cars and factories pollute the air we use. Their fume also destroys the ozone layer which protects the Earth from the dangerous light of the Sun. Aerosols create large “holes” in the ozone layer round the Earth. Burning coal and oil leads to global warming which may bring about a change in the world’s climate.

Another problem is that our forests are dying from acid rain. Deforestation, especially destruction of tropical forests, affects the balance of nature in many ways. It kills animals, changes the climate and ecosystem in the world. A person can do some damage to the environment but the greater part of pollution certainly comes from industry. Modern industry production is the main threat to nature. Today people are worried about the threat of nuclear power.

Chernobyl disaster of 1986 in the result of the explosion of a nuclear reactor has badly affected Russia. About 18 per cent of the soil in the country is unfit for farming, and many districts are dangerous to live in.

At present, there are different organizations and parties in Europe and America that actively work to protect the nature from the harm. They want to stop the damage that is done by man to the nature in the result of nuclear tests and throwing poisonous waste into the seas and rivers.

It is time we asked ourselves a question: What can I do to protect nature? If we want our children to live in the same world we live in, or in a better and healthier world, we must learn to protect the water, the air and the land from pollution.

Ответить на вопросы.

1. What will you see if you look down at the Earth from a plane?

2. What does everything alive on the Earth need?

3. Why did man try to invent machines and instruments?                  

4. Where is there much pollution today?

5. What pollutes water in the seas?

6. What pollutes the air we use?

7. What is the main threat to nature?

8. How much land in Belarus is unfit for farming?

9. What do different organizations in Europe and America do?

10. Are nuclear power stations necessary?

Закончите предложения.

1. If you look down at the Earth from a plane, ...

2. Everything what is alive on the Earth needs...

3. People are concerned about...

4. Many birds and fish die because...

5. Polluted air destroys...

6. Burning coal and oil leads to...

7. Modern industry production is...

8. Different organizations try to...

Правильно или неправильно.

1. The area of land is the same as the area of water on our planet.

2. Technical progress pollutes nature.

3. People are concerned about the future of the Earth.

4. The most important pollution problem is the land.

5. The ozone layer protects the Earth from the Sun.

6. People know how to protect the air, the water and the land from pollution.

7. The greater part of pollution comes from cars.

Работа с презентацией «Ecological problems».

IVPresent Simple

Present Simple – простое настоящее время. Оно показывает действие, которое происходит регулярно, с определенной периодичностью. На первый взгляд может показаться, что это время один в один похоже на наше настоящее время. И действительно, в большинстве случаев функции Present Simple и русского настоящего времени совпадают. Но различия все же есть. У Present Simple много других задач, и человек, желающий владеть английским языком на высоком уровне, должен в них разбираться. В этой статье мы рассмотрим, как образуется Present Simple и когда употребляется.

Как образуется Present Simple

Утверждение

Образуется Present Simple очень просто, мы убираем у глагола частицу to и ставим его на второе место в предложении, после подлежащего. Present Simple – одно из немногих времен, где не используется вспомогательный глагол в утверждении.

Подлежащим может быть местоимение или существительное. С местоимениями he, she, it и существительными в единственном числе (a boy – мальчик, a girl – девочка, a plant – растение) у глагола появляется окончание -s (-es).

Окончание -es добавляется к глаголам, которые заканчиваются на -o, -y, -s, -sh, -ch, -tch, -x, -z. Это делается для того, чтобы в слове не стояло рядом два труднопроизносимых звука.

•    She does (она делает).

•    He teaches (он обучает).

•    She watches (она смотрит).

•    He mixes (он смешивает).

Следует обратить внимание на глаголы, оканчивающиеся на -y. После -y используются 2 вида окончаний:

1.  Если слово оканчивается на согласную и -у, используется окончание -es. В этом случае -y меняется на -i:

•    I try (я стараюсь). – He tries (он старается).

•    They carry (они носят). – She carries (она носит).

2.  Если слово оканчивается на гласную и -у, используется -s. В этом случае никаких изменений с -у не происходит:

•    You buy (ты покупаешь). – He buys (он покупает).

•    We play (мы играем). – She plays (она играет).

Отрицание

Для того чтобы построить отрицательное предложение, мы обращаемся к вспомогательному глаголу do (does) и отрицательной частице not. Здесь снова отдельно от всех будут местоимения he, she, it и существительные в единственном числе – с ними используется форма does. С остальными местоимениями и существительными употребляется do. Частицу not мы ставим между вспомогательным глаголом и основным.

