Правила чтения букв и буквосочетаний в английском языке.

Правила чтения букв и буквосочетаний

№	правило	примеры
1.	открытый слог  [i:]-be, Pete e           закрытый слог  [e]-met, left	Eve, me, mete, net, lend, bet, pen, spend, bent, Bede, let, bed, men, ten, eke, kept, slept, be,  best, he, met, we, step.
2.	открытый слог  [eı]-name, pale a                    закрытый слог [æ] -man, land	Blame, pale, mate, sake, fat, van, sand, lad, fate, make, name, sane, fame, lamp, stamp, lake, bad, sale, late, plan, ale, date, vale, bat, nave.
3.	открытый слог  [aı]-five,type i,y               закрытый слог  [ı]-bit,system	By, dye, my, tie, size, if, nip, tip, fit, mine, fine, dive, tin, style, pine, life, side, lift, sin, pipe, tide, kid, like, time, tyke, bye, dyke, dike, nine.
4.	открытый слог [ou]-go,smoke o               закрытый слог[ɔ]-Tom, cost	So, no, stone, sole, zone, lot, stop, not, on, dome, nose, clock, sock, spoke, vote, note, spot, off, odd, slope, slot, stock, doll, pole, dot.
5.	открытый слог [ju:]-mute, due u              закрытый слог [Λ]-hut, bud	Cut, mud, such, dust, duke, use, fuse, dune, tune, tube, dump, fume, fun, hue, stuff, nude, run, cup, gun, putty.
6.	ee         -   see                    [i:] ea       -      sea	Meet, feet, need, neat, lead, sleep, deed, feed, fleet, leave, zeal, bead, east, keep, feel, pea, deal, leaf.
7.	ll-[l]     -        bell ss-[s]    -        less dd-[d]     -      add	Bell, kill, less, mass, lass, till, spell, miss, mess, -ness, add, fell, sell, mill, ass, kiss.
8.	[s]   перед  e, i, y-face, fancy c           [k]   в остальных случаях-can.	Cat, space, face lace, cap, cliff, cell, cent, cite, clap, cyst, clean, pencil, nine, mice, cystic, cape, candle, camp, cane, cattle, clap, cede, clam
9.	ck-[k]         lick	Back, lack, stick, nick, black, sack, sick, deck, slack, neck.
10.	Гласные в ударном положении имеют алфавитное чтение перед согласной   +le в конце слова—table	Cycle, table, stable, title, able, idle, maple, Bible.
11.	[j] в начале слов - yes Y             [ı] в конце двусложных и           многосложных слов в безударном положении -  lady	Yet, yell, yes, yak, yelp, yeast. ́Lady,  ́silly,  ́fancy,  ́fifty,  ́ninety,           ́kitty, ́zany,  ́easy,  ́lazy,  ́daddy,  ́nicely, ́needy,   ́neatly.
12.	[s] после глухих согласных и в                       начале слова  - cats, sets s            [z] после гласных и звонких                 cогласных – tins, bees	Sad, feeds, bells, sends, stones, lets, meets, sets, likes, sat, sleeps, cakes, styles, notes, spends, mends, sells, stops, is, tables, pens, beds, ties, plans, dolls.
13.	ai              [eı] – mail, day аy	Pain, vain, nail, day, lain, may, pay, say, clay, aim, nay, mail, fail, sail, bay, lay.
14.	[ʤ] перед  e, i, y – gin, age g                 [ɡ] в остальных случаях -bag	Gale, gain, page, cage, big, badge, stage, gipsy, stag, god, glib, sage, dig, gyps, got, gossip, go, glide, glad, gene, gibe, gym, gas, gentle, gem.
15.	Гласные i, o  перед  nd, ld читаются соответственно своему алфавитному названию	Kind, mild, find, bind, mind, idle, old, bold, sold, told, cold, gold.
16.	h   [h] – hat	Him, his, hill, hate, hide, hold, hall.
17.	[u:] – moon oo               [u] – foot	Soon, spoon, tool, pool, too, zoo. Look, took, good, hook, brook, book.
18.	sh        [ʃ] - shake	She, ship, dish, shelf, shook, shame, shave, sheep.
19.	ch                          chess                     [tʃ] tch                       latch	Chime, chest, check, cheep, cheap, teach, speech, inch, lynch. Catch, match, stitch, ditch.
20.	ew    [ju:]               sew	New, pew, dew, few, hew.
