МБОУ «Тылгынинская средняя
общеобразовательная школа им.И.Н. Ханды»
Разные
способы усиления прилагательных
(Degrees
of comparison)
Выполнила:
Окоемова М.Г.
учитель
английского языка
2016
год
There are three degrees of comparison:
positive, comparative and superlative.
The positive form is the plain stem of an
adjective (e.g. heavy, slow, straight, extravagant, etc.)
There are two methods of forming the
comparative and the superlative degrees: 1) by adding the suffixes –er and
-est, and 2) by using more and most before the adjective.
The first method s used for:
a)
monosyllabic
adjectives,
e.g. new-newer-newest,
bright-brighter-brightest
b) disyllabic adjectives ending in –er,
-ow, -y, or –le,
e.g. clever-cleverer-cleverest,
happy-happier-happiest, simple-simpler-simplest
c) disyllabic adjectives with the stress
on the second syllable,
e.g. polite-politer-politest,
complete-completer- completest
d) a few frequently used disyllabic
adjectives,
e.g. common-commoner-commonest,
pleasant-pleasanter- pleasantest, quiet-quieter-queitest.
The following spelling rules should be
observed in forming the comparative and the superlative:
a)
adjectives ending in –y pressed by a consonant, change the –y
into –ier and – iest,
e.g.
heavy-heavier-heaviest
But
adjectives ending in –y preceded by a vowel, remain unchanged,
e.g.
gay-gayer-gayest
b)
monosyllabic adjectives with a short vowel double their final consonants,
e.g.
big-bigger-biggest, thin-thinner-thinnest
But
monosyllabic adjectives ending in a double consonant, remain unchanged,
e.g.
thick-thicker-thickest, fresh-fresher-freshest
c)
adjectives with a mute –e at the end, add only –r and –st,
e.g.
pale-paler-palest
The
second method is used for:
a)
most disyllabic adjectives,
e.g. careful-more careful-most careful,
private-more private-most private.
b)
adjectives of more than two syllables,
e.g. personal-more personal-most personal, beautiful-more beautiful-most
beautiful
c)
adjectives formed from participles and ing - forms,
e.g. tired-more tired- most tired, interesting-more interesting-most
interesting
d)
adjectives used only predicatively,
e.g. afraid- more afraid, aware-more aware.
The superlative degree of predicative
adjectives in (d) is hardly ever used in English.
Note: Care should be
taken to remember that most when used before an adjective does not
always form the superlative degree. It may have the meaning of “very”,
“extremely”. Then it is preceded by the indefinite article.
e.g. He was a most interesting man.
A few adjectives have irregular forms for
the degrees of comparison. They are:
good-better-best,
bad-worse-worst,
far-farther-farthest (for distance),
further-furthest (for time and distance)
near-nearer-nearest (for distance), next
(for order)
late-later-latest (for time), last (for
order)
elder –eldest (for seniority rather than
age; used only attributively)
old-older-oldest (for age)
Non-gradable adjectives, on account of
their meaning, do not admit of comparison at all, e.g. daily, empty, full,
perfect, round, square, unique, upper, wooden and some others.
The comparative degree is used when there
are two objects, actions or phenomena compared or contrasted.
e.g. She had the kind of heart trouble
that comes to much older people. He found the work easier than he
had expected. I was now a more experienced man and it was not easy to
deceive me. His reading was more extensive than ever before.
The superlative degree is used when an
object, an action or a phenomenon is compared or contrasted with more than two
objects, actions or phenomena.
e.g. At that time I worshipped Manet. His
“Olympia” seemed to me the greatest picture of modern times. She was the
most active of us.
Not the following sentence patterns in
which comparison is expressed:
a) comparison of equality (as…as) e.g. The boy was as
sly as a monkey. When he had left Paris, it was as cold as in winter
there.
b) comparison of inequality (not so… as, not as…as),
e.g. The sun is not so hot today as I thought it would be. You are not
as nice as people think.
c) comparison of superiority (… -er than, -est
of/in/ever), e.g. He looked younger than his years. “You’re much more
interested in my dresses than my dress maker,” she said. My mother was the
proudest of women. To my mind the most interesting thing in art is
the personality of the artist. It’s the biggest risk I’ve ever had to
take.
d) comparison of inferiority (less… than), e.g. John
is less musical than his sister.
e) comparison of parallel increase or decrease (the…
the, … -er as), e.g The longer I think of his proposal the less I
like it. The sooner this is done, the better. He became more
cautions as he grew.
Использованная литература:
Крылова
И.П., Гордон Е.М. Грамматика современного английского языка: Учебник для ин-тов
и фак.иностр.яз.-9-е изд.-М.: книжный дом «Университет», 2003.-448с.
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