V

Geography and climate of Russia

The Russian Federation occupies the largest part of Eastern Europe and North Asia, covering 17 million square kilometers. The length from west to east is 9,000 km, and from north to south the country’s dimensions range from 2,500 to 4,000 thousand km. Russia borders 14 countries to the northwest, to the west, to the south and to the southeast. Russia’s longest coastlines run along the Arctic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.

Large plains constitute up nearly 70 per cent of Russia’s landmass. The East European Plain stretches to the Ural Mountains, traditionally considered the eastern edge of Europe. East of the Urals lies the West Siberian Plain. Between the Yenisei and Lena rivers is the high Middle Siberian Plateau, which meets the Central Yakutian Plain to the east.

Mountains are found in eastern and southern part of Russia. To the south in the European part is the North Slope of the Big Caucasus Range, which includes Elbrus, the country’s highest mountain peak at 5,642 m. A belt of mountains ranges stretches through southern Siberia. Along the Pacific coast are the mountains of Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands, which feature active volcanoes.

Russia has about 120,000 rivers, whose total length exceeds 2.3 million km. The largest rivers are the Amur (4,400 km), the Volga (3,530 km), the Yenisei (4,102 km), the Ob (5,410 km) and the Lena (4,440 km). There are about two million lakes and seas, the largest of which are Baikal, Ladoga, Onega and the Caspian Sea.

The climate of Russia varies from the sea climate in the far northwest to the sharp continental climate of Siberia and the monsoon climate in the Far East Region. Most of the country, however, enjoys a moderate continental climate, with cold winters and rather warm summers. The average temperature in January ranges from zero to minus five degrees C in the west and around the Caucasus, to minus 40 or minus 50 degrees C in Yakutia. Snow covers the land for 60 to 80 days in the south and 260 to 280 days in the far north. The average temperature in July is 24 to 25 degrees C near the Caspian lowland and one degree C in northern Siberia. Precipitation in the west comes primarily from the Atlantic Ocean and in the Far East from the Pacific Ocean, ranging between 100 mm a year in semi desert areas of the lowlands near the Caspian Sea to 2,000 mm in the Caucasus and Altai Mountains.

Подведение итогов работы, оценивание

Перечень рекомендуемых учебных изданий, Интернет-ресурсов, дополнительной литературы.

Основные источники

1.    Аитов В.Ф. Английский язык: учеб. пособие / В.Ф. Аитов, В.М. Аитова.- М.: Юрайт,  2017.- 144с

2.    Безкоровайная Г. Т Planet of English: Учебник английского языка для учреждений СПО: (+CD) Безкоровайная Г. Т.: Академия 7-е изд. стер.       2019 – 250 с..

3.    Кохан О.В. Английский язык для технических направлений: учеб. пособие / О.В. Кохан.- М.: Юрайт,  2017. – 181 с.

4.    Левченко В.В. Английский язык. General english: учебник / В.В. Левченко. - М.:  Юрайт,  2017. -277 с.

5.    Куряева Р.И. Английский язык. Лексико-грамматическое пособие: В 2-х ч.: учеб. пособие / Р.И. Куряева.- М.: Юрайт,  2017.

6.    Коваленко  И.Ю. Английский язык для инженеров. English for Engineers: учебник и практикум /И.Ю. Коваленко. - М.: Юрайт,  2016. – 278 с.

7.    Невзорова Г.Д. Английский язык. Грамматика: учеб. пособие /Г.Д. Невзорова, Г.И. Никитушкина.- М.: Юрайт,  2016.- 306 с.

8.    Кузьменкова Ю.Б. Английский язык: учебник и практикум / Ю.Б. Кузьменкова.- М.: Юрайт,  2017. – 411 с.

Дополнительные источники:

9.    Буренко Л.В. Грамматика английского языка. Grammar in Levels Elementary - Pre-Intermediate: учеб. пособие / Л.В. Буренко, О.С. Тарасенко; под общ. ред. Г.А. Краснощековой.- М.: Юрайт,  2017.- 227с.

10.    Англо-русский и русско-английский словарь словарь- М.: ВАКО,  2013.- 768с.

11.    Современный англо - русский, русско-английский словарь. Грамматика: / сост. О.А. Кадомцева, Ю.В. Момжи.- М.: АЙРИС ПРЕСС,  2012.-  736с.

12.    Журнал «SPEK OUT» Журнал «SPEK OUT»

Интернет-ресурсы:

14.Сайт «Мой английский» [Электронный ресурс]–  Режим доступа: URL:http://my-english.ucoz.com.

15. Сайт «NativeEnglish»[Электронный ресурс] –  Режим доступа: URL: http://native-english.ru.

16. Сайт «Фестиваль педагогических идей «Первое сентября» [Электронный ресурс] –Режим доступа: RL:http://festival.1september.ru.