21.	j       [ʤ]               jump	Jet, Jack, Jim, jam, Jane, judge, jug.
22.	r      [r]                 broke	Run, root, rat, brook, drop, red, read, race, run, drum, free, tree, street.
23.	w     [w]            way	Wine, wide, will, win, well, wage, wig, wish, way.
24.	wh      [w]        while	Whine, whip, white, why, wheel, whale, when, which.
25.	[θ]    в знаменательных                           cловах      theme th                    [ð]    в  начале служебных                      слов и между гласными                      this	Thick, three, cloth, thin, depth, tenth, teeth, breath. These, they, then, with, them, breathe, those, this, that.
26.	a        [a:]       перед  s + согласная                                mask	Pass, class, task, fast, grass, grasp, last, vast.
27.	a +lk      [ɔ:k]           chalk a +ll        [ɔ:l]             talk	Chalk, talk, walk, balk, hall, ball, fall, all, wall.
28.	air     [εə]                    pair	Air, pair, chair, fair, hair.
29.	qu         [kw]           quickly	Quest, quite, quill, quick.
30.	[ɡz]    перед ударной гласной                            e׳xam x                   [ks]     в остальных случаях                               Text	E׳xam, e׳xist, e׳xample, e׳xact, e׳xhibit; Box, next, ex׳cept, ex׳pect, ׳excellent, wax, text, six, fix.
31.	[ou] -slow ow                  [au] - town                    ou – out	Sow, low, row, snow, grow, yellow; Down, gown, brown, how, vowel; House, loud, round, about, pound.
32.	a+re      [εə] – mare, dare a+r         [a:]     car, large	Rare, hare, cart, hard, bar, care, square, stare, large, yard, share, spare, charm, harm, dark, star.
33.	o+re      [ɔ:]      more, shore o+r           [ɔ:]     nor, north	Cord, fork, score, port, sport, more, born, core, store, short, sort, forty, fore, sore, horde, explore.
34.	u+re        [juə] – cure, pure u+r            [ə:] – curb, turn	Lure, burn, endure, secure, pure, turn, curl, hurt, turtle, spur, nurse, curd, curdle.
35.	e+re        [iə] - here e+r             [ə:] – her	Herd, nerve, hers, here, merely, term, serf, terse, serve, mere, sere.
36.	(y)i+re      [aiə] – tire, Byron (y)i+r          [ə:] – firm, myrtle	Tired, mire, girl, shirt, sir, first, thirty, third, dirty, wire, lyre, skirt, hire, whirl, satire, bird, tire.
37.	wor             [wə:] – work	Word, worse, world, worst.
38.	ng            [ŋ] -song nk            [ŋk] – link	Bang, long, wing, sitting, talking, singing. Bank, blank, wink, pink, tank, ink, sink.
39.	a              [a:]        перед  th	[ð] – father, rather [θ] – path, bath
40.	o             [Λ]   перед   m, n, th, v	Dove, some, won, front, month, mother, brother, come, love, glove, among.
41.	В конце слов – er, - or                           leader [ə]                  артикль a       a man                          При редукции гласных                           в безударном  положе-                           нии  ׳faculty	Teacher, singer, reader, fisher, member, doctor, actor A book, a house, a boy, a pen,        a song ׳Difficult, ׳calendar, a׳cademy, ׳student, ׳factory, ׳present, ׳husband.
42.	oy                                 [ɔi] oi	Boy, toy, voice, noise, coin, soil
43.	igh        [ai]	Fight, light, might, night, sight
44.	wr        [r]	Write, wrist, wretch, wry, writ
45.	kn          [n]	Knew, knit, knell, knife, knee
46.	ture      [tʃə]	Nature, future, structure, picture
47.	tion                               [ʃn] ssion	Nation, dictation, station, action, translation Discussion, session,  oppression
48.	war                  [wɔ:] wa                     [wɔ]	Warm, war, ward, reward Watch, want, wash, wand
49.	sure               [ʒə]	Leisure, pleasure, measure, treasure
50.	ph                 [f]	Photo, phone, physics, philosophy,
51.	Перед  удвоенной парной согласной гласные читаются кратко	Lorry, merry, letter, witty, matter, marry, sorry, bitten, hurry, difficult
52.	е          [i]     в безударном                         положении	E׳lect, en׳joy, es׳tablish, de׳ny, ׳pocket, ex׳pect, ׳goodness